J. THOMAS MARTEN, District Judge.
Even though he was heavily in debt, Levi Kinderknecht wished to avoid bankruptcy. By the internet, he found and contacted a company, CareOne Services, Inc., which promised help. CareOne referred Kinderknecht to defendant Persels and Associates, LLC, a law firm incorporated in Maryland. Kinderknecht and Persels contracted for debt settlement services, some of which were to be provided by a Kansas attorney, Stan Goodwin, working as an independent contractor for Persels. After many months of paying on a debt settlement plan which largely paid the legal fees of Persels and Goodwin, and almost nothing to pay down his debt, one of Kinderknecht's creditors brought suit and he filed for bankruptcy. Trustee Linda S. Parks then brought the present adversarial action against Persels and Goodwin for violation of the Kansas Credit Services Organization Act (KCSOA), K.S.A. 50-1118, the Kansas Consumer Protection Act (KCPA), K.S.A. 50-626, fraudulent transfer, disgorgement of fees, legal malpractice, and breach of fiduciary duty
The bankruptcy court granted the defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment as to some of the alleged deceptive practices Parks claimed violated the KCPA. However, the court found that three representations by the defendants, as well as the defendants failure to register under the KCSOA, could constitute deceptive practices under the KCPA. In addition, the court denied defendants' summary judgment as to the remaining claims.
In the wake of Stern v. Marshall, ___ U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct. 2594, 180 L.Ed.2d 475 (2011), the bankruptcy court's opinion was presented to this court as a Report and Recommendation. (Dkt. 2, at 19). As they did before the bankruptcy court, the defendants contend that application of the KCSOA and the KCPA to their provision of legal services violates the separation of powers and is impermissibly vague.
Parks and Kansas Attorney General Derek Schmidt (who has intervened to support the bankruptcy court's statutory and constitutional findings) filed Responses to the defendants' Objections. In the light of the defendants' constitutional challenge to the application of the KCSOA and KCPA, this court certified two questions to the Kansas Supreme Court in a separate proceeding also grounded in the similar activities by debt services agencies.
The supreme court recently answered those questions, Hays v. Ruther, 298 Kan. 402,
The bankruptcy court sets forth the procedural and factual background of the case in careful detail (Dkt. 2, at 5-16). With some exceptions (discussed in the argument portion of their Objections), the defendants do not challenge those findings, which are adopted and incorporated herein. Further, as discussed later, the court finds that the defendants' specific objections to the bankruptcy court's factual findings are without merit, given the standard for reviewing summary judgment motions.
Summary judgment is proper where the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with affidavits, if any, show there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). In considering a motion for summary judgment, the court must examine all evidence in a light most favorable to the opposing party. McKenzie v. Mercy Hospital, 854 F.2d 365, 367 (10th Cir. 1988). The party moving for summary judgment must demonstrate its entitlement to summary judgment beyond a reasonable doubt. Ellis v. El Paso Natural Gas Co., 754 F.2d 884, 885 (10th Cir.1985). The moving party need not disprove plaintiff's claim; it need only establish that the factual allegations have no legal significance. Dayton Hudson Corp. v. Macerich Real Estate Co., 812 F.2d 1319, 1323 (10th Cir. 1987).
In resisting a motion for summary judgment, the opposing party may not rely upon mere allegations or denials contained in its pleadings or briefs. Rather, the nonmoving party must come forward with specific facts showing the presence of a genuine issue of material fact for trial and significant probative evidence supporting the allegation. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 256, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). Once the moving party has carried its burden under Rule 56(c), the party opposing summary judgment must do more than simply show there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts. "In the language of the Rule, the nonmoving party must come forward with `specific facts showing that there is a
The supreme court's opinion in Hays v. Ruther confirms the bankruptcy court's rejection of the separation of powers argument advanced by the defendants.
313 P.3d at 789.
The court finds nothing in the factual circumstances of the case which would indicate that application of the KCPA to Persels and Goodwin would violate any constitutional norm. Here, the defendants object to the bankruptcy court's conclusion by asserting that "the consensus of courts addressing the constitutional issue" supports their position. (Dkt. 4, at 19). In support of this assertion, the defendants attach a footnote with a string citation of fifteen cases from other jurisdictions.
The bankruptcy court rejected Persels' separation of powers argument for two
The bankruptcy court correctly rejected defendants' argument that application of the KCSOA or KCPA imperilled the separation of powers. As the court pointed out, attorneys who are not licensed to practice law in Kansas are not subject to the regulatory powers of the Kansas Supreme Court. Application of either the KCPA or the KCSOA cannot undermine regulatory authority that does not exist. (Id., at 48-49) (finding additionally that "the structure of the KCSOA actually respects the separation of powers by excluding attorneys "licensed in Kansas and act[ing] within the scope of their practice as an attorney").
The court finds no conflict between the constitutional power of the Kansas courts, on the one hand, and the application of the KCSOA and KCPA under the facts of this case, on the other. The KCPA, which seeks to protect the public, both "is consistent with the Kansas Rules of Professional Conduct," and "harmonizes with the goals of this court when it regulates the practice of law." 313 P.3d at 788. The private cause of action established by the KCPA "supplements the regulatory power of this court." (Id.) In light of the constitutional ruling in Hays, the court finds no basis for departing from the well-reasoned opinion of the bankruptcy court as to the constitutional application of the KCPA to Persels' conduct.
In addition to the constitutionality of the KCPA, the Hays court also addressed the breadth of the attorney exemption to the KCSOA, holding that the Act exempts both an attorney and the attorney's law firm. At the same time, the court stressed that "[w]e are not asked to define a law firm, and we take no position on whether the defendant Consumer Law Associates, LLC, is an exempt law firm under the KCSOA." 313 P.3d at 787.
At the time of the events giving rise to the present action, the KCSOA exempted from its application "[a]ny person licensed to practice law in this state acting within the course and scope of such person's practice as an attorney shall be exempt from the provisions of this act." K.S.A. 50-1116(b). Under K.S.A. 50-1117(f), a person is "any individual, corporation, partnership, association, unincorporated organization or other form of entity, however organized, including a nonprofit entity."
The court reached its conclusion that law firms are eligible for the KCSOA attorney exemption on two grounds. First, it noted the "absurd results" which would arise if law firms were automatically subject to KCSOA liability, since this would mean that the KCSOA exemption would protect lawyers but not their law firms.
313 P.3d at 787.
Second, the court found support in recent 2012 amendments to the KCSOA specifically adding law firms to the language of the exemption. See 50-1116(b)(); 50-1117(g).
The court finds that Persels is not eligible for the KCSOA exemption, and that this application of the statute is consistent with Hays, the language of the statute, and constitutional concerns. The "peculiar situation" identified in Hays, where attorneys "who elect to form limited liability companies" would be "exempt as individuals" but liable "in their business organizational capacity" is not present here.
As the bankruptcy court determined, none of the attorneys who set up Persels are licensed in Kansas. Accordingly, none of the Persels attorneys is subject to the conflict identified in Hays. Goodwin, of course, was never an owner, member or participant in Persels, and did not belong to the firm in any substantial way. He acted at Persels' direction purely as an independent contractor.
Similarly, the modified version of K.S.A. 50-1116(b) now exempts
(Emphasis added). Similarly, K.S.A. 50-1117(f) defines a "law firm" to mean
As the court in Hays noted, the amendment to K.S.A. 50-1116(b) applies to an individual attorney who is licensed to practice in Kansas and to "the individual's law firm." But none of the individual attorneys of Persels are licensed to practice law in Kansas. Goodwin, who is licensed in Kansas, is not a lawyer who has any membership interest in Persels as a limited liability corporation.
Thus, while the decision in Hays clarifies Kansas law and effectively displaces Consumer Law Assoc. v. Stork, 47 Kan.App.2d 208, 276 P.3d 226 (2012), the court notes that the bankruptcy court cited Stork but did not rely upon it. Rather, the bankruptcy court found Persels was not entitled to the Kansas exemption because, as it noted in the context of its discussion
(Dkt. 2, at 24).
If anything, the court finds that the problem of the "absurd result" identified in Hays would arise only if the court were to adopt Persels' argument relating to the exemption. If the court so held, it would mean that Kansas attorneys and their law firms would be subject to regulation by the Kansas Supreme Court, while non-lawyer credit services organizations were subject to the KCSOA. But out-of-state attorneys, such as Persels, would remain wholly unregulated under Kansas law.
Similarly, the court finds that summary judgment should not be granted as to Goodwin's entitlement to the KCSOA exemption. As the bankruptcy court explained, [Goodwin] had no engagement or fee agreement with Kinderknecht and did not directly charge Kinderknecht fees. Goodwin received fees from Persels, not Kinderknecht. Goodwin gave Kinderknecht no specific legal advice about entering into the debt settlement plan. Kinderknecht had already retained Persels and enrolled in the plan before he was assigned to Goodwin. Goodwin did no negotiating with any creditors. Indeed, he testified that he would not have advised Kinderknecht to proceed with debt settlement with respect to Bank of America or Citi. Only when Kinderknecht was sued did Goodwin confer with him about how to proceed and Goodwin's only contribution then was to "ghost" some pleadings and forward them to Kinderknecht for Kinderknecht to sign. Despite his telling Kinderknecht that he would try to dissuade Citi's counsel from pursuing the action, he never did so.
In objecting to this finding, the defendants argue that these findings, if true, may impeach the quality of Goodwin's representation, but they do not affect the fact of the representation itself. The court disagrees. The facts set forth by the bankruptcy court would support the conclusion that Goodwin is not entitled to the exemption. As noted earlier, the KCSOA exemption applies only to an attorney "acting within the course and scope of such person's practice as an attorney." Here, the Goodwin's departure from the minimal expectations of any attorney is so complete that a rational fact finder could determine that he was not acting as an attorney at all. The bankruptcy court correctly observed, "If this is the extent of what Goodwin does for his `clients,' whether he is `practicing law' as that term is commonly understood is questionable." Summary judgment was correctly denied. (Dkt. 2, at 22).
Having determined that the bankruptcy court properly rejected the defendants' constitutional arguments and their claim of
The courts finds no basis for disturbing the Report and Recommendation in its suggested finding that summary judgment should be denied as to the KCSOA claims. As discussed above, the defendants have not shown that they are entitled to exemption from the statute, and it is undisputed that the defendants did not comply with the provisions of the statute. Further, the failure of the defendants to register under the KCSOA is also relevant because such a failure constitutes a deceptive practice under the KCPA.
The Objections filed by the defendants do not address either the findings relating to fraudulent transfer or disgorgement of attorney fees. The court adopts the Report and Recommendation on these claims. But the defendants do object to the bankruptcy court's recommendation that the court deny summary judgment on the trustee's legal malpractice claim. Specifically, they contend that the claim is fatally deficient because the trustee has not offered expert testimony in support of the claim.
The court overrules the objection for three reasons. First, the failure of Goodwin and Persels to perform even rudimentary and minimal services for Kinderknecht, along with (construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the trustee) their active misrepresentation of the services which would actually be provided, means that the case presents an exception to the general rule. While Kansas law generally requires proof of legal malpractice by expert testimony, it also recognizes that
Bowman v. Doherty, 235 Kan. 870, 879, 686 P.2d 112 (1984).
Second, although the trustee has not presented expert testimony of legal malpractice, she has identified strong evidence of the standard of care based upon testimony by agents of the defendant. During the testimony of one Persels employee, the examining magistrate observed that it struck him that it would be negligence to fail to mention bankruptcy to some heavily indebted clients. The Persels employee did not disagree, testifying instead that "I think its required that we mention, that we let our clients know all of their options," and that "you want to make sure that they're making an informed decision when they retain our firm." There is also evidence that Persels gives training to its field attorneys on when a client should be advised to take bankruptcy. That is a decision which is made by the client "after consultation with their [Persels field] attorney."
Third, the court notes that the essence of the alleged misconduct falls within the contours of explicit ethical duties of counsel. Under Kansas Rule of Professional Conduct 1.4(b), "A lawyer shall explain a matter to the extent reasonably necessary to permit the client to make informed decisions regarding the representation." This provision helps define the standard of care,
The defendants do dispute some of the factual findings set forth in the Report and Recommendation. (Dkt. 4, at 23-26). Thus, the defendants imply that it was not particularly important to Kinderknecht that Goodwin contact his creditors to try to settle the debts. (Dkt. 4, at 26). In the cited testimony, however, Kinderknecht merely answered "not specifically" when he was asked if he was ever told "Mr. Goodwin himself would pick up the phone and personally call the creditors." (Dep. at 104) (emphasis added). He was then asked if it "really matter[ed] whether or not Mr. Goodwin or someone on his behalf contacted creditors?" Rather than indicating it did not matter, Kinderknecht responded, "Just somebody that could get the problem resolved." The clear import of the answer was that Kinderknecht did want some action taken by some person to resolve the problem, whether that person was Goodwin or not. Other evidence before the bankruptcy court supports the inference that Kinderknecht wanted someone to resolve the problem, and that he understood that person would be an attorney. Thus, the material sent to Kinderknecht explained "You will be represented for purposes of negotiation of your debts by a Persels & Associates LLC attorney licensed in your state of residence."
The defendants also dispute the bankruptcy court's conclusion that the defendants failed to call Kinderknecht's creditors, and that, although Goodwin told Kinderknecht he would negotiate on his behalf, he never did so. The objection is without merit. Kinderknecht testified that, although he could not remember the details, Goodwin told him that "he [Goodwin] wanted to try to work with" one of Kinderknecht's creditors. Kinderknecht could appropriately infer that this was a representation that Goodwin would negotiate with his creditors. The court overrules the objection.
Defendants dispute the finding that Kinderknecht had only $22.90 available for payment of debts. However, this figure is directly grounded in the "personal financial summary" which identifies that figure as the "net monthly cash flow for unsecured debt payment." Defendants contend that this $22.90 was indeed "the amount of money paid into trust for the first five months, after fees." (Dkt. 4, at 25). But this argument obscures the actual amount of those legal fees. In the first months of the plan, Kinderknecht made monthly payments of $162.90, Persels' fees for its legal services dwarfing the amount Kinderknecht was actually contributing to the debt settlement.
Finally, the defendants challenge the bankruptcy court's findings that Goodwin failed to inform Kinderknecht of the potential merits of filing for bankruptcy. Specifically, the defendants argue that bankruptcy court erred in finding that Goodwin essentially admitted that persons with large credit card debts, such as Kinderknecht, are likely to be sued even if they start a debt settlement plan. The defendants stress that Goodwin never specifically mentioned Citi, the credit card company who actually filed suit against Kinderknecht,
While the defendants stress that Kinderknecht had no Capital One account, they fail to acknowledge that Kinderknecht had nearly $5000 in unsecured debt to Bank of America. Goodwin specifically testified that, depending upon their individual circumstances, it may be better for clients to immediately declare bankruptcy rather than pursue debt settlement. He has, in fact, "absolutely" done this on some occasions. For, example, this approach should be followed if a client has "a large percentage of their total debt" with one of those creditors who is "historically litigation happy." Goodwin's example of Bank of America as one of the credit card companies which "file a fair number of lawsuits," is given in the context of this discussion. (Dep. at 31-33).
Further, Goodwin acknowledged that the chances for a successful debt settlement are reduced if the largest debt is greater than $1200 to $1800. Here, Kinderknecht owed some $5000 to Bank of America, and $3000 to Citibank. Kinderknecht has testified that he was not advised about bankruptcy as an alternative. He testified that he believed lawyers would be handling the debt settlement negotiations. Kinderknecht assumed that, by paying "legal fees," he was hiring a lawyer to perform negotiations with creditors. He did not understand that lawsuits were possible during the settlement negotiations period.
The court denies the objection, finding that the trustee has presented evidence sufficient to warrant trial on the issue of legal malpractice.
The defendants present two arguments in support of the objection regarding the breach of fiduciary duty claim. First, they argue that the bankruptcy court erred in its factual findings. (Dkt. 4, at 29-30). Second, they argue that the fiduciary duty claim should be dismissed as duplicative to the legal malpractice claims.
The court denies these objections. They largely repeat their earlier arguments relating to the testimony of Goodwin and Kinderknecht. As the court previously indicated, a full review of the evidence supports the bankruptcy court's recommending factual findings.
The defendants do present one new factual argument. Specifically, they object to one element of bankruptcy court's decision. As to the breach of fiduciary claim, the bankruptcy court found:
The defendants contend that the final point here — that Persels rarely succeeded with its settlement programs was a relevant consideration — is contradicted by the court's later findings with respect to some of the alleged KCPA violations. In rejecting most of the alleged deceptive acts under the KCPA, as identified by the trustee, the bankruptcy court concluded that for purposes of that statute
(Dkt. 2, at 38).
The court finds the factual objection fails. To the extent there is a conflict between the breach of fiduciary duty and the KCPA findings as to the probative value of the failure rate, this court finds that the error occurred in the latter, rather than the former.
The defendants' argument that the breach of fiduciary claim is duplicative of the legal malpractice claim is potentially substantial. See, e.g., Schutz v. Kagan Lubic Lepper Finkelstein & Gold LLP, 552 Fed.Appx. 79, 80, 2014 WL 278399, *2 (2d Cir.2014).
However, the defendants did not present this argument to the bankruptcy court. "Generally, courts do not consider new arguments and new evidence raised in objections to a magistrate judge's report and recommendation that were not raised, and thus were not considered, by the magistrate judge." Grant v. Bradt, 2012 WL 3764548, at *4 (S.D.N.Y.2012) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Greathouse v. JHS Sec. Inc., 11 Civ. 7845(PAE), 2012 WL 5185591, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 19, 2012) (same). Although presented here as a Report and Recommendation by the bankruptcy court, this court finds no reason to alter this rule, which rests on important principles of fairness and the conservation of resources. "Failure to raise arguments will often mean that facts relevant to their resolution will not have been developed; one of the parties may be prejudiced by the untimely introduction of an argument.... Additionally, a willingness to consider new arguments at the district court level would undercut the rule that the findings in a magistrate judge's report and recommendation are taken as established unless the party files objections to them." United States v. Melgar, 227 F.3d 1038, 1040 (7th Cir.2000).
The bankruptcy court granted summary judgment as to most of the alleged deceptive practices identified by the trustee. However, in addition to the failure to register under the KCSOA, which is treated as a deceptive practice under the statute, the court identified three acts which, if proven at trial, could constitute deceptive
With respect to the first, the defendants argue that the record fails to reflect that Kinderknecht was actually charged a nonrefundable retainer. The defendants argue that this conclusion is error because "[u]nlike other [related] cases being litigated by plaintiff, this case does not even involve a nonrefundable retainer as part of the fee agreement." (Dkt. 4, at 33).
The court denies the objection. The bankruptcy court did not determine that Persels acted deceptively by employing an explicit provision providing that its retainer was not refundable. Rather, it ruled that under the circumstances of the case, the defendants achieved this result indirectly:
(Dkt. 2, at 36). The court finds no error in this conclusion.
The defendants argue that the bankruptcy court erred when it found that they led Kinderknecht to believe his case would be handled by a Kansas lawyer. Goodman may not have personally contacted Kinderknecht's creditors, they argue, but Persels staff did so. In support of their argument, they cite a single case from Georgia, Doyle v. Frederick J. Hanna & Assoc., 287 Ga. 289, 292, 695 S.E.2d 612, 615 (2010), for the proposition that "[t]he heavy use of staff in contacting creditors does not undercut [the] conclusion that Kinderknecht received "legal services from a licensed Kansas attorney." (Dkt. 4, at 34). The defendants otherwise rest their argument on the factual contentions they made in the context of the trustee's other claims. The court addressed those contentions previously, finding that material issues of fact existed with respect to the representations made to Kinderknecht, the extent of his reasonable expectations, and the level of services actually provided to him.
Doyle does not compel a different result for the KCPA claim. In that case the court merely held that "[t]he nature of such representation of clients in a legal capacity is not destroyed by the utilization of `"staffing, training, equipment or support personnel."'" 287 Ga. at 292, 695 S.E.2d 612 (quoting Henderson v. Gandy, 280 Ga. 95, 98, 623 S.E.2d 465 (2005) (quoting Haynes v. Yale-New Haven Hosp., 243 Conn. 17, 35, 699 A.2d 964 (1997))). None of the cases in this line of authority address the "heavy" use of support staff, and certainly none suggest that such staff may be employed even when a client has been told that a particular action will be handled by a lawyer. The essence of the trustee's claim under the KCPA is that Kinderknecht was led to believe a Kansas lawyer
Finally, the defendants argue that the bankruptcy court erred in deciding that summary judgment should be denied as to the alleged willful failure to explain to Kinderknecht that debt settlement held a small or even remote chance of success. The defendants support his argument, however, only by referencing their arguments as to the legal malpractice claim. Accordingly, they argue, the two claims must stand or fall together. (Dkt. 4, at 34).
Of course, since the court has already determined that the Report and Recommendation correctly denied summary judgment as the legal malpractice claim, it follows that the KCPA claim predicated on this omission would stand as well. But even if it did not, it is not clear that summary judgment on the KCPA claim would be appropriate. As noted earlier, the centerpiece of the defendants' legal malpractice argument is that expert testimony is necessary to establish that claim. But the defendants present no grounds for believing that such testimony is always required to show a violation of consumer protection statutes.
Finally, with respect to the bankruptcy court's decision to deny summary judgment on the trustee's claims of unconscionable conduct, the defendants simply reassert their belief that summary judgment should have been granted. "That being said, the ultimate decision is before the court, not a jury." (Dkt. 4, at 34-35).
The defendants are correct that unconscionability is resolved by a trial to the court. However, the defendants fail to otherwise show how the bankruptcy court's careful exploration of the issue (Dkt. 2, at 42-46) is otherwise erroneous.
IT IS ACCORDINGLY ORDERED this 18th day of March, 2014, that the defendant's Objections (Dkt. 4) are overruled, and the Report and Recommendation of the bankruptcy court (Dkt. 2) is hereby adopted.
