SARAH S. VANCE, District Judge.
In this insurance coverage dispute, State Farm Fire and Casualty Company moves for summary judgment on the grounds that it has no duty to defend and indemnify Stanley Smith Drywall.
On August 1, 2004, University Facilities, Inc. ("UFI") entered into a Ground and Building Lease Agreement with Southeastern Louisiana University ("SLU").
On May 19, 2009, UFI sued CDC in state court, alleging numerous design and construction defects.
On July 26, 2010, State Farm, Stanley Smith's insurer, filed the present declaratory judgment action.
Summary judgment is appropriate when "the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986); Little v. Liquid Air Corp., 37 F.3d 1069, 1075 (5th Cir. 1994). When assessing whether a dispute as to any material fact exists, the Court considers "all of the evidence in the record but refrains from making credibility determinations or weighing the evidence." Delta & Pine Land Co. v. Nationwide Agribusiness Ins. Co., 530 F.3d 395, 398 (5th Cir. 2008). All reasonable inferences are drawn in favor of the nonmoving party, but "unsupported allegations or affidavits setting forth `ultimate or conclusory facts and conclusions of law' are insufficient to either support or defeat a motion for summary judgment." Galindo v. Precision Am. Corp., 754 F.2d 1212, 1216 (5th Cir. 1985) (quoting C. Wright, A. Miller & M. Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil 2d § 2738 (1983)).
If the dispositive issue is one on which the moving party will bear the burden of proof at trial, the moving party "must come forward with evidence which would `entitle it to a directed verdict if the evidence went uncontroverted at trial.'" Int'l Shortstop, Inc. v. Rally's, Inc., 939 F.2d 1257, 1263-64 (5th Cir. 1991). The nonmoving party can then defeat the motion by either countering with sufficient evidence of its own, or "showing that the moving party's evidence is so sheer that it may not persuade the reasonable fact-finder to return a verdict in favor of the moving party." Id. at 1265.
If the dispositive issue is one on which the nonmoving party will bear the burden of proof at trial, the moving party may satisfy its burden by merely pointing out that the evidence in the record is insufficient with respect to an essential element of the nonmoving party's claim. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 325. The burden then shifts to the nonmoving party, who must, by submitting or referring to evidence, set out specific facts showing that a genuine issue exists. See id. at 324. The nonmovant may not rest upon the pleadings, but must identify specific facts that establish a genuine issue for trial. Id. at 325; see also Little, 37 F.3d at 1075 ("Rule 56 `mandates the entry of summary judgment, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion, against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.'") (citing Celotex, 477 U.S. at 332).
State Farm contends that it has no duty to defend Stanley Smith or CBC in the pending arbitration because UFI's construction and design defect claims are not covered by or are excluded under the Policy. Specifically, State Farm contends that: (1) there is no occurrence or property damage to trigger coverage under the Policy; (2) only breach of contract claims, for which State Farm has no duty to defend, are asserted; and (3) various coverage limitations and exclusions apply to prevent coverage.
An insurer's duty to defend an insured is "a separate and distinct inquiry from that of the insurer's duty to indemnify a covered claim after judgment against the insured in the underlying liability case." Marco Ltd. P'ship v. Wellons, Inc., 588 F.3d 864, 872 (5th Cir. 2009)(citing Elliot v. Cont'l Cas. Co., 949 So.2d 1247, 1250 (La. 2007)). The Court, therefore, will address each duty separately.
An insurer's duty to defend suits against its insured is broader than its obligation to indemnify for damage claims. Suire v. Lafayette City-Parish Consol. Gov't, 907 So.2d 37, 52 (La. 2005); Yount v. Maisano, 627 So.2d 148, 153 (La. 1993); Hardy v. Hartford Ins. Co., 236 F.3d 287, 290 (5th Cir. 2001). Under Louisiana law, an insurer's duty to defend is determined by comparing the language of the insurance policy with the allegations in the complaint. See Martco, 588 F.3d at 872 ("Under Louisiana's `Eight Corners Rule,' we must assess whether there is a duty to defend by applying the allegations of the complaint to the underlying policy without resort to extrinsic evidence."); La. Stadium & Exposition Dist. v. BFS Diversified Prods., LLC, 49 So.3d 49, 51 (La. App. 2010)("The duty to defend is determined solely from the plaintiff's pleadings and the face of the policy without consideration of extraneous evidence."). The insurer has a duty to defend unless the allegations "unambiguously preclude coverage." Martco, 588 F.3d at 872 (citing Elliot, 949 So.2d at 1250). The duty to defend "arises whenever the pleadings against the insured disclose a possibility of liability under the policy." Id. (citing Meloy v. Conoco, Inc., 504 So.2d 833, 839 (La. 1987)). See also Holzenthal v. Sewerage & Water Bd. of New Orleans, 950 So.2d 55, 84 (La. App. 2007)("An insurer must provide a defense to an insured if, assuming all of the allegations to be true, there would be both coverage under the policy and liability to the plaintiff.") (citing Am. Home Assur. Co. v. Czarniecki, 230 So.2d 253 (La. 1969)). "The allegations . . . must be liberally interpreted in determining whether the claim falls within the scope of the insurer's duty to defend." Hardy v. Hartford Ins. Co., 236 F.3d 287, 290 (5th Cir. 2001)(citing Yount v. Maisano, 627 So.2d 148, 153 (La. 1993)). Here, the relevant pleadings for determining State Farm's duty to defend are UFI's and CBC's statements of arbitration claims.
Stanley Smith's policy specifies that it will apply, inter alia, "to bodily injury or property damage caused by an occurrence which takes place in the coverage territory during the policy period."
The Policy defines "occurrence" as, inter alia, "an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions which result in bodily injury or property damage."
Here, the defects at issue are the use of nails instead of screws in sheetrock applications and the failure to use workmanlike practices in the installation of interior wallboard. "Under Louisiana jurisprudence, the `accident' is the negligent act or omission or other fault that caused the loss." 1 William S. McKenzie and H. Alston Johnson III, INSURANCE LAW AND PRACTICE § 183, 15 La. Civ. Law Treat. The failure to use workmanlike practices by prematurely installing wall board and using nails instead of screws constitutes an occurrence under Louisiana law. See Rando v. Top Notch Props., 879 So.2d 821, 825-833 (La. App. 2004)(reviewing Louisiana jurisprudence about what constitutes an "occurrence" and concluding that "the clear weight of authority in more recent cases considers defects in construction that result in damage subsequent to completion to be accidents and occurrences when they manifest themselves"); Massey v. Parker, 733 So.2d 74, 75 (La. App. 1999)(defects in home construction constituted an occurrence). Further, UFI clearly alleges that the premature installation of wall board and the use of nails instead of screws caused the property damage at issue.
Because the statement of arbitration claims alleges facts that would fall within coverage, the Court will determine whether State Farm has carried its burden of proving that a policy exclusion applies to the arbitration claims. See Martco, 588 F.3d at 875.
The insurer "bears the burden of proving the applicability of an exclusionary clause within a policy." Doerr v. Mobil Oil Corp., 774 So.2d 119, 124 (La. 2000)(citing cases). "A duty to defend will exist unless the allegations are such that every claim pleaded in the complaint (and otherwise falling within the insuring claim) unambiguously falls within an exclusion." Martco, 588 F.3d at 875 (citing Alert Centre, Inc. v. Alarm Protection Servs., Inc., 967 F.2d 161, 163 (5th Cir. 1992)). Any "ambiguity in an insurance policy is construed against the insurer." Id. (citing Smith v. Matthews, 611 So.2d 1377, 1379 (La. 1993)). State Farm contends that two exclusions apply: (1) the work product exclusion and (2) the impaired property exclusion.
State Farm contends that Policy exclusions based on "your work" or "your product" do not provide coverage "for the cost of repairing faulty workmanship" at issue here.
Products-completed operations hazard includes, inter alia, "all bodily injury and property damage arising out of your product or your work except products that are still in your physical possession or work that has not yet been completed or abandoned."
State Farm generally contends that the work product exclusion precludes coverage to Stanley Smith because any alleged damage resulted from Stanley Smith's faulty workmanship.
Moreover, the other cases State Farm cites do not support its overly broad reading of Supreme Services. See, e.g., Dawson v. Millers Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 794 So.2d 949, 952) (La. App. 2001)(denying coverage based on an explicit policy exclusion precluding coverage for "physical loss of or damage to property caused directly or indirectly by any of the following (faulty design and workmanship)"); Thorn v. Caskey, 745 So.2d 653, 666 (La. App. 1999)("A general liability policy with a work-product exclusion clause has uniformly been held not to insure any obligation of the policyholder to repair or replace his own defective work or defective product.")(emphasis added); Korossy v. Sunrise Homes, Inc., 653 So.2d 1215, 1228-29 (La. App. 1995)(coverage excluded for some work performance claims but not others; product claims were ambiguous and therefore construed in favor of the insured); Vobill Homes, Inc. v. Hartford Accident & Indem. Co., 179 So.2d 496, 497 (La. App. 1965)(a work product exclusion clause "does not insure any obligation of the policyholder to repair or replace his own defective work or defective product")(emphasis added).
The Louisiana Supreme Court distinguished situations in which the insured's own product was damaged with situations in which there was "evidence of any injured third person or product as a result of the damaged property." Supreme Servs., 958 So.2d at 642. In these latter instances, "[d]amage to real property arising out of the faulty work . . . would not be excluded as it would be covered under the [products-completed operations hazard] provision." Id. at 645. This is because "[u]nder the PCOH provision, damages, other than the faulty product or work itself, arising out of the faulty workmanship are covered by the policy." Id. (emphasis added). The court illustrated this distinction with an example from McKenzie and Johnson's Insurance Treatise:
Supreme Servs., 958 So.2d at 644 (quoting McKenzie and Johnson, § 186 n.34).
Here, the Court finds the illustration in Supreme Services instructive. The arbitration statements allege that Stanley Smith provided faulty workmanship when it used nails instead of screws and when it installed interior wall boards before the buildings were blocked. UFI alleges damage not only to the walls themselves, but also to the floors and other parts of the buildings as a result of water and moisture intrusion. As such, the allegations are not limited to damage to Stanley Smith's own product. See City of Alexandria v. Annrich, Inc., No. 09-165, 2009 WL 3190341, at *3 (La. App. Oct. 7, 2009) (duty to defend when petition alleged damage to property other than the insured's property); N. Am. Treatment Sys., Inc. v. Scottsdale Ins. Co., 943 So.2d 429, 445 (La. App. 2006)(damage to object that belonged to third party, and not insured, did not fall within the work product exclusion). Cf. Sibley v. Deer Valley Homebuilders, Inc., 32 So.3d 1034, 1040-41 (La. App. 2010)(work production exclusion applied and insurer had no duty to defend when claims in complaint were "directed entirely at the quality of [insured's] product and its work operations"). Because the arbitration statements allege claims that fall under the work product exclusion and claims that are covered by the products-completed operations hazard, the Court finds that the allegations do not preclude a duty to defend. See Martco, 588 F.3d at 875 ("A duty to defend will exist unless the allegations are such that every claim pleaded . . . unambiguously falls within an exclusion.").
State Farm also contends that Policy Exclusion 15 applies to deny coverage to Stanley Smith. This provision excludes coverage:
State Farm argues that this section provides "a broad exclusion from coverage . . . for any obligation of restoration, repair or replacement of the work."
Rather, Exclusion 15 "is intended to exclude from coverage the cost of preventative or curative action by withdrawal of a product in situations in which a danger is to be apprehended." Todd Shipyards Corp. v. Turbine Serv., Inc., 674 F.2d 401, 419 (5th Cir. 1992)(analyzing exclusion with nearly identical language). In Todd Shipyards, the Fifth Circuit explained the provenance of exclusions such as the one at issue, making clear that the exclusion requires a "sister" product:
Id. at 419 (internal citations omitted). See also Stoute v. Long, 722 So.2d 102, 106 (La. App. 1998)(this "exclusion requires that the insured's work be withdrawn or recalled because of a known or suspected defect or dangerous condition in the insured's work"); City of Plaquemine v. N. Am. Constrs., Inc., 683 So.2d 386, 389 (La. App. 1996)("[This exclusionary clause's] interpretation pivots around the word `withdrawal' and the tangential exposure that the insurer might otherwise incur for similar products that, on the suspicion of also being defective, might be withdrawn from use in order to prevent future damages.'"). Here, the arbitration statements allege damage resulting from faulty workmanship in installing the interior wall board and using nails instead of screws. There are no allegations of preventative withdrawal or recall of Stanley Smith's work because of a known or suspected defect in either Stanley Smith's product or "sister products." Indeed, the arbitration statement does not allege any withdrawal of Stanley Smith's work product. Accordingly, the Court finds that Exclusion 15 does not preclude coverage.
State Farm also contends that no coverage exists for the arbitration claims because they are excluded under the "impaired property" provision. The Policy provides that there is no coverage for "damages claimed for any loss, cost or expense incurred by you or others for the loss of use, withdrawal, recall, inspection, repair, replacement, adjustment, removal or disposal of . . . impaired property."
This provision "only excludes damage to property that has not been physically injured." Martco, 588 F.3d at 876 (quoting Gaylord Chem. Corp. v. ProPump, Inc., 753 So.2d 349, 355 (La. App. 2000)). It "does not apply where there is physical damage to property other than the insured's work or product after the product has been put to its intended use." United Nat. Ins. Co. v. Dexter Honore Const. Co., Inc., No. 2:08-CV-638, 2009 WL 1182259, at *9 (W.D. La. Apr. 30, 2009)(internal quotations omitted). See also 1 William Shelby McKenzie and H. Alston Johnson, III, INSURANCE LAW & PRACTICE § 197, 15 LA. CIV. L. TREAT.,(3d ed.)("The [impaired property] exclusion is not applicable when there is loss of use due to physical injury to the tangible property.").
UFI's statement of arbitration claims includes several allegations of physical damage to property other than Stanley Smith's work. UFI claims that the property damage includes faulty floor systems, exterior doors not shutting properly, mold and fungus infiltration in the buildings, and permanent deterioration of buildings.
Accordingly, the Court denies State Farm's motion as it pertains to the duty to defend.
State Farm also contends that it has no duty to defend the allegations against Stanley Smith because those claims are breach of contract claims for which no duty exists.
State Farm also relies on Everett v. Philibert, 13 So.3d 616 (La. App. 2009), to demonstrate that insurers have no duty to cover breach of contract claims.
Id. at 619. The Breach of Contract Exclusion provided:
Id. at 619. Although the court held that "the same acts or omissions may . . . give rise to both actions in torts and actions in contract," the Everett's claim was based on the contractually-created duty "to properly and timely construct a residence." Id. at 620. Because the policy excluded breach of contract claims, the court held that any "tort claim must arise from a duty other than the one imposed by the contract." Everett, 13 So.3d at 620.
Here, State Farm does not point to any breach of contract exclusions in State Farm's policy.
For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that State Farm has a duty to defend Stanley Smith.
In determining an insurer's duty to indemnify, the Court is not limited to the allegations in the complaint, but rather "must apply the Policy to the actual evidence adduced at the underlying liability trial together with any evidence introduced in the coverage case." Martco, 588 F.3d at 877. See also Continental Holdings, Inc. v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co., 443 Fed. Appx. 1, 2 (5th Cir. 2011)(in determining duty to indemnify, court should take factual inquiries beyond the complaint even if a final determination of liability is still pending). Although the interpretation of an insurance contract presents a question of law rather than of fact, the Court must apply the policy to the evidence presented to determine whether there is coverage under the insuring clause and whether a policy exclusion applies. See id. at 878-84 (applying Louisiana law to determine whether "[a] review of the evidence adduced at trial, the resulting verdict and judgment, and the applicable Louisiana law reveals that [the insured] clearly carried its burden of establishing coverage under the insuring clause"); Meloy v. Conoco, Inc., 504 So.2d 833, 839 (La. 1987)(liability "can only be determined after trial on the merits").
Here, State Farm urges the Court to decide the issue of coverage before the arbitration determines liability. The Fifth Circuit has made clear that "the duty-to-indemnify issue [is] not ripe when the underlying . . . lawsuit has not yet been completed." Coregis Ins. Co. v. Sch. Bd. of Allen Parish, No. 07-30844, 2008 WL 2325632, at *2 (5th Cir. June 6, 2008) (applying Louisiana law). See also New England Ins. Co. v. Barnett, No. 11-30348, 2012 WL 715261, at *5 (5th Cir. Mar. 6, 2011)("Louisiana law generally provides that until the underlying issue of liability is resolved and the defendant is cast in judgment, the issue of indemnity is premature. ...")(citing Mossy Motors, Inc. v. Cameras Am., 898 So.2d 602, 607 (La. App. 2005)); Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Turner Indus. Group LLC, 339 Fed. Appx. 441, 445 (5th Cir. 2009)(under Louisiana law, determining indemnity is premature until there has been a judicial finding that the putative indemnitee is liable or the charges against it were baseless).
Because liability in the underlying case has not yet been determined, the Court denies as premature State Farm's motion on the duty to indemnify. See Gabarick v. Laurin Maritime (Am.), Inc., No. 08-4007, 08-4156, 2009 WL 43096, at *8 (E.D. La. Jan. 7, 2009); Babcock & Wilcox Co. v. McGriff, Seibels & Williams, Inc., No. 05-4202, 2006 WL 2850178, at *4 (E.D. La. Oct. 2, 2006); Seaboard Marine Ltd. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., No. A. 96-2446, 1996 WL 696354, at *3 (E.D. La. Nov. 25, 1996); Faucheaux v. Prytania Med. Complex Owners Assoc., 642 So.2d 242, 245 (La. App. 1994).
Accordingly, the Court denies State Farm's motion as it pertains to the duty to indemnify.
For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES State Farm's motion for summary judgment.
IT IS ORDERED that this matter be stayed pending arbitration by the parties. This matter is administratively closed with right of any party to reopen once the arbitration is complete.