ORDER AND REASONS

MARTIN L.C. FELDMAN, District Judge.

Before the Court is Dixie Brewing Company's motion for a preliminary and permanent injunction. For the reasons that follow, the motion is DENIED for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.

Background

This dispute arises out of the ongoing construction of the Louisiana State University-Veterans Affairs Medical Center located in the New Orleans Mid-City neighborhood, which will replace Charity Hospital and the downtown New Orleans VA Medical Center.

The construction of the LSU-VA Medical Center has been controversial,1 in part because of LSU's expropriation of approximately thirty-five acres of land in Mid-City for the new medical complex. The City of New Orleans, LSU, and the VA entered into numerous agreements in which LSU agreed to invoke "quick-take" authority under Louisiana Revised Statute § 19:141 to assist New Orleans in providing land to the VA for its development of the medical center: LSU would expropriate the required land for both the LSU and VA sections of the complex, and then LSU would transfer a portion of the land to the VA. The designated area for the VA hospital is bordered by Galvez Street, Rocheblave Street, Canal Street, and Tulane Avenue. The Dixie Brewing Company building, which at one time brewed the local Dixie beer, is located on a parcel at the corner of Rocheblave Street and Tulane Avenue.2 The Dixie property was not originally included in LSU's expropriation efforts; however, in February 2010, the Dixie property was added to the land slated for expropriation, spurring a flurry of state-court activity ever since.

On April 29, 2010, LSU filed a petition in state court for access to the Dixie property for the purpose of inspecting and evaluating the property to make a just compensation offer. The petition was granted, and, after inspection, LSU tendered an offer of compensation to Dixie, which Dixie rejected. On February 16, 2011, Dixie filed a petition for a declaratory judgment, temporary restraining order, and injunctive relief in state court to prevent LSU from expropriating the Dixie parcel. The temporary restraining order was granted and subsequently dissolved on February 25, 2011; LSU's exception was upheld and the suit was dismissed with prejudice. Dixie did not seek appellate review. On February 25, 2011, relying on its quick-take authority, LSU filed a petition for expropriation of the Dixie parcel in state court, which was granted. LSU took possession of the Dixie property the same day, and the land was ultimately transferred to the VA. On June 3, 2011, Dixie filed a motion to dismiss LSU's petition for expropriation in state court, challenging the constitutionality of LSU's quick-take authority. The motion has yet to be ruled on and it appears no hearing date is currently set.

Approximately six months later, on January 27, 2012, Dixie filed a petition for a preliminary and permanent injunction in state court, requesting the court prevent LSU from entering into an agreement to transfer the Dixie property to any third parties, including the VA, without first offering it for resale back to Dixie. LSU filed exceptions of no cause and no right of action, and Dixie's petition was denied on February 7, 2012. Dixie provided LSU notice of its intent to apply for a supervisory writ, but failed to do so. On October 12, 2012, Dixie again filed a petition for a preliminary and permanent injunction in state court to prevent LSU from entering into an agreement to transfer the Dixie property to any third parties, including the VA, without first offering it for resale back to Dixie. LSU filed the exception of res judicata, and, again, Dixie's petition was denied with prejudice on November 16, 2012.

On March 12, 2013, Dixie sued the VA, Clark Construction Group, LLC, and McCarthy Building Companies, Inc. in this Court,3 invoking federal question and diversity of citizenship jurisdiction, and seeking a temporary restraining order and a preliminary and permanent injunction. The Court denied Dixie's request for a temporary retraining order, finding that Dixie failed to fulfill the requirements under Rule 65 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.4 LSU filed a motion to intervene on March 21, 2013, alleging that Dixie's complaint is "inextricably interwoven" with LSU's expropriation and subsequent transfer of the Dixie property. Dixie opposed LSU's motion to intervene, asserting that LSU, as prior owner of the property, no longer has an interest in the land. On April 16, 2013, Magistrate Judge Sally Shushan considered the motion to intervene on the briefs and granted the motion, allowing LSU to intervene. The Court now considers Dixie's request for a preliminary and permanent injunction.

Legal Standard

It is well settled that "preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy that should not be granted unless the party seeking it has clearly carried the burden of persuasion." Bluefield Water Ass'n v. City of Starkville, Miss., 577 F.3d 250, 253 (5th Cir.2009) (quoting Lake Charles Diesel, Inc. v. Gen. Motors Corp., 328 F.3d 192, 196 (5th Cir.2003)); see also Mazurek v. Armstrong, 520 U.S. 968, 972, 117 S.Ct. 1865, 138 L.Ed.2d 162 (1997) (noting that preliminary injunctions are "extraordinary and drastic" forms of judicial relief that should not be granted absent "a clear showing"); PCI Transp., Inc. v. Fort Worth & W. R.R. Co., 418 F.3d 535, 545 (5th Cir.2005). The Court can issue an injunction only if the movant shows:

Ridgely v. Fed. Emergency Mgmt. Agency, 512 F.3d 727, 734 (5th Cir.2008).

"Speculative injury is not sufficient [to make a clear showing of irreparable harm]; there must be more than an unfounded fear on the part of the applicant." Holland Am. Ins. Co. v. Succession of Roy, 777 F.2d 992, 997 (5th Cir.1985); see Wis. Gas Co. v. Fed. Energy Regulatory Comm'n, 758 F.2d 669, 674 (D.C.Cir. 1985) ("[Irreparable] injury must be both certain and great; it must be actual and not theoretical."). Where the injury is merely "financial" and "monetary compensation will make [the plaintiff] whole if [the plaintiff] prevails on the merits," there is no irreparable injury. Bluefield, 577 F.3d at 253. But when the nature of economic "rights makes `establishment of the dollar value of the loss ... especially difficult or speculative,'" a finding of irreparable harm is appropriate. Allied Mktg. Grp., Inc. v. CDL Mktg., Inc., 878 F.2d 806, 810 n. 1 (5th Cir.1989) (quoting Miss. Power & Light Co. v. United Gas Pipe Line Co., 760 F.2d 618, 630 n. 12 (5th Cir.1985)).

I. Discussion

Dixie seeks an injunction barring the VA, Clark Construction Group, and McCarthy Building Companies, from demolishing the Dixie property until the ongoing state-court litigation is decided. Specifically, Dixie posits that construction should not proceed when the constitutionality of LSU's expropriation remains unresolved. The Court need not address the merits of Dixie's motion because the Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction.5

A.

Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, possessing only the authority granted by the United States Constitution and conferred by the United States Congress. Howery v. Allstate Ins. Co., 243 F.3d 912, 916 (5th Cir.2001). The Court "must presume that a suit lies outside this limited jurisdiction, and the burden of establishing federal jurisdiction rests on the party seeking the federal forum." Id. (citing Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377, 114 S.Ct. 1673, 128 L.Ed.2d 391 (1994)). Dixie contends that this Court has subject-matter jurisdiction in two ways: federal question jurisdiction and diversity jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1332 (2006). The Court addresses each in turn.

B.

Dixie submits that the Court has federal question jurisdiction pursuant to the Tucker Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1491 (2006), which waives the federal government's sovereign immunity for certain contract claims. The Tucker Act states:

28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1). Congress, however, clearly and unequivocally terminated district court jurisdiction under this Act as of January 1, 2001. See Rothe Dev., Inc. v. U.S. Dep't of Def., 666 F.3d 336, 338 (5th Cir.2011) ("Congress subjected the district courts' jurisdiction to a sunset provision, terminating district court jurisdiction as of January 1, 2001. (citing Administrate Dispute Resolution Act of 1996, Pub.L. No. 104-320, 110 Stat. 3870, 3875 (1996)")). Congress did not renew the district courts' jurisdiction, and the Court of Federal Claims now retains exclusive jurisdiction over "action[s] by an interested party" objecting to the bid or award of a contract by a federal agency.6 Id.; see also Pizani v. St. Bernard Parish, No. 12-2541, 2013 WL 1403317, at *4 (E.D.La. April 5, 2013) ("[P]ursuant to the Tucker Act, the Court of Federal Claims has exclusive jurisdiction."). As a result, the Court simply does not have subject-matter jurisdiction based on the law invoked by Dixie.7

Dixie fails to identify any other statute that presents a federal question or that waives the VA's sovereign immunity. The Court notes that "[t]he basic rule of federal sovereign immunity is that the United States cannot be sued at all without the consent of Congress." Block v. North Dakota, 461 U.S. 273, 287, 103 S.Ct. 1811, 75 L.Ed.2d 840 (1983). The Fifth Circuit mandates that "a waiver of sovereign immunity must be specific and explicit and cannot be implied by construction of an ambiguous statute." Petterway v. Veterans Admin. Hosp., Hous., Tex., 495 F.2d 1223, 1225 n. 3 (5th Cir.1974). By relying on the Tucker Act, which no longer confers jurisdiction on this Court, Dixie cannot establish federal question jurisdiction or waiver of sovereign immunity.

C.

Dixie also contends that the Court has diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Again, as movant, Dixie bears the burden of proving that "complete diversity" exists and that the amount in controversy exceeds $75.000.8 See 28 U.S.C. § 1332; Smallwood v. Ill. Cent. R.R. Co., 385 F.3d 568, 572 (5th Cir.2004)(en banc). Complete diversity requires that the citizenship of every plaintiff be diverse from the citizenship of every defendant. "In cases involving multiple plaintiffs or defendants, the presence of but one nondiverse party divests the district court of original jurisdiction over the entire action." In re Olympic Mills Corp., 477 F.3d 1, 6 (1st Cir.2007) (citing Strawbridge v. Curtiss, 7 U.S. (3 Cranch) 267, 267, 2 L.Ed. 435 (1806)).

Generally, jurisdiction is determined at the time the lawsuit is filed. The U.S. Supreme Court has stated that "if jurisdiction exists at the time any action is commenced, such jurisdiction may not be divested by subsequent events." Freeport-McMoRan, Inc. v. KN Energy, Inc., 498 U.S. 426, 428, 111 S.Ct. 858, 112 L.Ed.2d 951 (1991). There are exceptions, however: the postfiling introduction of a nondiverse party may, in certain circumstances, defeat diversity jurisdiction. See, e.g., Brown v. Pac. Life Ins. Co., 462 F.3d 384, 394 (5th Cir.2006) (holding that a postfiling, nondiverse party under Rule 19(a) may destroy subject-matter jurisdiction if the party is deemed indispensable); Lawyers Title Ins. Corp. v. Prestige Title, Inc., No. 09-170, 2009 WL 2032406, at *6-7 (S.D.Miss. July 9, 2009) (holding that a postfiling, nondiverse intervenor may divest the court of subject-matter jurisdiction if considered indispensable); see also In re Olympic Mills, 477 F.3d at 7 (holding that a postfiling, nondiverse intervenor may "spoil" diversity jurisdiction).

Here, Dixie is a citizen of Louisiana; McCarthy Building Companies a citizen of Missouri; and Clark Construction Group a citizen of Maryland.9 At the time this lawsuit was filed, complete diversity existed between the parties (with the exception of the VA, which, as the Court explained above, cannot be sued absent a waiver of sovereign immunity). LSU intervened in this case, however, creating a jurisdictional dilemma. As the Fifth Circuit has explained, "[i]n an action where a state is a party, there can be no federal jurisdiction on the basis of diversity of citizenship because a state is not a citizen for purposes of diversity jurisdiction." Louisiana v. Union Oil Co. of Cal., 458 F.3d 364, 366 (5th Cir.2006) (quoting Tex. Dep't of Hous. & Cmty. Affairs v. Verex Assurance, Inc., 68 F.3d 922, 926 (5th Cir.1995)). Therefore, the question becomes: does a postfiling, nondiverse, intervenor defendant defeat diversity jurisdiction? Although Dixie completely fails to respond to the jurisdictional disputes raised by all parties in this case (which the Court can arguably consider to be a waiver of the argument), the Court nevertheless addresses the issue. See Villarreal v. Smith, 201 Fed.Appx. 192, 194 (5th Cir. 2006) ("A federal court has the affirmative duty to inquire into jurisdiction whenever the possibility of a lack of jurisdiction arises.").

In Freeport-McMoRan, Inc. v. KN Energy, Inc., the U.S. Supreme Court addressed the substitution of a nondiverse plaintiff under Rule 25(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and held that "if jurisdiction exists at the time any action is commenced, such jurisdiction may not be divested by subsequent events." 498 U.S. at 428, 111 S.Ct. 858. Although this sweeping language is arguably applicable here, the Fifth Circuit, and numerous other courts, have rejected a broad interpretation of Freeport-McMoRan and have limited its application to cases involving the addition of parties under Rule 25. See Cobb v. Delta Exports, Inc., 186 F.3d 675, 680 (5th Cir.1999) (explaining that Freeport-McMoRan is limited to the context of an additional party substituted pursuant to Rule 25); Ingram v. CSX Transp., Inc., 146 F.3d 858, 861 (11th Cir.1998) ("Freeport-McMoRan does not stand for the proposition that all additions of nondiverse parties are permissible as long as complete diversity existed at the time of the commencement of the lawsuit."); see also In re Olympic Mills, 477 F.3d at 7; Am. Fiber & Finishing, Inc. v. Tyco Healthcare Grp., LP, 362 F.3d 136, 141-42 (1st Cir.2004). The case literature supports a finding that a nondiverse intervenor, having intervened as of right, will defeat jurisdiction if considered indispensable. See, e.g., In re Olympic Mills, 477 F.3d at 7 ("If [the intervenor] is entitled to intervene as a matter of right under Rule 24(a)(2) and is an indispensable party under Rule 19(b), the litigation must be dismissed because there would not be complete diversity." (quoting B. Fernandez & Hnos., Inc. v. Kellogg USA, Inc., 440 F.3d 541, 544 (1st Cir.2006))); Lawyers Title, 2009 WL 2032406, at *6 ("Since the Court is of the opinion that Intervenors are qualified to intervene as of right under Rule 24, and because their presence would destroy complete diversity, the Court must next determine whether Intervenors are indispensable to this action ...."); see also Brown, 462 F.3d at 393 ("If a person cannot be made a party under Rule 19(a) because... joinder would destroy subject-matter jurisdiction, then a federal court must determine whether that person is `indispensable.'"). Therefore, to answer the question of whether the Court has diversity jurisdiction, the Court must first address whether LSU intervened as of right, and then whether LSU is an indispensable party.

(1) Intervention

The magistrate judge granted LSU's motion to intervene; however, it is unclear whether LSU was allowed to intervene under Rule 24(a)(2) or (b)(1)(B). The Court finds that LSU intervened as of right under Rule 24(a)(2).

The Fifth Circuit has developed a four-prong test for determining whether intervention should be as of right: (1) the application must be timely; (2) the applicant must have an interest relating to the subject matter of the litigation; (3) the applicant must be so situated that the outcome of the case may, as a practical matter, impair or impede the applicant's ability to protect that interest; and (4) the interest must be one not adequately represented by the existing parties.10 See New Orleans Pub. Serv., Inc. v. United Gas Pipe Line Co., 690 F.2d 1203, 1208 (5th Cir. 1982). All four factors are patently present in this case.

First, LSU's motion to intervene was timely, having been filed nine days after Dixie filed suit in this Court. Second, LSU has an interest relating to the subject matter of the litigation — an understatement to say the least. The Fifth Circuit has defined "interest" as one that is "direct, substantial, [and] legally protectable." Saldano v. Roach, 363 F.3d 545, 551 (5th Cir.2004) (alteration in original) (quoting John Doe 1 v. Glickman, 256 F.3d 371, 379 (5th Cir.2001)). The thrust of Dixie's argument challenges the actions of LSU, not the VA. Specifically, Dixie alleges that "[t]o this date, Dixie has not received an offer to buy back their property. Instead, LSU has, without proper title or a final judgment designating that its taking of the property passed constitutional muster, LSU has `sold' the property to the VA." Dixie emphasizes that "LSU transferred the Dixie Parcel, in knowing and willful violation of Dixie's rights, and LSU's obligations, under the Louisiana Constitution." Put simply, Dixie argues that "what LSU is attempting to do is an abuse of the government's authority to expropriate." Considering that Dixie is alleging that LSU unconstitutionally expropriated the land, illegally sold the property to the VA, and wrongfully refused to offer the parcel back to Dixie, the Court finds that LSU has a direct and substantial interest in the subject matter that forms the basis of this suit. Third, the Court finds that LSU is so situated that the outcome of the case may, as a practical matter, impair LSU's ability to protect its interest. Setting aside the Court's federalism concerns and assuming the Court reached the merits of this case, it is axiomatic that any examination of LSU's expropriation power would impair LSU's interest. Cf. Sierra Club v. Espy, 18 F.3d 1202, 1207 ("[A]n intervenor's interest is impaired by the stare decisis effect of the district court's judgment." (internal quotation marks omitted)). Finally, the Court finds that LSU's interest is not adequately represented by the existing parties. Although the VA and LSU's interests are aligned in terms of building a new medical complex, LSU has independent interests apart from the VA as the only party who expropriated and transferred the land, which are the main actions being challenged. Glickman, 256 F.3d at 380 (noting that the burden of proving inadequate representation is "minimal"); Sierra Club v. Espy, 18 F.3d 1202, 1208 (5th Cir.1994) ("The [intervenor] need only show that representation `may be' inadequate.").

(2) Indispensability

Having concluded that LSU is an intervenor as of right, and because LSU's presence would destroy complete diversity, the Court must determine whether LSU is an indispensable party under Rule 19(b). The factors the Court must consider include:

Fed.R.Civ.P. 19(b). The Court is mindful that a Rule 19(b) inquiry is a "highly-practical, fact-based endeavor." Hood ex rel. Miss. v. City of Memphis, Tenn., 570 F.3d 625, 628 (5th Cir.2009); AT & T Commc'n v. BellSouth Telecomm. Inc., 238 F.3d 636, 658 (5th Cir.2001) ("The determination of whether a party is `indispensable' is thus a pragmatic one.").

(a) Any Prejudice to Intervenor or Existing Parties

As previously mentioned, the Court notes that any judgment rendered in LSU's absence would prejudice LSU, especially if the Court were to address the merits of the action. An examination of the state's expropriation power, without input from LSU, would be prejudicial. Therefore this factor weighs in favor of finding LSU as indispensable.

(b) Lessening or Avoidance of Prejudice

As to the extent to which any prejudice could be lessened or avoided, no alternative remedies or forms of relief have been proposed to the Court or appear to be available. See Lawyers Title, 2009 WL 2032406, at *7. The Court finds this factor weighs in favor of indispensability.

(c) Adequacy of Judgment in Intervenor's Absence

In the Rule 19(b) context, "adequacy refers to the public stake in settling disputes by wholes, whenever possible." Republic of Philippines v. Pimentel, 553 U.S. 851, 870, 128 S.Ct. 2180, 171 L.Ed.2d 131 (2008). The third Rule 19(b) factor focuses on the "social interest in the efficient administration of justice and the avoidance of multiple litigation." Id. (quoting Ill. Brick Co. v. Illinois, 431 U.S. 720, 738, 97 S.Ct. 2061, 52 L.Ed.2d 707 (1977)). The Court finds that going forward with this action without LSU would not further the public interest in settling this dispute as a whole, especially in light of the fact that LSU is a party to all ongoing state-court litigation. This factor weighs heavily toward indispensability.

(d) Adequacy of Dixie's Remedy if Action Dismissed

The Court finds that Dixie would not be severely prejudiced by dismissal of this action. Specifically, the Court notes that the case is in its early stage (at least at the federal level) and no hearings have been held. All discovery would have been previously conducted for purposes of the state court litigation. State court provides Dixie with an adequate, although perhaps not strategically preferred, remedy. See Scoggins v. Frederick, 629 F.2d 426, 427 (5th Cir.1980) (explaining that the final factor under Rule 19(b) is to consider whether there is an adequate forum to determine the interests of all parties if the suit is dismissed).

Under these circumstances in which LSU is a nondiverse intervenor as of right, and where common sense and the law compel a finding of indispensability, the Court lacks diversity jurisdiction and dismissal is required. See, e.g., Lawyers Title, 2009 WL 2032406, at *7 (finding that the postfiling, nondiverse, intervenor defendant divests the court of subject-matter jurisdiction and that the case must be dismissed); see also Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(h)(3) ("If the court determines at any time that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the action."); In re Olympic Mills, 477 F.3d at 7 ("If [intervenor] is entitled to intervene as a matter of right under Rule 24(a)(2) and is an indispensable party under Rule 19(b), the litigation must be dismissed because there would not be complete diversity." (quoting Kellogg, 440 F.3d at 544)); Brown, 462 F.3d at 393 ("If a person who qualifies under Rule 19(a) cannot be made a party because, for example, joinder would destroy subject-matter jurisdiction, a federal court must determine whether that person is `indispensable.'").

Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Dixie Brewing's motion for a preliminary and permanent injunction is DENIED and the case is DISMISSED for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Veterans Affairs' motion to quash subpoenas is DENIED AS MOOT; LSU's motion to quash subpoenas and, alternatively, for a protective order is DENIED AS MOOT; and Eskew Dumas Ripple PC's motion to quash subpoenas is DENIED AS MOOT.