PARRO, J.
The defendant, Lazarious Dwayne Clayton, was charged by bill of information with aggravated assault with a firearm, a violation of LSA-R.S. 14:37.4 (count 1); aggravated criminal damage to property, a violation of LSA-R.S. 14:55 (count 2); and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, a violation of LSA-R.S. 14:95.1 (count 3). The defendant pled not guilty to all counts and, following a jury trial, he was found guilty as charged on count 3. The jury was unable to reach a verdict on counts 1 and 2, and the state subsequently dismissed those counts. The defendant was sentenced to twenty years of imprisonment at hard labor without benefit of parole, probation, or suspension of sentence and ordered to pay a $1,000 fine. The state filed a habitual offender bill of information, alleging the defendant was a second-felony habitual offender based on a prior conviction for possession of oxycodone. Following a hearing on the matter, the defendant was adjudicated a second-felony habitual offender, his twenty-year sentence was vacated, and he was resentenced to thirty-five years of imprisonment at hard labor without benefit of parole, probation, or suspension of sentence. The defendant filed a motion to reconsider sentence; at a hearing on that matter, the trial court granted the motion, vacated the thirty-five year sentence, and resentenced the defendant to twenty-two years of imprisonment at hard labor without benefit of parole, probation, or suspension of sentence. The defendant now appeals, designating two assignments of error. We affirm the conviction, habitual offender adjudication, and sentence.
On the evening of July 16, 2011, Ulysses Jones was in the barbershop where he worked with his father, who owned the shop. Located on a one-way street off North Acadian Thruway in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, the barbershop was a small, paneled structure with a tin roof and two windows in the front. Jones testified at trial that Aaron Rogers, a customer who had stepped outside to smoke, informed Jones that the defendant was parked across the street in a grocery store parking lot. According to Jones, there was "bad blood" between him and the defendant, because Jones had a relationship with Eletta Guillory, the defendant's girlfriend and mother of his child, while the defendant had been in jail. Jones testified that he saw the defendant across the street in his Monte Carlo. As the defendant was backing up to leave, he looked at Jones and gave him a threatening look. About an hour later, a four-door dark-colored Honda Accord pulled up to the front of the barbershop. Jones testified that the defendant got out of the back seat with a gun. The people in the barbershop went to the ground as the defendant fired shots into the building. Jones thought that he heard about ten shots and that the defendant had "emptied the clip." Jones testified that he saw Elliot Guillory, Eletta's brother, driving the Accord, and Robert Lee, Elliot's friend, in the front passenger seat. Jones also recognized that the car was Eletta's Accord. A police officer arrived on the scene sometime later and observed the damage to the barbershop. He did not take pictures or call the Crime Scene Unit (because no one had been shot or hurt), but he did collect several cartridge cases (the empty bullet casings fired from a semi-automatic weapon) that were on the ground in front of the barbershop.
On July 19, 2011, Detective Jeffery Anders, with the Baton Rouge Police Department, interviewed Jones. Jones identified the defendant as the shooter and the Accord he was in as Eletta's. Jones also told Detective Anders that every day the defendant dropped off Eletta at Virginia College where she took classes. Detective Anders's partner, Detective Kwouska Lee, also with the Baton Rouge Police Department, was working in the Cortana Mall area, near Virginia College. On that same day (July 19), Detective Anders contacted Detective Lee, relayed the information to him, and told him to be on the lookout for the defendant and Eletta in a green Honda Accord going to Virginia College. Detective Lee recognized Eletta from a previous case. Detective Anders told Detective Lee that if he saw the Accord, he needed to contact uniform patrol to conduct a violator stop. Detective Lee was in an unmarked unit and uniform patrol would be in marked police units. A short while later, Detective Lee observed Eletta get out of the driver's seat of the Accord at Virginia College. The defendant, who was with her, moved from the passenger seat to the driver's seat and drove off. Detective Lee contacted Corporal Ken Stelly, with the uniform patrol of the Baton Rouge Police Department, and asked him to stop the defendant in the Accord. Corporal Stelly effected a violator stop and had the defendant throw his keys on the ground. He then removed the defendant, handcuffed him, and placed him in the back of his police unit. The defendant and Eletta's young child was in the back seat. When Detective Lee arrived at the scene, he could not find the keys to the Accord. After removing the child, Detective Lee went back to the car to look for the keys. As he passed the opened rear door, he saw the handle of a handgun in a seat pouch on the back of the front passenger seat. The gun had a magazine in it with live rounds. He retrieved the gun and secured it. The gun and the cartridge cases found in front of the barbershop were submitted for testing. No DNA or fingerprints were found on the gun, but the cartridge cases were found to have been fired from the same gun that was in Eletta's Honda Accord. According to Detective Anders, when he interviewed Eletta, she told him that she had seen the gun before with the defendant and another guy.
The defendant did not testify at trial.
In his first assignment of error, the defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motions to suppress. Specifically, the defendant contends that both the stop and the subsequent search of the Honda Accord that he was driving were illegal.
Trial courts are vested with great discretion when ruling on a motion to suppress.
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, § 5 of the Louisiana Constitution protect people against unreasonable searches and seizures. Subject only to a few well-established exceptions, a search or seizure conducted without a warrant issued upon probable cause is constitutionally prohibited. Once a defendant makes an initial showing that a warrantless search or seizure occurred, the burden of proof shifts to the state to affirmatively show it was justified under one of the narrow exceptions to the rule requiring a search warrant.
The first time Detective Anders met with Jones, a few days following the shooting, Jones identified the defendant as the person who shot at him in the barbershop. Jones then identified the defendant in a photographic lineup and also signed a photographic lineup statement that the defendant was the shooter. Jones also provided Detective Anders with the make and model of the car, a green or blue Honda Accord, that the defendant was in when he shot at Jones. The barbershop had also been hit by several bullets, and several cartridge cases in the street in front of the barbershop were collected by the officer on the scene. Jones further informed the detective that Eletta drove to Virginia College every day, near Cortana Mall, and that the defendant took her car after she went to class.
Detective Anders contacted his partner, Detective Lee, who was on duty in the Cortana Mall area, and told him to be on the lookout for the dark-colored Honda Accord. When Detective Lee spotted the car, he contacted Corporal Stelly who was nearby to conduct a violator stop. Detective Anders was in an unmarked police unit, so he wanted Corporal Stelly, who was in a marked unit, to effect the stop. Corporal Stelly testified at the motion to suppress hearing that he was advised by Detective Lee that the defendant was wanted in connection with a shooting. When Corporal Stelly stopped the defendant, he had the defendant throw his keys to the ground. The defendant was then removed from the vehicle, patted down, and handcuffed. Corporal Stelly
It does not appear from the record that Detective Anders relayed to Detective Lee all the information he had about the shooting. Detective Anders testified at trial that he called Detective Lee and gave him a "heads up" about the situation. When Detective Anders was asked why he contacted Detective Lee for assistance regarding the defendant, Detective Anders testified, "To arrest him." Corporal Stelly testified at the motion to suppress hearing that he was advised by Detective Lee that the defendant was wanted in a shooting and may be armed. When Corporal Stelly saw the defendant in the Honda Accord, he conducted a "modified" felony stop. Corporal Stelly testified at trial that he did not personally speak to Detective Anders, but that he (Corporal Stelly) was told by Detective Lee that the defendant was wanted in connection with a shooting.
In suggesting that Detective Anders had something less than probable cause to arrest, the defendant in his brief argues that Jones falsely told Detective Anders during his interview on July 19, 2011, that the defendant had shot him in another incident that occurred on January 25, 2011. The defendant could not have. shot Jones at the time of the previous shooting on January 25, 2011, because, as the defendant points out, he was in jail at that time. Jones, however, never suggested the defendant shot him; he well knew the defendant was in jail at the time of the January 2011 shooting. Nevertheless, in his testimony at trial, Jones felt the defendant was somehow involved with his being shot in January. According to his testimony at trial, an unknown male drove up and stopped in front of the barbershop in January of 2011. When Jones approached him, thinking he was a customer, the unknown assailant shot him. Given the alleged animosity between Jones and the defendant, Jones thought the defendant was behind the shooting. Jones testified that, just prior to the January shooting, he had received a text message from the defendant that said to leave Eletta alone or "it would get ugly."
Detective Anders testified that, based on his conversation with Jones on July 19, he looked at older police reports regarding information related to the defendant and Jones. Detective Anders stated he knew Jones had been shot in January of 2011, but did not know who shot him. The detective further stated that he knew the defendant was in prison at the time Jones was shot. Based on the foregoing, the defendant is incorrect in his assertion that "Ulysses Jones had accused him, yet again, of shooting at him."
A police officer may arrest a person without a warrant when he has probable cause to believe that the person to be arrested has committed an offense, although not in the presence of the officer.
Furthermore, probable cause can rest upon the collective knowledge of the police, rather than solely on that of the officer who actually makes the arrest.
The defendant argues in brief that Detective Lee did not have probable cause to search the vehicle, because the defendant was not stopped pursuant to a traffic stop, and the defendant did not give consent to search the vehicle. Further, according to the defendant, the officers "crossed constitutional boundaries" when they arrested him and then "proceeded to search the vehicle for evidence when it was out of reach of any of the occupants."
Probable cause to believe contraband is present is necessary to justify a warrantless search. Probable cause is defined as reasonable grounds for belief, supported by less than prima facie proof but more than mere suspicion. This determination must be made from the totality of the circumstances, based on the objective facts known to the officer at the time. Mere probable cause does not provide the exigent circumstances necessary to justify a search without a warrant. In determining whether sufficient exigent circumstances exist to justify the warrantless entry and search or seizure, the court must consider the totality of the circumstances and the inherent necessities of the situation at the time. Further, the scope of the intrusion must be circumscribed by the exigencies that justified the warrantless search.
Under the automobile exception to the warrant requirement, a police officer can search a vehicle based on probable cause alone. The United States Supreme Court in
Following the defendant's arrest, he was handcuffed and placed in the back of Corporal Stelly's police unit. While the defendant was clearly not within reaching distance of the vehicle's passenger compartment at the moment the gun was found, Detective Lee could have searched the vehicle for a weapon based on a reasonable belief that the vehicle contained evidence of the offense of arrest, i.e., a firearm based on information the defendant had been involved in a shooting.
The validity of the search incident to arrest notwithstanding, the circumstances in this case reveal that the handgun was in plain view when Detective Lee was searching for the keys and was, therefore, properly seized. Under the "plain view" doctrine, if police are lawfully in a position from which they view an object that has an incriminating nature which is immediately apparent, and if the officers have a lawful right of access to the object, they may seize it without a warrant.
When Corporal Stelly effected the stop, he had the defendant throw his keys on the ground. Corporal Stelly never picked up the keys. When Detective Lee arrived at the scene, one of his first objectives was to find the keys to secure the vehicle. When he could not find the keys (prior to removing the child), Detective Lee moved his unmarked unit in front of the Accord to block it and prevent someone from driving the vehicle away. After removing the crying child from the vehicle and bringing her to the defendant, Detective Lee returned to the vehicle to search for the keys. The detective had not been informed by Corporal Stelly that the defendant had tossed the keys on the ground from the driver's seat. Detective Lee testified at the motion to suppress hearing that he was not looking for a gun inside the vehicle. When asked why he was looking for the keys, Detective Lee explained: "That we could secure the vehicle. We didn't know who else was going to come up to the vehicle and try to get something out while our attention was diverted toward handling Mr. Lazarious, and it's our practice and we didn't want to lock the keys up in the car."
When he walked toward the back of the vehicle to search, Detective Lee saw the gun before he even entered the vehicle. From the opened rear passenger door, he noticed the back of the gun handle protruding from the storage pouch attached to the back of the front passenger seat (immediately in front of where the child had been sitting). He removed the gun and secured it. After seeing the gun in plain view, Detective Lee had the right to seize it as possible evidence. Moreover, we find the gun was legally seized by Detective Lee pursuant to the "public safety" exception. Detective Lee had a duty to the public to remove the gun from a place where it would be accessible to any passer-by.
The defendant argues in brief that Detective Lee kicked the keys away from the vehicle as a pretext to search the vehicle, ostensibly for the keys. Corporal Stelly's dashboard camera on his unit recorded Detective Lee's search of the Accord. The video was played at trial and at the motion to suppress hearing. The video reveals that at some point when Detective Lee walked toward the vehicle, he kicked the car keys that were on the ground. According to the defendant, Detective Lee "had little explanation when it was pointed out to him that the video showed he had kicked the keys he claimed he was looking for."
Detective Lee, however, made it clear at the motion to suppress hearing that he was looking for the keys when he saw the gun. He testified that at no time did he see the keys on the ground, and he had no information where they might be. Detective Lee indicated that he saw in the video where he had kicked the keys, but testified that at that time, he was not aware that he had kicked them. At trial, Detective Lee stated he did not remember kicking the keys and that he did not feel them when he kicked them.
Based on the foregoing, the stop of the defendant and subsequent seizure of the handgun from the vehicle that the defendant had been driving were both reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. Accordingly, the trial court did not err or abuse its discretion in denying the motion to suppress.
This assignment of error is without merit.
In his second assignment of error, the defendant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support a conviction. Specifically, the defendant contends that the state failed to prove his actual or constructive possession of the handgun found in the vehicle.
A conviction based on insufficient evidence cannot stand, as it violates Due Process.
Pursuant to LSA-R.S. 14:95.1, it is unlawful for any person who has been convicted of certain felonies to possess a firearm. To prove a violation of LSA-R.S. 14:95.1, the state must prove: 1) the defendant's status as a convicted felon; and 2) that the defendant was in possession of a firearm.
The only issue raised by the defendant is possession.
Under LSA-R.S. 14:95.1, actual possession is not a necessary element of the offense and there is no requirement that the defendant have the firearm on his person to be in violation. Constructive possession satisfies the possessory element of the offense.
Dominion and control over a weapon constitutes constructive possession even if it is only temporary and even if the control is shared.
Whether the proof is sufficient to establish possession turns on the facts of each case.
Jones testified at trial that he saw a four-door dark-colored (blue or green) Honda Accord stop right in front of the barbershop. Jones recognized that it was Eletta's vehicle. Elliott Guillory (Eletta's younger brother) was driving and Robert Lee was in the front passenger seat. Jones knew both Elliott and Robert. The defendant got out of the vehicle from the rear-door driver's side (the side closest to the barbershop) with a gun in his hand and began shooting at Jones in the barbershop. Officer Joseph Valencia, with the Baton Rouge Police Department, was the first officer to respond to the scene. He observed the damage to the barbershop caused by the shooting, and he picked up several cartridge cases on the ground near the barbershop. The handgun that Detective Lee found in the seat pouch of Eletta's vehicle was a Springfield XD .40 caliber semi-automatic. Jeff Goudeau, an expert in firearm identification, testified that the cartridge cases found by Officer Valencia near the barbershop were fired in that same .40 caliber handgun found in Eletta's vehicle.
Several witnesses for the defense testified. Eletta testified that the defendant drove her car, but Elliott (her brother) did not. She further testified that she did not know that a gun was in her vehicle. Elliott testified that he never drove Eletta's car and that he was not in her car when the shooting took place. According to Detective Anders, Robert Lee also denied being in the car. Aaron Rogers, a customer in the barbershop at the time of the shooting, testified that he knew the defendant. He stated that during the shooting, he briefly saw the shooter, and it was not the defendant. He also testified that he did not see any vehicle near the shooter. He denied that he told Jones that the defendant was across the street prior to the shooting.
The jury heard the testimony and viewed the physical evidence presented to it at trial and found the defendant guilty as charged (on count 3). In the absence of internal contradiction or irreconcilable conflict with the physical evidence, one witness's testimony, if believed by the trier of fact, is sufficient to support a factual conclusion.
When a case involves circumstantial evidence and the trier of fact reasonably rejects the hypothesis of innocence presented by the defense, that hypothesis falls, and the defendant is guilty unless there is another hypothesis which raises a reasonable doubt.
The foregoing addresses constructive possession of the gun based on events on July 19, the date of the defendant's arrest. Given that the physical evidence, however, tied the defendant to the gun and, further, that Jones identified the defendant as the shooter at the barbershop, the jury could have concluded the defendant was in actual possession of the gun on July 16, the date of the shooting.
After a thorough review of the record, we find the evidence supports the jury's unanimous verdict. We are convinced that viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the state, any rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt, and to the exclusion of every reasonable hypothesis of innocence, that the defendant was in actual and/or constructive possession of a firearm as a convicted felon and that he had the general intent to possess the weapon.
This assignment of error is without merit.