WHIPPLE, C.J.
The defendant, Felix Adams, Jr., was charged by grand jury indictment with second degree murder, a violation of LSA-R.S. 14:30.1 (count one); armed robbery, a violation of LSA-R.S. 14:64 (count two); and obstruction of justice, a violation of LSA-R.S. 14:130.1 (count three).
He now appeals, arguing three assignments of error. For the following reasons, we affirm the defendant's convictions on counts one and three and his sentence on count three. We amend the defendant's sentence on count one to reflect that it be served at hard labor and, as amended, affirm.
On September 7, 2013, the defendant, Bobby C. Isidore, and Trenton J. Johnson met the victim, Leighton Powe, Jr., at the Dollar General store on Robert Boulevard in Slidell, Louisiana, to purchase marijuana. Johnson drove his white GMC Sierra truck, the defendant sat in the backseat behind Johnson, and Isidore sat behind the empty front passenger seat. The three occupants of the truck discussed their scheme to rob the victim, which they had devised earlier with Kishion Griffin and Darion Causey.
When the victim arrived at the Dollar General store, he exited his vehicle and entered Johnson's truck on the front passenger side. After he sat down, Isidore reached around the seat and grabbed the victim's upper chest. As the victim fought back, the defendant pointed a gun at the victim and shot him in his head. The defendant then ordered Johnson to drive to Javery Road, where the defendant dumped the victim's body into a ditch. Afterward, the defendant drove Johnson's truck to Camelot Road and set it on fire. He then disposed of the gun in a trash can on Badon Road and returned to his grandmother's house. The defendant fled to Georgia to see his girlfriend and was arrested shortly after arriving back in Slidell.
In cases such as this one, where the defendant has raised issues on appeal both as to the sufficiency of the evidence and as to one or more trial errors, the reviewing court should preliminarily determine the sufficiency of the evidence before discussing the other issues raised on appeal. When the entirety of the evidence, both admissible and inadmissible, is sufficient to support the conviction, the accused is not entitled to an acquittal, and the reviewing court must then consider the assignments of error to determine whether the accused is entitled to a new trial.
The constitutional standard for testing the sufficiency of the evidence, as enunciated in
Louisiana Revised Statutes 14:30.1A addresses second degree murder and provides, in pertinent part:
Specific criminal intent is that "state of mind which exists when the circumstances indicate that the offender actively desired the prescribed criminal consequences to follow his act or failure to act." LSA-R.S. 14:10(1). Though intent is a question of fact, it need not be proven as a fact. It may be inferred from the circumstances of the transaction. Specific intent may be proven by direct evidence, such as statements by a defendant, or by inference from circumstantial evidence, such as a defendant's actions or facts depicting the circumstances. Specific intent is an ultimate legal conclusion to be resolved by the fact finder.
The trier of fact is free to accept or reject, in whole or in part, the testimony of any witness. Moreover, where there is conflicting testimony about factual matters, the resolution of which depends upon a determination of the credibility of the witnesses, the matter is one of the weight of the evidence, not its sufficiency. The trier of fact's determination of the weight to be given is not subject to appellate review. Thus, an appellate court will not reweigh the evidence or overturn a fact finder's determination of guilt.
We are constitutionally precluded from acting as a "thirteenth juror" in assessing what weight to give evidence in criminal cases.
When a case involves circumstantial evidence, and the jury reasonably rejects the hypothesis of innocence presented by the defendant's own testimony, that hypothesis falls, and the defendant is guilty unless there is another hypothesis which raises a reasonable doubt.
The defendant testified at trial. According to his testimony, prior to the date of the murder, he purchased a gun and five bullets from his cousin. While "hanging out" with some men on the date of the murder, one of the men, Griffin, asked if he could borrow the defendant's gun because he "had a lick," which meant someone he could rob, for one ounce of marijuana. The defendant claimed that he had been drinking that day and felt "the effects of it." He went to his grandmother's house and retrieved his gun. When he returned to the location where the other men were, everyone "started devising." He remembered how hard it was to obtain his gun, and he decided that rather than allowing Griffin to borrow it, he would go "along with it." When asked why he did not just return home, the defendant responded, "I don't know. I was drunk. I just wanted to do something at that point in time. I was free, honestly. I didn't have to work two jobs. I just had extra energy, so to say, and I just wanted to go." He testified that he brought the gun "To scare the guy, but it didn't work like that. . . ."
According to the defendant's testimony, he entered the truck on the driver's-side backseat and sat behind Johnson, who was driving. Isidore entered the truck on the passenger's-side backseat. The defendant thought that the plan entailed Isidore holding the victim down once the victim entered the truck, them stealing the marijuana from the victim, "[getting] him out of the car," and driving off. He claimed that once the victim entered the truck and "relaxed back in the chair," Isidore reached over and tried to hold the victim to the seat. The defendant further claimed that the victim "broke free" and faced the defendant. Isidore looked at the defendant, and the defendant grabbed the gun, pointed it at the victim, and said, "Whoa." According to the defendant, the victim reached for the gun, and as he reached for it, the defendant pulled it back. The defendant claimed that when he pulled the gun back, it "went off." The defendant heard two doors close and someone hit the front driver's-side window. He testified that as that person attempted to enter the vehicle, he told Johnson to "drive." The defendant stated that after the shooting, he was scared, and he "sobered up." He directed Johnson to Javery Road because he knew it was a dead end, and he intended to dispose of the victim's body. The marijuana was removed from the victim's body, and the defendant admitted that the marijuana later found hidden in his vehicle was the same marijuana taken from the victim. According to the defendant, he then burned the truck by himself and ran through the woods to his grandmother's house. Once at his grandmother's house, the defendant changed clothes and told his friend to burn the clothes he was wearing. He claimed that he then drove to Georgia to see his girlfriend, and returned home to explain what happened to his mother. However, before he had the chance to speak with his mother, he was arrested.
On cross-examination, the defendant admitted that he had purchased a gun and bullets. He also admitted that he planned "to go along with" an armed robbery, and that although the victim never "laid a finger on [him,]" he pulled the trigger of his loaded gun with his left hand and robbed the victim of his marijuana after he had been shot. He did not check to see if the victim was alive but, rather, ordered Johnson to drive to Javery Road. Once there, the defendant pulled the victim's body out of the truck, put the victim into the ditch, and then got back into the truck and drove away. He burned the truck and disposed of his clothing in an attempt to "cover up" what they had done. Before arriving at his grandmother's house, the defendant disposed of the gun in a trash can.
The driver of the truck, Johnson, testified at trial that on the day of the murder, he called Griffin in order to purchase marijuana.
The victim's girlfriend, Rachael Payne, and his friend, Kenneth Pere, testified that they rode with the victim to the Dollar General store on the day of the shooting. Both of them testified that the victim exited his car and entered the truck. While they sat inside the victim's car, Pere saw the truck "rock" and both of them heard a gunshot. They exited the victim's car and ran to the truck. Pere grabbed the door panel and punched the window, but the driver of the truck drove off.
Doctor Michael Defatta conducted the autopsy on the victim. He testified that there were three patterned marks on the victim's left shoulder and neck that occurred before the victim's death. Dr. Defatta opined that the marks could have resulted from the victim's tank top rubbing against his upper shoulder. The victim also suffered a gunshot wound to the right portion of his skull. The bullet entered the victim's skull and traveled through the right top portion of his head, from front to back. According to Dr. Defatta, the gun used to shoot the victim was no farther than thirty-six or forty-three inches away from the victim. Mud-like material found inside of the victim's trachea indicated that he was still breathing at the time his body was thrown into the ditch. According to Dr. Defatta, although the victim was alive at the time he was put into the ditch, he would not have survived the gunshot wound. Thus, although the silt and mud in the victim's airway contributed to his death, the cause of death was the gunshot wound to his head. Dr. Defatta further explained that the gunshot entry point and the injuries to the victim's left shoulder were consistent with the victim sitting in the front of the truck, being pulled to the left, and shot from the backseat. He stated that the victim also could have been facing the backseat head-on and that the victim's injuries were suggestive of a struggle "without question."
St. Tammany Parish Sherriff's Office Crime Lab firearms examiner, Lloyd Thomas Morse, testified at trial. Morse ran tests on the weapon that was recovered after the shooting, a Charter Arms revolver. In addition to the revolver, Morse received a fired cartridge, two pieces of lead, and a copper jacket for testing.
According to Morse, the revolver could be fired in either single or double action, meaning the shooter could either cock the hammer and squeeze the trigger or just squeeze the trigger. He explained that simply squeezing the trigger required more pressure to fire the weapon than if the shooter had cocked the hammer prior to squeezing the trigger.
Based on the physical evidence and testimony, a rational trier of fact could have reasonably concluded that the defendant shot and killed the victim when the victim attempted to fight back after Isidore grabbed him. The fact that the defendant shot the victim at such a close range indicates a specific intent to kill or inflict great bodily harm.
Moreover, the defendant could have been found guilty of second degree murder even if he had no intent to kill. Under Section 14:30.1A(2), the crime of second degree murder "is the killing of a human being: (2) [w]hen the offender is engaged in the perpetration or attempted perpetration of . . . aggravated arson . . . aggravated kidnapping, second degree kidnapping . . . armed robbery, first degree robbery, second degree robbery, simple robbery . . . even though he has no intent to kill or to inflict great bodily harm."
In finding the defendant guilty of second degree murder, the jury rejected the defendant's claim of an accidental shooting, and concluded that the defendant's version of the events preceding the fatal shot was a fabrication designed to deflect blame from him.
This assignment of error is without merit.
In this assignment of error, the defendant argues that the district court erred in denying his motion for mistrial because of an alleged improper comment on the evidence by Slidell Police Department Detective Daniel Seuzeneau.
Detective Seuzeneau testified that he conducted an interview with the defendant and that the defendant changed his story during the course of his interview several times. The detective opined that the defendant was not completely truthful. He testified that at the point in time during the investigation when he interviewed the defendant, he had not determined whether or not the shooting was accidental. On cross-examination, the following exchange occurred:
Defense counsel then entered an objection arguing that the detective was commenting on the guilt or innocence of the defendant. The State responded, "You asked it. . . . And I think you brought it out when you asked him what was a lie and his opinion." In response to the defendant's motion for mistrial, the court stated, "This is what I'm going to do. I'm going to sustain the objection, and I'm going to instruct the jury to disregard his response." The court explained that it believed the detective's statement was "his comment on the evidence," but that "it was [defense counsel's] question and that's why I don't believe he's entitled to a mistrial." After the court instructed the jury to disregard the detective's response, cross-examination continued.
The defendant argues that mere admonishment to disregard the detective's response "did not remedy the error" because the detective's statement was not just a commentary on the evidence, but was a "cheap shot to the crux of the defense's theory of the case." He contends that the detective admitted on direct examination that he could not determine whether or not the shooting was an accident and that "the only exclusion of accident according to detective during state questioning was the testing of the gun to see that it was in proper working order." He further contends that the gun was never linked to the crime or to him.
Remarks by witnesses fall under the discretionary mistrial provisions of LSA-C.Cr.P. article 771, which provides, in pertinent part:
Mistrial is a drastic remedy and, except in instances in which mistrial is mandatory, is warranted only when a trial error results in substantial prejudice to the defendant depriving him of a reasonable expectation of a fair trial. Although a potentially prejudicial remark by an experienced police officer should be viewed with concern as to fairness of the trial, the decision as to the necessity of granting a mistrial is within the sound discretion of the district court.
Contrary to the defendant's assertions, Detective Seuzeneau did not admit that he was unable to determine whether the shooting was an accident, but, instead, testified that when he interviewed the defendant, he had not yet determined whether or not the shooting was accidental. He explained that he further investigated the possibility of an accidental shooting after interviewing the defendant, and that after he received what he believed to be the gun used in the shooting based on the defendant's directions as to the area where he disposed of it, he submitted it to the crime lab for testing to ensure that it was in "full working condition." The detective continued his investigation by obtaining search warrants, interviewing witnesses, and spending a "countless number of hours, days, even months after that putting together all of the pieces. . . ." The detective's testimony on direct examination reflects that after reviewing all of the information obtained from his investigation, he was of the opinion that the defendant was being dishonest about the shooting being accidental. Thus, when defense counsel specifically asked the detective on cross-examination which parts of the defendant's "story" were later determined to be lies, he was simply answering the question by giving his opinion.
The district court promptly instructed the jury to disregard the detective's comment, and the defendant has failed to show that the admonition was insufficient to ensure him a fair trial. Considering the above, we find no error or abuse of discretion in the district court's denial of the defendant's motion for mistrial.
This assignment of error is without merit.
The defendant argues in this assignment of error that the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress his statement. Specifically, he contends that the motion to suppress should have been granted, as the detectives continued to question him after he invoked his right to remain silent.
Before a confession can be introduced into evidence, it must be affirmatively shown that it was free and voluntary and not made under the influence of fear, duress, intimidation, menaces, threats, inducements or promises. LSA-R.S. 15:451. Confessions obtained by any direct or implied promises, however slight, or by the exertion of any improper influence, are involuntary and inadmissible as a matter of constitutional law.
Since the general admissibility of a confession is a question for the district court, its conclusions on the credibility and weight of the testimony are accorded great weight and will not be overturned unless they are not supported by the evidence.
Although the burden of proof is generally on a defendant to prove the grounds recited in a motion to suppress evidence, such is not the case with the motion to suppress a confession. In such a situation, the burden of proof is with the State to prove the confession's admissibility. LSA-C.Cr.P. art. 703D. The State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the confession was made freely and voluntarily.
The Supreme Court in
The defendant's statement, which was given on September 9, 2013, was audio and video recorded, and was played at the hearing on the motion to suppress. After the defendant waived his
The testimony presented at the hearing on the motion to suppress established that Detective Seuzeneau advised the defendant of his rights and executed a
The district court took the matter under advisement. The parties later returned to court, and the district court judge read her reasons into the record. She noted that the eleven-minute mark of the interview contained the two segments at issue wherein the defendant stated, "I have nothing to say," and "I have nothing else to say," and thereafter, the defendant volunteered statements and asked questions of the detectives. The court stated:
In
Based on the record before us, we find that the district court did not err in denying the defendant's motion to suppress his statement. The defendant was given his
This assignment of error lacks merit.
On count one, the defendant was sentenced to a term of life imprisonment without the benefit of parole. In reviewing the record for error pursuant to LSA-C.Cr.P. art. 920(2), we have discovered that the district court failed to order that the defendant's sentence on count one be at hard labor.
For the above and foregoing reasons, the defendant's convictions on counts one and three, and the sentence on count three, are hereby affirmed. The defendant's sentence on count one is hereby amended, to provide that the sentence be served at hard labor, and is affirmed, as amended.