DREW, J.
Matthew Breedlove was arrested in Barnes & Noble Booksellers on two counts of video voyeurism, contrary to La. R.S. 14:283 A(1). A jury found him guilty by vote of 11-1 on each count. He was sentenced to three years at hard labor, without benefits, and a fine of $1,000 on Count 1, concurrently with two years at hard labor on Count 2. He now appeals, urging insufficient evidence to convict, improper denial of his motion to suppress evidence of prior bad acts, and excessive sentence. For the reasons expressed, we affirm in part, reverse and vacate in part, and remand for resentencing.
In addition, each victim identified Breedlove as the man who inappropriately lingered behind them at the bookstore. K.W. further described him as standing behind them for 15-30 seconds,
The defendant argues:
In order to prove that a defendant committed video voyeurism, the state is required to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that (1) defendant used an image-recording device for the purpose of observing, viewing, photographing, filming, or videotaping another person; (2) that the person did not consent to being observed, photographed, or videotaped; and (3) that the defendant committed the act for a lewd or lascivious purpose. State v. Schaller, 08-522 (La. App. 5th Cir. 5/26/09), 15 So.3d 1046, 1054, writ denied, 09-1406 (La. 2/26/10), 28 So.3d 268. Additionally, in order to show that the sentencing enhancement provisions pertaining to juvenile victims under La. R.S. 14:283(B)(4) apply to a defendant, the state is required to prove all of the elements listed above, plus: (1) that the child being observed, photographed, or videotaped was under the age
In State v. Saibold, 213 La. 415, 34 So.2d 909 (1948), the Louisiana supreme court stated that lewd or lascivious behavior "connotes actions or gestures of the lustful and lecherous nature." Id. at 911.
The word "lewd" means lustful or indecent and signifies that form of immorality which relates to sexual impurity carried on in a wanton manner. Further, the word "lewd" is identified with obscenity and community norms for morality. The word "lascivious" means tending to incite lust, indecent, obscene and tending to deprave the morals in respect to sexual relations. Finding that an act is lewd or lascivious depends upon the time, the place and all of the circumstances surrounding its commission, including the actual or implied intention of the actor. State v. Bugbee, 34,524 (La.App. 2d Cir. 2/28/01), 781 So.2d 748; State v. Sturdivant, 27,680 (La.App. 2d Cir. 2/28/96), 669 So.2d 654).
In State v. Wright, 40,945 (La. App. 2d Cir. 5/19/06), 931 So.2d 432, writ denied, 06-1727 (La. 3/16/07), 952 So.2d 694, this Court discussed the scope and meaning of "lewd and lascivious" in the context of La. R.S. 14:283, holding that Louisiana criminal statutes must be "given genuine construction, according to the fair import of their words, taken in their usual sense, in connection with the context, and with reference to the purpose of the provision." La. R.S. 14:3. Although there is no reported constitutional challenge to Louisiana's video voyeurism law, there is sufficient jurisprudence holding that the terms "lewd and lascivious" need not be defined by the statute for that statute to survive a constitutional challenge for vagueness. See State v. Interiano, 2003-1760 (La. 2/13/04), 868 So.2d 9. A plain reading of the activity proscribed by the video voyeurism statute is sufficiently narrow and gives adequate notice to those who would engage in such activities that the conduct is proscribed. Furthermore, the statute is not overbroad because the challenged statute affects conduct rather than speech. Also, it is clear that the legislature intended to make criminal all acts of a certain kind. State v. Wright, supra at 442-43. See also State v. Schaller, supra at 1055 (applying jurisprudential definition of lewd and lascivious to the video voyeurism statute).
It is within the province of the trier of fact to determine whether a defendant has the requisite intent to arouse or gratify his sexual desires. Specific intent is that state of mind that exists when the circumstances indicate the offender actively desired the prescribed criminal consequences to follow his act or failure to act. La. R.S. 14:10(1); State v. Lindsey, 543 So.2d 886 (La. 1989), cert. denied, 494 U.S. 1074, 110 S.Ct. 1796, 108 L.Ed.2d 798 (1990). Specific intent need not be proved as a fact; it may be inferred from the circumstances of the transaction and the actions of the defendant. State v. Graham, 420 So.2d 1126 (La. 1982).
As a threshold matter, it is necessary to address whether a defendant can be convicted of video voyeurism in the absence of a photo, video or recording, i.e., the physical, tangible fruit of the crime? We answer in the affirmative, following the standard rules of statutory construction.
While difficult to prove without evidence of captured images, the statute itself contemplates such a conviction, so long as other evidence exists in support that the crime was committed. Here, the evidence adduced was sufficient to prove that the defendant used his cell phone for the purpose of observing, viewing, photographing, filming or videotaping T.Y. and K.W.
The second question is whether the defendant acted with the intention of arousing or gratifying his sexual desires with regard to T.Y. Louisiana jurisprudence applies nearly identical tests for determining whether a defendant acted with a lewd or lascivious purpose, as to whether a defendant intended to arouse or gratify his sexual desires. The following analysis applies to each element.
State v. Schaller, supra, held that the installation of a hidden camera in a guest bedroom where a defendant knows sexual conduct will likely occur, accompanied by the defendant's encouragement of the sexual conduct, is sufficient to show that a defendant acted with a lewd and lascivious purpose. However, Breedlove correctly points out that Louisiana courts have not addressed whether using a device for the purpose of observing, viewing, photographing, filming, or videotaping the undergarments of a person without that person's consent is lewd and lascivious. See State v. Wright, supra (hidden camera in dressing room and recordings of girls changing clothes); State v. Boudreaux, supra (hidden camera in bedroom and recordings of victim in varying states of undress); and State v. Perry, supra (same).
Breedlove's argument is not persuasive in light of the evidence adduced at trial. In addition to hearing the testimonies of the three officers, plus T.Y. and K.W., the jury also viewed four videos and one photograph, which established the clear inference that this defendant's positioning of his phone and subsequent movements were for the purpose of observing, viewing, photographing, filming, or videotaping underneath K.W.'s and T.Y's skirts. This shows defendant's perverted sexual proclivities regarding young women. See State v. Schaller, supra.
Breedlove also suggests that the circumstances surrounding his actions could not possibly lead to an inference of lewd or lascivious purpose. This is also unpersuasive. Mid-length skirts and shorts are common women's attire. The use of a camera for the purpose of observing, viewing, photographing, filming, or videotaping the area under a woman's skirt or shorts circumstantially supports a finding of lewd conduct.
Breedlove emphasizes the minor inconsistencies in Officer Bolden's statements at the pretrial hearings and at trial. He also claims that Officer Bolden's testimony about the defendant's movements around K.W. and T.Y is incompatible with their testimonies.
A review of the trial transcript reveals that Officer Bolden testified that the defendant approached K.W. and T.Y. twice, but T.Y. and K.W. said that they saw him only once. This is essentially an end-run attack on the officer's credibility. The jury reasonably chose to believe the testimony of Officer Bolden, as well as the testimonies of K.W. and T.Y., reasonably concluding
The state filed a La. C. E. art. 404(B)/412.2 notice of intent to use evidence found on defendant's cell phone, i.e., a video of an "unknown female victim" dated March 5, 2012, depicting "defendant adjusting a recording device in a bag, peering over that device and then standing beside the victim and positioning the bag underneath the victim's skirt."
The Prieur hearing began on April 8, 2013, but was continued after brief testimony from Officer Holloway. On April 10, 2013, the defendant filed a motion to suppress the evidence found on his cell phone.
The trial court ruled that evidence sought to be introduced by the state was admissible and denied the motion to suppress. The state filed an amended La. C. E. art. 404(B)/412.2 notice, listing all of the evidence discussed at the prior hearing: four videos and a photo from the defendant's phone and the testimony related to Bolden's observations of the defendant at the Old Navy five to six weeks prior to March 19, 2012.
On August 20, 2016, just before opening statements, defense counsel took issue with the potential testimonies of Officers Holloway and Bolden regarding their observations of the defendant's conduct near the unnamed girl in the running shorts immediately prior to his arrest. The defendant then made an oral motion to exclude any testimony as to those observations, claiming lack of notice. The trial court held a res gestae hearing to address these complaints.
At the hearing, Holloway and Bolden again testified as to their conversations and observations, as well as Holloway's approach and arrest of the defendant. The trial court denied the motion to exclude.
Breedlove now argues that the court erred in denying his motion to suppress prior acts evidence. First, he asserts that the observation of the unnamed girl in running shorts cannot be admissible under the res gestae exception to La. C.E. 404(B). He argues that the videos, photograph and Officer Bolden's statement about his observations at Old Navy are inadmissible under La. C.E. art. 412.2 because there was nothing to suggest that the persons depicted or described were minors and there was nothing of a sexual nature.
The state replies that the defendant's argument directed at res gestae is "misguided and fails to inform this court of the trial court's consideration of all factors in ruling the evidence as admissible." According to the state, the photograph, videos, and Officer Bolden's statement about his observations at Old Navy corroborate other evidence and show proof of pattern or activity, intent, and absence of mistake.
At the Prieur hearing on April 8, 2013, Officer Holloway described his observations of the defendant and the unnamed female in running shorts.
The matter was continued until October 23, 2013, at which Det. Allday testified:
On January 29, 2014, the trial court held that the photo and videos recovered from defendant's cell phone, as well as Officer Bolden's observations of him in Old Navy were admissible, stating:
Immediately prior to trial, defendant took issue with the potential introduction of Officer Bolden's and Officer Holloway's testimonies about the unnamed girl in the running shorts. He argued that such statements were not included in the state's La. C.E. art. 404(B)/412.2 notice, and were otherwise not properly admissible under res gestae.
In response, the state argued that defendant had adequate notice that one or both officers planned to testify about the girl in the running shorts. The state pointed to Officer Holloway's report that had been provided in the state's initial discovery response, which noted the observation of the "girl in the shorts" when he arrived at B & N. The state also argued that the statements should not be excluded because the witnesses' observation were indeed res gestae as "an integral part of the narrative of the defendant's arrest."
The court ruled the evidence was admissible as res gestae, but permitted Breedlove to provoke a hearing on its admissibility.
After hearing counsels' arguments and the testimonies of Officers Holloway and Bolden, the trial court denied the motion to exclude, holding the officers' testimonies with regard to the unidentified girl in the running shorts were admissible as res gestae evidence:
The trial court accurately instructed the jury, including, inter alia:
Our law governing other bad acts evidence is well established.
This Court, quoting the supreme court's ruling in State v. Odenbaugh, 10-0268 (La. 12/6/11), 82 So.3d 215, outlined the res gestae rule:
If the trial court determines that other bad acts evidence is admissible, it must charge the jury at the close of trial that the other bad acts evidence serves a limited purpose and that the defendant cannot be convicted of any crime other than the one charged or any offense responsive to it. State v. Miller, supra.
A trial judge is vested with wide discretion in determining relevance of evidence; his ruling on the admissibility of Art. 404 evidence will not be overturned absent a clear showing of abuse of discretion. State v. Scales, 93-2003 (La. 5/22/95), 655 So.2d 1326, cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1050, 116 S.Ct. 716, 133 L.Ed.2d 670 (1996); State v. Cooks, 36,613 (La.App. 2d Cir. 12/4/02), 833 So.2d 1034. State v. Greer, supra. The improper admission of other crimes evidence is subject to review for harmless error, and the admission will be deemed harmless if the verdict is "surely unattributable to the error." State v. Odenbaugh, supra; State v. Parker, 42,311 (La. App. 2d Cir. 8/15/07), 963 So.2d 497, writ denied, 07-2053 (La. 3/7/08), 977 So.2d 896.
The state, in its appellate brief, correctly points out that defendant appears to conflate the trial court's rulings on:
(1) The defendant's motion to suppress (based on defense counsel's failure to receive a copy of the search warrant);
(2) the admissibility of the photo, videos and Officer Bolden's observations at Old Navy under La. C.E. art. 404(B)/412.2; and,
(3) the admissibility of Officers Bolden and Holloway's observations of the defendant's actions near the unnamed woman in the running shorts under the res gestae exception in La. C.E. art. 404(B).
Though mentioned in brief, the trial court's denial of the motion to suppress is not actually what defendant is arguing. Rather, his argument is that the trial court incorrectly admitted the photo, videos and testimonies of Officers Bolden and Holloway under La. C.E. art. 404(B).
Certainly, IMG 0438 (video of the defendant placing his phone into a bag), IMG 1001 (video of the defendant placing his phone into a bag and waving it under someone's skirt), and IMG 1003 (video showing, ostensibly, the same person as in IMG 1001 walking out the door), are admissible under La. C.E. art. 404(B) to show intent, motive or absence of mistake.
Similarly, Officer Bolden's testimony about his observations of the defendant at Old Navy is also likely admissible to show a pattern, motive, or absence of mistake. This testimony is, frankly, creepily similar to his accounts of Breedlove's actions at B & N. The girls in Old Navy and T.Y. and K.W. were approximately the same age and dressed the same. Furthermore, the act of placing a recording device in a briefcase and waving it under the skirts of the girls at Old Navy is sufficiently similar to the act of surreptitiously cupping his phone in his hand-camera side up — and waving it under the skirts of K.W. and T.Y. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by finding these videos to be more probative than prejudicial.
IMG 1010 (the video of the people in line at the coffee shop) and IMG 1021 (the blurry photograph of bookshelves) are, admittedly, more problematic.
Evidence of Breedlove's actions around the unnamed woman in the running shorts was presented in the context of Officer Bolden's conversation with Officer Holloway upon his arrival at B & N and the events immediately leading up to the arrest. Even though the state could have included these statements on its La. C. E. art. 404(B)/412.2 notice, these statements were presented in the context of the witnesses' observations immediately after the commission of the crime and leading up to the defendant's arrest. This evidence was necessary to allow the jury to draw the inference necessary to reach an honest
The defendant contends his sentence, particularly Count Two, is excessive. According to the PSI ordered by the trial court, Breedlove has no prior criminal record, except for a 2012 traffic violation for failure to maintain control/careless operation of a vehicle, which was subsequently dismissed. Also according to the PSI, he resides in Tyler, Texas, with his wife and two young children. He has a reputable employment history and a degree in speech language pathology from the Louisiana State University Shreveport. The defendant admitted to marijuana usage in his 20s but denied any substance abuse issues or psychological disorders.
As mentioned previously, the defendant filed a sentencing memorandum requesting leniency. In the memorandum, he explained that he is the sole breadwinner for his family. He also noted that his son has a sensory perception disorder that limits his communication skills. The defendant claimed that he is one of the few people who can successfully communicate with his son. The defendant also argued that his actions were a deviation from his normal behavior. Finally he requested a lenient sentence to allow him to continue being involved in his children's lives, including at school and in extracurricular activities.
One of the letters was from Dr. Richard D. Meece, a substance abuse and domestic violence specialist. Dr. Meece wrote that the defendant went to his office on April 26, 2012, was assigned to attend "Sex offender Classes on Tuesdays" and, as of September 11, 2012, had completed 20 classes and was "in good standing."
On January 14, 2016, the trial court heard impact statements from both parties. First, Brandy Santoro, the mother of K.W., stated after the incident, K.W. did not want to go anywhere or do anything and was always looking over her shoulder. Santoro also said that K.W. missed out on "a lot" because of the "delay of the process for four years." When asked what she perceived to be an appropriate sentence, Santoro made a comment about chemical castration and stated that she wanted the defendant to be in jail for "enough time to feel remorse."
The defendant's wife told the court that her husband was a wonderful father to their two children. She also addressed their son's sensory perception disorder. She said that he is the sole financial provider for their family and that her family is broken apart without him. She also testified that she has no fear of her husband being around their children or any fear of any potential for recurring behavior similar to that which occurred on March 19, 2012.
The defendant was sentenced/ordered to:
The trial court justified its sentence by noting its consideration of the arguments of counsel; the letters and documentations received; the sentencing guidelines of La. C. Cr. P. art. 894.1; the seriousness and gravity of the two offenses and the impact upon and ages of the victims; the mental health issues of the defendant, the PSI report and the totality of these circumstances.
On appeal, the defendant argues that the trial court failed to consider the absence of nearly all the aggravating factors enumerated in La. C. Cr. P. art. 894.1, and failed to adequately consider mitigating factors of this case. The defendant argues that the sentence is a "gross overstatement of the seriousness of the offense," noting that: (1) there was no physical contact; (2) there were no photos or videos of T.Y. or K.W; (3) there was only a brief, conclusory statement by the court that it had adequately considered the sentencing guidelines; and (4) the court misstated that the defendant had a mental health issue.
The state emphasizes to the court these three facts: (1) multiple victims; (2) persistent involvement in similar offenses; and (3) the ages of the victims.
Our law on appellate review of sentences is well settled.
A trial judge has broad discretion when imposing a sentence within the statutory limits, and the reviewing court may not overturn a sentence absent manifest abuse of discretion. State v. Smith, 01-2574 (La. 1/14/03), 839 So.2d 1.
An appellate court utilizes a two-pronged test in reviewing a sentence for excessiveness. First, the record must show that the trial court took cognizance of the criteria set forth in La. C. Cr. P. art. 894.1. State v. Shelton, 545 So.2d 1285 (La. App. 2d Cir. 1989), writ denied, 552 So.2d 377 (La. 1989). La. C. Cr. P. art. 894.1(C) states that "the court shall state for the record the considerations taken into account and the factual basis therefor in imposing sentence." The failure to articulate reasons for sentence pursuant to Article 894.1 does not require a remand when the sentence imposed is not "apparently severe" and there is an adequate factual basis for the sentence contained in the record. State v. Parker, 42,311 (La.App. 2d Cir. 8/15/07), 963 So.2d 497, 510, writ denied, 07-2053 (La. 3/7/08), 977 So.2d 896. A review of the sentencing guidelines under La. C. Cr. P. art. 894.1 does not require the trial court to list every mitigating or aggravating circumstance. State v. Cunningham, 46,664 (La.App. 2d Cir. 11/2/11), 77 So.3d 477. The articulation of the factual basis for a sentence is the goal of La. C. Cr. P. art. 894.1, not rigid or mechanical compliance with its provisions. State v. Foster, 50,535 (La.App. 2d Cir. 4/13/16), 194 So.3d 674, 678. Where the record clearly shows an adequate factual basis for the sentence imposed, remand is unnecessary even where there has not been full compliance with La. C. Cr. P. art. 894.1. State v. Love, supra 185 So.3d at 141.
The defendant's personal history (age, family ties, marital status, health, employment record), criminal record, the seriousness of the offense, and the likelihood of rehabilitation are important elements that may be considered by the trial court during sentencing; however, the trial court is not required to give more weight to any element over another. State v. Modique, 50,413 (La.App. 2d Cir.
The second prong of the analysis addresses constitutional excessiveness. A sentence violates La. Const. Art. I, § 20 if it is grossly out of proportion to the seriousness of the offense or nothing more than a purposeless and needless infliction of pain and suffering. State v. Dorthey, 92-3120 (La. 9/10/93), 623 So.2d 1276; State v. Bonanno, 384 So.2d 355 (La. 1980). A sentence is deemed grossly disproportionate if, when the crime and punishment are viewed in light of the harm done to society, it shocks the sense of justice or makes no measurable contribution to acceptable penal objectives. State v. Guzman, 99-1753 (La. 5/16/00), 769 So.2d 1158. State v. Love, supra at 141.
As a general rule, maximum sentences are appropriate in cases involving the most serious violation of the offense and the worst type of offender. State v. Jacobs, 41,663 (La.App. 2d Cir. 12/13/06), 945 So.2d 897. This Court in State v. Mayweather, 556 So.2d 200 (La. App. 2d Cir. 1990), explained: "[T]he statutory maximum is available to a sentencing judge in appropriate circumstances, whether defendant is sentenced on a reduced charge or the original charge." Id. at 201 (quoting State v. Mayfield, 493 So.2d 652, 653-54 (La. App. 2d Cir. 1986)).
Recently, this Court in State v. Johnston, 50,706 (La.App. 2d Cir. 6/22/16), 198 So.3d 151, 158, explained Louisiana's procedure for considering prior cases in determining whether a sentence is excessive:
Noting that one of these concurrent sentences appears to be quite lenient and the other sentence is for the maximum exposure, we have turned to the limited recent Louisiana jurisprudence to aid in our analysis.
For his conviction on Count One (T.Y., a victim under 17), the defendant faced a potential sentencing exposure of from two to 10 years at hard labor without the benefit of parole, probation or suspension of sentence and a fine of not more than $10,000.00. La. R.S. 14:283(B)(4).
For his conviction on Count Two (K.W), the defendant faced a sentencing exposure of up to two years with or without hard labor and/or a fine of not more than $2,000.00. La. R.S. 14:283(B)(1).
The defendant's sentence of three years at hard labor without benefits and a $1,000 fine is on the low end of the permissible sentencing range.
The trial court adequately considered La. C. Cr. P. art. 894.1. The record also provides an adequate factual basis for the sentence. Even though this was a first offense, it was not the first time Breedlove
The defendant's sentence of two years at hard labor is the maximum sentence that can be imposed under La. R.S. 14:283(B)(1). Where there was an adequate factual basis for the low-end sentence for Count One, this record lacks the same adequacy to support a maximum sentence on Count Two.
In State v. Jones, 15-1723 (La. 12/4/15), 184 So.3d 668, the defendant was convicted of misdemeanor contribution to the delinquency of minors, and sentenced to serve the maximum sentence of six months at hard labor. The supreme court reversed the sentence, explaining:
As in Jones, this record provides a factual basis for conviction and compliance with La. C. Cr. P. art. 894.1. There is no justification, however, for a maximum sentence on Count Two. We are constrained to vacate defendant's sentence on that count and remand for resentencing.
We affirm both convictions.
We affirm the sentence on Count One and vacate the sentence on Count Two, and remand for resentencing.
AFFIRMED IN PART; VACATED IN PART, AND REMANDED FOR RESENTENCING.
(2) IMG 1001 (≈ 1 minute, 42 second video); 3/5/2012 at 22:33 GMT — showing the defendant turning on his recording device, placing it inside a container, walking into a bookstore, then placing the container under the skirt of a female.
(3) IMG 1003 (≈ 39 second video); 3/5/2012 at 22:54 GMT — showing the victim of the video, exiting the bookstore.
(4) IMG 1010 (≈ 46 second video); 3/7/2012 at 22:13 GMT — showing someone standing in line, focusing focused on a young woman in a white shirt and dark skirt.
(5) IMG 1021 (photograph); 3/12/2012 at 21:59 GMT — showing what appears to be a B & N bookshelf.
It is the function of the trier of fact to assess credibility and resolve conflicting testimony. State v. Thomas, 609 So.2d 1078 (La. App. 2d Cir. 1992), writ denied, 617 So.2d 905 (La. 1993); State v. Bonnett, 524 So.2d 932 (La. App. 2d Cir. 1988), writ denied, 532 So.2d 148 (La. 1988). The trier of fact hears the testimony firsthand and unless the factfinder's assessment of believability is without any rational basis it should not be disturbed by a reviewing court. State v. Mussall, 523 So.2d 1305 (La. 1988); State v. Combs, 600 So.2d 751 (La. App. 2d Cir. 1992), writ denied, 604 So.2d 973 (La. 1992). A reviewing court accords great deference to a factfinder's decision to accept or reject the testimony of a witness in whole or in part. State v. Eason, 43,788 (La.App. 2d Cir. 2/25/09), 3 So.3d 685, writ denied, 09-0725 (La. 12/11/09), 23 So.3d 913; State v. Price, 48,986 (La.App. 2d Cir. 5/15/14), 140 So.3d 1212, writ denied, 14-1274 (La.2/6/15), 158 So.3d 814. State v. Love, 50,238 (La.App. 2d Cir. 1/13/16), 185 So.3d 136, 139.
Where there is conflicting testimony about factual matters, the resolution of which depends upon a determination of the credibility of the witnesses, the matter is one of the weight of the evidence, not its sufficiency. State v. Allen, 36,180 (La.App. 2d Cir. 9/18/02), 828 So.2d 622, writs denied, 02-2595 (La. 3/28/03), 840 So.2d 566, 02-2997 (La. 6/27/03), 847 So.2d 1255, cert. denied, 540 U.S. 1185, 124 S.Ct. 1404, 158 L.Ed.2d 90 (2004).
In the absence of internal contradiction or irreconcilable conflict with physical evidence, one witness's testimony, if believed by the trier of fact, is sufficient support for a requisite factual conclusion. State v. Bell, 50,092 (La.App. 2d Cir. 9/30/15), 179 So.3d 683, 690.
"Circumstantial evidence is evidence of facts or circumstances from which one might infer or conclude, according to reason and common experience, the existence of other connected facts." State v. Kempton, 01-572 (La. App. 5th Cir. 12/12/01), 806 So.2d 718, 722. When circumstantial evidence is used to prove the commission of the offense, La. R.S. 15:438 provides that "assuming every fact to be proved that the [circumstantial] evidence tends to prove, in order to convict, it must exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence." State v. Captville, 448 So.2d 676, 678 (La. 1984); State v. Jones, 00-980 (La. App. 5th Cir. 10/18/00), 772 So.2d 788, 791. An appellate court reviewing the sufficiency of evidence in cases involving circumstantial evidence must resolve any conflict in the direct evidence by viewing that evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution. When the direct evidence is thus viewed, the facts established by the direct evidence and inferred from the circumstances established by that evidence must be sufficient for a rational trier of fact to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was guilty of every essential element of the crime. State v. Sutton, 436 So.2d 471 (La. 1983); State v. Bell, supra.
Evidence of other crimes may be admissible if the state establishes an independent and relevant reason, i.e., to show motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident. La. C.E. art. 404(B)(1); State v. Roberson, 40,809 (La.App. 2d Cir. 4/19/06), 929 So.2d 789. The prosecution in a criminal case shall provide reasonable notice in advance of trial for such purposes. La. C.E. art. 404(B); State v. Greer, 43,177 (La.App. 2d Cir. 4/9/08), 981 So.2d 133, 136, writ denied, 08-1088 (La. 12/19/08), 996 So.2d 1132.
For evidence of other bad acts to be admissible, the state (1) must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the other acts or crimes occurred and were committed by the defendant, (2) must demonstrate that the other acts satisfy one of the requirements of La. C.E. art. 404 B(1), and (3) must show that the probative value of the evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect. State v. Greer, supra (citing State v. Jackson, supra).
In addition to these general rules, there are also more nuanced requirements depending on the "independent and relevant reason" for introduction. When the state seeks to introduce other crimes evidence as proof of intent, it must demonstrate: (1) the acts must be similar; and, (2) there must be a real genuine contested issue of intent at trial. State v. Harge, 98-1321 (La. App. 4th Cir. 2/17/99), 730 So.2d 983, 989, writ denied, 99-0785 (La. 9/3/99), 747 So.2d 534 (citing State v. Romero, 574 So.2d 330 (La. 1990)). In addition, where the element of intent is regarded as an essential ingredient of the crime charged, it is proper to admit proof of similar but disconnected crimes, wrongs or acts to show the intent with which the act charged was committed. State v. Thompson, 49,483 (La.App. 2d Cir. 3/18/15), 163 So.3d 139; State v. Schaller, supra at 1061.