MEMORANDUM OF DECISION

WILLIAM C. HILLMAN, Bankruptcy Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

The matter before the Court is the determination of appropriate sanctions to impose against Attorney David G. Baker ("Attorney Baker"), counsel of record to the debtor-defendant Alex Hermosilla (the "Debtor"), for the advancement of arguments not warranted by fact or law both here and before the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts (the "District Court"). On May 26, 2010, in connection with the entry of judgment of nondischargeability (the "Judgment") in favor of the Plaintiff, Hilda Cristina Hermosilla ("Cristina"), in this adversary proceeding, I ordered Attorney Baker to show cause "why he should not be sanctioned for advancing defenses not warranted by fact or law in violation of Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9011."1 Before I suspended consideration of the order to show cause in light of the Debtor's timely appeal of the Judgment to the District Court, Attorney Baker filed the Response to Order to Show Cause (the "Response"), arguing that sanctions are inappropriate because I misunderstood his arguments, which he asserts were adequately based in law or fact or were otherwise made in good faith for the extension or modification of existing law. On March 21, 2011, the District Court entered an Order of Remand, dismissing the Debtor's appeal, granting Cristina's "Plaintiff/Appellee's Motion for Damages and Costs for Frivolous Appeal" (the "Motion for Sanctions"), and remanding the matter for determination of the amount. On remand, I ordered Cristina's counsel, Attorney Dennis R. Brown ("Attorney Brown"), to file a fee application (the "Fee Application"), which he did, and to which Attorney Baker filed a response, asserting that the fees requested are grossly excessive. The appeal having been resolved, I resumed consideration of the order to show cause in conjunction with the Fee Application. For the reasons set forth below, I find that Cristina is entitled to attorney's fees in the amount of $15,306.25 as damages under Fed. R. Bankr.P. 8020 for the Appeal and, with respect to the order to show cause, impose sanctions in the amount of $9,000 against Attorney Baker, payable to the Clerk of Court, for violations of Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9011.

II. BACKGROUND2

Because the issues comprising the order to show cause stem from the events leading to my entry of judgment in favor Cristina in this adversary proceeding, my Memorandum of Decision dated May 26, 2010 (the "Decision") is incorporated herein by reference.3 By way of brief background, on May 20, 2005, Cristina filed a complaint against the Debtor seeking, inter alia, to except from discharge pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6) an unliquidated claim steeming from a personal injury to her caused by the Debtor, her former spouse, arising from an incident of domestic violence.4

On January 13, 2010, I entered a final pre-trial order (the "Pre-Trial Order") scheduling the matter for trial.5 The Pre-Trial Order directed the parties to file a Joint Pre-Trial Statement which included a statement of admitted facts that required no proof and expressly provided that the Joint Pre-Trial Statement "shall supercede the pleadings and govern the course of trial...."6 On March 11, 2010, the parties filed the Amended Joint Pre-Trial Statement listing, inter alia, the following facts as admitted and requiring no proof:

In section 11, titled "The Effect of this Pre-Trial Stipulation," the parties, in accordance with the Pre-Trial Order, attested to the admissions made and acknowledged that the Amended Joint Pre-Trial Statement would supercede the pleadings.8 I further note that on the final page, Attorney Baker signed the Amended Joint Pre-Trial Statement on behalf of the Debtor.

Although not stated in the admitted facts, the Probate Court entered a Modification Judgment on February 22, 2007, incorporating a stipulation of the parties (the "Stipulation") which amended the September 15, 2005 divorce judgment. The Stipulation, which was listed as one of the Debtor's proposed exhibits in the Joint Pre-Trial Statement, provided, inter alia, that Cristina waived all future claims to alimony and spousal support and that both she and the Debtor waived "any and all claims which could have been or were presented in these divorce proceedings and post divorce proceedings in this Court (including attorney's fees) and all contempt proceedings...."9

A trial on the matter was scheduled for March 17, 2010, but prior to opening statements, Cristina asserted that she was entitled to judgment as a matter of law based upon the undisputed facts set forth in the Amended Joint Pre-Trial Statement. Despite the admissions contained within the Amended Joint Pre-Trial Statement, Attorney Baker contended that at least one material issue of fact remained in dispute, namely, whether the Debtor intended to cause the injury that resulted.10 Alternatively, he asserted that the waiver contained within the Stipulation also applied to the personal injury claim because the issue was inextricably bound with the divorce proceeding. Cristina opposed, arguing that the Probate Court lacked jurisdiction to enter a money judgment for a personal injury claim. It appearing that the matter could be decided on stipulated facts, I took it under advisement and gave the parties an opportunity to file briefs.

On April 28, 2010, Attorney Baker filed a Memorandum of Law Relating to Count III (the "Memorandum") on behalf of the Debtor.11 Despite the language in my Pre-Trial Order providing that the Amended Joint Pre-Trial Statement would supercede the pleadings filed in this case, Attorney Baker nonetheless argued that the complaint should be dismissed for failure to state a cause of action because it does not allege that Cristina was intentionally injured by the Debtor, that she incurred a monetary loss as a result, that a debt exists resulting from the intentional injury, that she has been awarded a monetary judgment, or describe the nature of her injury.12 Notably, the Memorandum makes no reference to the Amended Joint Pre-Trial Statement at all, instead referencing only the complaint.

With respect to the "willful and malicious" requirement of 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6), Attorney Baker, on behalf of the Debtor, repeated the argument made at the March 17, 2010 hearing, stating that "[t]he specific injury that resulted must have been intended"13 with a citation to Kawaauhau v. Geiger.14 Indeed, he reiterated this position at the end of the Memorandum: "the resulting injury must be what was intended."15 Attorney Baker went on to state that "the complaint do[es] not allege any injury, physical or otherwise... [and] there is no allegation that any injury was intended,"16 and that "[h]ere, [the Debtor] absolutely is denying any intent to injure the plaintiff at all," contending that any injuries that Cristina may have suffered were accidental or inadvertent.17 He further asserted that because the Cristina has not described any injury, assuming there is one, it is impossible to conclude the Debtor had the intent to cause that injury.18

In the Memorandum, Attorney Baker also argued that Cristina's personal injury claim is time-barred by the three-year statute of limitations under Massachusetts law.19 In support, he stated, "[t]he statute of limitations is not tolled because of [the Debtor]'s bankruptcy. Buker v. National Management Corp., 16 Mass.App.Ct. 36, 448 N.E.2d 1299 (1983)".20 Therefore, he contended, even if Cristina had pled sufficient facts to state a claim, she is barred from liquidating it by the statute of limitations.21

Lastly, Attorney Baker returned to the waiver argument, asserting that Cristina "waive[d] any and all claims which could have been or were presented" to the Probate Court.22 While conceding that in Heacock v. Heacock23 the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts previously held that the Probate Court lacks jurisdiction over torts, he cited Apostolicas Properties Corp. v. Richman24 for the proposition that "[t]his is not a firm rule, however, and where the divorce court takes into consideration and makes findings on tort-based issues in making decisions on alimony and support, those findings are res judicata."25 In light of this exception, Attorney Baker argued that because tort based issues were presented to the Probate Court, Cristina has already been compensated for her injuries and has waived any further recovery.26

On May 26, 2010, I issued the Decision, rejecting the arguments made in the Memorandum and finding that based upon the admissions made in the Amended Joint Pre-Trial Statement Cristina was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.27 I further found that:

In light of these findings, I ordered Attorney Baker to show cause in writing by July 14, 2010, "why he should not be sanctioned for advancing defenses not warranted by fact or law in violation of Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9011."29 On June 7, 2010, the Debtor filed a timely notice of appeal of the Judgment (the "Appeal") and election to have his appeal heard by the District Court.30

Attorney Baker filed the Response on June 25, 2010.31 As will be discussed in detail below, he contends that sanctions are inappropriate because his arguments were adequately based in law or were otherwise made in good faith, seeking an extension or modification of existing law. I held a hearing on the order to show cause and the Response on July 14, 2010,32 at which time Attorney Baker indicated that he had nothing to add to his papers. That being the case, I took the matter under advisement to prepare written findings in accordance with Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9011(c)(3).33 Five days later, I suspended consideration of the order to show cause pending resolution of the Appeal.

The Appeal was docketed at the District Court on July 16, 2010. The Debtor, apparently under the mistaken impression that a scheduling order would enter, did not file a brief until August 19, 2010.34 On August 30, 2010, Cristina moved to strike the Debtor's brief and dismiss the Appeal on account of the Debtor having filed his brief 25 days late.35 Contemporaneously therewith, Cristina filed a Motion to Stay and Enlarge Time for Filing the Appellee's Brief ("Motion to Stay and Enlarge"), reasoning that if the District Court were to rule favorably on the motions to strike and dismiss the Appeal, it would be uneconomical and inefficient for Cristina's counsel to prepare a brief. Alternatively, Cristina requested the same 25 day extension that the Debtor enjoyed. On September 1, 2010, the District Court entered an electronic order granting the Motion to Stay and Enlarge without specifically indicating whether the briefing deadline pursuant to Fed. R. Bankr.P. 8009 was stayed or merely extended. On October 7, 2010, in the absence of a ruling on either the motion to strike or dismiss, Cristina filed her brief. Then, on November 29, 2010, Cristina filed the Motion for Sanctions seeking costs and damages against the Debtor for having to defend against a frivolous appeal. The Debtor's opposition thereto followed on December 14, 2010.

On March 21, 2011, the District Court entered a Memorandum and Order dismissing the Appeal for failure to comply with Fed. R. Bankr.P. 8009.36 Despite the Appeal's dismissal on procedural grounds, the District Court nonetheless addressed its merits in connection with the Motion for Sanctions.37 The District Court found that the Appeal was "frivolous in toto, as each and every one of the arguments he presents is completely unsupported by fact or law."38 Moreover, because the Appeal was "so divorced from proper factual or legal support," the District Court found "that it warrant[ed] the imposition of sanctions pursuant to Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 8020" and remanded the matter to this Court for a determination of the amount.39

Upon dismissal of the Appeal, I resumed consideration of the outstanding order to show cause with respect to the arguments he advanced in this Court prior to the Appeal and, consistent with the District Court's Order of Remand, ordered Attorney Brown to file a fee application for the costs associated with the defense of the Appeal by April 12, 2011. Attorney Brown filed the Fee Application with an accompanying affidavit on April 7, 2011 seeking an award of attorney's fees "between $23,672.75 and $16,221 ... against [the Debtor] and/or his counsel."40 On May 2, 2011, Attorney Baker moved for leave to submit a response to the Fee Application on his own behalf, which I granted the following day. Through his "Response to Fee Application," which was also filed on May 2, 2011, Attorney Baker asserts, inter alia, that the fees sought in the Fee Application are grossly excessive.41 I conducted a hearing on the Fee Application on May 4, 2011, at which time Attorney Brown filed a reply to Attorney Baker's Response to Fee Application (the "Reply") in open Court, conceding some errors identified by Attorney Baker. Thereafter, I took the matter under advisement.

III. DISCUSSION

A. Damages and Costs under Fed. R. Bankr.P. 8020

Fed. R. Bankr.P. 8020, which essentially adopts Fed. R.App. P. 38,42 provides, in relevant part, that:

The purpose of the rule is "to discourage litigants from wasting the time and resources of both their opponents and the judicial system with arguments that are without merit."44 Accordingly, an award of damages under Fed. R. Bankr.P. 8020 serves both to deter future conduct and compensate the aggrieved party.45

Once the district court determines that an appeal is frivolous and that the procedural requirements of the rule have been satisfied, it may award damages in either the form of a lump sum payment in an amount it deems warranted or attorney's fees.46 If the district court chooses to award attorney's fees, it may remand the matter to the bankruptcy court to determine the amount of such fees because "the bankruptcy judge is in the best position to gauge the interplay of factors and make delicate judgment calls anent fee awards."47 Here, the District Court granted the Motion for Sanctions, finding that "[the Debtor]'s appeal is frivolous, and Cristina is deserving of remuneration for having to defend against it" and remanded the matter to me "to determine the amount."48 To calculate an appropriate fee award, I must perform a lodestar analysis, determining a reasonable number of hours expended and multiplying them by an appropriate hourly rate for each attorney involved in the case.49

Before continuing, I note that pursuant to the mandate rule, I am bound by the Order of Remand and "must carry it into execution according to the mandate.... [and] cannot vary it, or examine it for any other purpose than execution; or give any other or further relief ... than to settle so much as has been remanded."50 Indeed, I must "implement both the letter and spirit of the mandate, taking into account the appellate court's opinion and the circumstances it embraces."51 Therefore, having thoroughly reviewed the District Court's Memorandum and Order, as well as the Motion for Sanctions and its supporting memorandum, I find that awarding damages against Attorney Baker for the frivolous appeal is both contrary to and beyond the scope of the Order of Remand. The Motion for Sanctions, unlike the Fee Application filed here, only requested an "award of just damages ... against the defendant and appellant, Alex Hermosilla," without reference to Attorney Baker.52 In the absence of contrary language in the Memorandum and Order, I must conclude that the District Court granted the relief requested in the Motion for Sanctions, namely, an award of damages solely against the Debtor. In any event, the mandate was simply "to determine the amount" of damages and not direct who is liable for them.53

Because it appears Attorney Baker is not liable for damages pursuant to the District Court's Memorandum and Order, I need not consider his Response to Fee Application, which he filed solely on his own behalf. No response or objection was filed on behalf of the Debtor because Attorney Baker was apparently under the impression that he would be required to personally pay any fees I deem appropriate.54 Nevertheless, even in the absence of an objection, I have an independent obligation to examine the Fee Application to determine the amount of attorney's fees reasonably incurred in defense of the Appeal.

Through the Fee Application, Attorney Brown requests attorney's fees for 93.36 hours that he and his associate, Lisa Vecchio ("Attorney Vecchio"), spent defending against the Appeal. Attorney Brown, who is the principal of his firm and has had extensive litigation experience since having been admitted to the bar in 1978, spent approximately 35.35 hours on the Appeal, while Attorney Vecchio, for whom no biographical information was provided, billed approximately 57.01 hours. In his affidavit, Attorney Brown states that both attorneys charged an hourly rate of $250, but curiously seems to suggest that a 50% discount could be applied to Attorney Vecchio's time. He further indicates that any claim for costs have been waived by Cristina. For this reason, Attorney Brown requests $23,629.75, but asserts that an amount of not less than $16,221 is warranted.

From the outset, several reductions are warranted by Attorney Brown's own admission. First, despite having waived any claim for costs, the Fee Application includes expenses of $81.25. Second, the time records attached to the Fee Application contain six entries totaling 9.17 hours that were billed at $300 per hour, rather than the hourly rate of $250. Third, 1.5 hours were spent on a Rule 11 motion that was never filed and appears unrelated to the Appeal. Accordingly, I will begin by decreasing the Fee Application by $914.75.55

Next, while Attorney Brown's rate of $250 per hour is reasonable given his experience, I have no information regarding that of his associate, Attorney Vecchio. Without such support, I cannot find that an hourly rate of $250 is reasonable. Therefore, I will accept Attorney Brown's invitation and discount Attorney Vecchio's hourly rate to $125. This results in a further reduction of the Fee Application in the amount of $6,970.56

Turning to the reasonableness of the time spent, I find that several time entries are insufficiently described to warrant the fees requested. As I have previously stated:

On June 18, 2010, and again June 25, 2010, Attorney Brown billed .17 hours for "Letter/Email to Client." Though de minimis, without more I cannot find that these entries related to the Appeal, and must strike them. Additionally, on September 1, 2010, Attorney Vecchio billed 3.83 hours for "Review transcript and pleadings from bankruptcy Court; Researc [sic]." Particularly where relatively few pleadings were filed and the hearing transcript was only twenty-one pages long, more detail is required to justify nearly four billable hours. Therefore, I will reduce this entry by 2.83 hours. These adjustments decrease the Fee Application by another $438.75.58

Factoring all these reductions into account, Attorneys Brown and Vecchio billed 34.76 and 52.93 hours on the Appeal, respectively, or 86.69 hours total. Breaking this time down into task categories, this amounts to approximately 4.5 hours researching and drafting the motion to dismiss the Appeal, 3.17 hours performing an initial review of the Debtor's appellate brief, 62.94 hours researching and drafting Cristina's appellate brief, and 16.08 hours researching and drafting the Motion for Sanctions and supporting memorandum. While spending 62.94 hours researching and drafting an appellate brief may seem grossly excessive, I find that it was reasonable under the circumstances. The Debtor's appellate brief, which is substantively similar to the Response, bears little resemblance to Memorandum filed prior to the Judgment. As explained by Attorney Brown in the Reply:

I further note that Attorney Brown tried to avoid drafting a brief at all by filing a motion to dismiss the Appeal and the Motion to Stay and Enlarge time to file Cristina's brief. As it appears only an extension was granted, he was left with no other option in order to preserve his client's rights. Therefore, I find that Attorneys Brown and Vecchio reasonably spent a total of 86.69 hours defending against the Debtor's frivolous appeal and award Cristina attorney's fees in the amount of $15,306.25.60

B. Sanctions under Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011

1. Applicable Law

Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9011 "emphasizes responsible behavior on the part of [attorneys]" and requires them "to conduct [themselves] in a manner bespeaking reasonable professionalism and consistent with the orderly functioning of the judicial system."61 "To achieve these goals, Rule 11 requires attorneys to take responsibility for the claims and defenses they represent...."62 Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9011 provides in relevant part:

Under Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9011, the focus is not whether the claim asserted was frivolous, but whether the attorney conducted an adequate inquiry into the facts and law before filing the claim.64 "Put bluntly, a pure heart no longer excuses an empty head."65 The First Circuit has explained that:

With this in mind, it is clear that "[a] violation of Rule 11 ... might be caused by inexperience, incompetence, willfulness, or deliberate choice."67

The United States Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the First Circuit has further explained that:

Nonetheless, Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9011 should not be imposed "to chill reasonable creativity on counsel's part."69 Counsel is free to argue for an extension or modification of existing law, but such an argument is frivolous if no reasonable argument can be advanced.70 Indeed, the First Circuit has held that counsel is not necessarily required to make the reasonable argument so long as a competent attorney could, in good faith, after a reasonable inquiry.71 Despite this, "[t]he court should take into account the extent to which [counsel] has researched the issue and found some support for his theories in secondary materials,"72 but "Rule 11 can also be violated when a minimal amount of research, even a cursory reading of the relevant treatises and cases, should have revealed ... that [the] legal position was without merit."73

2. The Response

From the outset, I note that the Response is in many respects just as troubling as the Memorandum that prompted the present show cause order. Although he purports to clarify and bolster the arguments advanced in the Memorandum, Attorney Baker asserts several new theories in the Response, some of which are inconsistent with his prior position. Moreover, his citations to authority appear to be based entirely on their result without regard to the facts or rationales of those decisions. Not infrequently, Attorney Baker draws conclusions about the facts and rationales of the cases he cites that are unsupported or expressly contrary to those decisions. In sum, the Response further demonstrates that his inquiry into the facts and law in this case was not objectively reasonable.

a. Advancing an Argument Contrary to Express Provisions of the Bankruptcy Code Without Supporting Authority

In the Memorandum, Attorney Baker stated unequivocally that "[t]he statute of limitations is not tolled because of [the Debtor]'s bankruptcy," and cited to the Buker case.74 As discussed in the Decision, this statement is patently false.75 Section 108(c) of the Bankruptcy Code expressly provides for the tolling of an unexpired statute of limitations during the pendency of a debtor's bankruptcy.76 As the Debtor filed his petition less than two years after the Assault, the three year statute of limitations provided under Massachusetts law had not expired prior to the petition date and is clearly tolled by 11 U.S.C. § 108(c).77

Admittedly, the Buker case includes language stating that "[t]he plaintiffs do not cite any case or statute which holds that the statute of limitations is tolled during the period that the assets of the bankrupt are under the control of a trustee in bankruptcy."78 Nonetheless, the clarifying footnote at the end of that sentence states as follows:

Although the Buker case may appear to support Attorney Baker's position at first glance, the footnote to the operative language should have put him on notice that the ruling was based on pre-Bankruptcy Code law and that 11 U.S.C. § 108 substantially altered that scheme.80

In the Response, Attorney Baker contends that Buker's reliance on pre-Bankruptcy Code law is "a distinction without a difference since the Bankruptcy Act had a provision that seems to be identical in effect to § 108," and cites to section 661 of the Bankruptcy Act.81 This argument is curious as Buker does not reference section 661 of the Bankruptcy Act, but section 29(e),82 and in any event still does not explain why he failed to acknowledge 11 U.S.C. § 108 as controlling, particularly when it was cited in that case. Therefore, I find Attorney Baker's citation of Buker and his failure to cite 11 U.S.C. § 108(c) reflects that his inquiry into the legal merit of this defense was objectively unreasonable.

While Attorney Baker concedes that the statute of limitations defense was the weakest of those asserted, he maintains that the Decision's result is not as certain as suggested.83 In support of his contention that "[i]t is not wholly certain that a Massachusetts state court would apply 11 U.S.C. § 108,"84 Attorney Baker cites Fox of Boylston Street Ltd. P'ship v. Mayor of Boston.85 He explains the Fox case as follows:

Attorney Baker is correct that 11 U.S.C. § 108 was not applied in the Fox case, but the principle he derives from it, namely, that state courts are free to disregard 11 U.S.C. § 108, is too broad. As explained by the Supreme Judicial Court, the reason why the trial judge did not abuse his discretion was that 11 U.S.C. § 108 was not raised until six months after the entry of a final judgment.87 Accordingly, the Fox case provides little support for his position, particularly in light of Cristina having raised 11 U.S.C. § 108(c) in her memorandum.88 Regardless, Attorney Baker's argument in the Memorandum was not that the 11 U.S.C. § 108(c) might not be applied by a state court to toll the statute of limitations, but that the statute of limitations simply was not tolled by the Bankruptcy Code at all.89

Lastly, Attorney Baker asserts that "[a] statute of limitations does not necessarily bar the application of laches" and states that "[t]he record of this case, I believe, is the very paradigm of unreasonable delay on the plaintiff's part...."90 This is beside the point, however, because laches is an entirely new theory that he did not argue in the Memorandum. Even assuming, arguendo, that Cristina's personal injury claim was barred by laches,91 that analysis is completely different and independent of the statute of limitations. Ultimately, the merit of a defense that was not advanced does not justify the advancement of another without merit.

In sum, Attorney Baker has provided no legal basis for the advancement of a statute of limitations defense in this case. Moreover, his failure to cite the controlling statute referenced in the very case he relied upon demonstrates that his inquiry into this argument was not objectively reasonable. Therefore, I find that Attorney Baker violated Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9011(b)(2) by asserting the statute of limitations defense.

b. Advancing an Argument Contrary to Well-Established Legal Precedent Regarding the Jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Probate Court Without Supporting Authority

With respect to the waiver defense, Attorney Baker stated in the Memorandum that "where a divorce court takes into consideration and makes findings on tort-based issues in making decisions on alimony and support, those findings are res judicata," and cited the Apostolicas Properties Corp. case.92 Therefore, he contended, because tort based issues were presented to the Probate Court, as evidenced by reference to Cristina's "alleged" injuries in the Probate Court's memorandum, she has already been compensated and waived her personal injury claim.93 In the Decision, I rejected these arguments, explaining that:

In the Response, Attorney Baker asserts that the Apostolicas Properties Corp. case is distinguishable from Heacock, and that his argument was not contrary to both cases, but was instead a good faith argument for the extension or modification of existing law within the meaning of Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9011.95 In support, he relies on footnote six of the Apostolicas Properties Corp. case in which the Massachusetts Appeals Court quoted heavily from the Heacock decision. In particular, Attorney Baker points to the following passage:

He contends that "[b]y negative inference, it seems clear that the divorce judge could have resolved such issues, albeit not as a "tort" cause of action independent of the divorce."97 Attorney Baker further notes that, like the present case, the divorce in the Apostolicas Properties Corp. case involved allegations of cruel and abusive treatment98 and that "[i]t is a fair inference... that the Richman divorce court did take into consideration the alleged cruel and abusive treatment, and made decisions relating to alimony and support accordingly."99 Moreover, he asserts that "both Heacock and Apostolicas suggest that where the divorce court judge made findings relative to the conduct of the parties in determining, e.g., alimony and support, relitigation of the issue would be barred by issue preclusion."100 Therefore, in light of the Probate Court's reference to "alleged" injuries, Attorney Baker argues that it seems clear that the Probate Court resolved the issue.101

From the outset, I note that the Apostolicas Properties Corp. case is distinguishable from Heacock, but not in the way suggested by Attorney Baker. Although the Richman divorce proceeding involved an allegation of cruel and abusive treatment as a ground for divorce, a review of the Massachusetts Appeals Court's decision reveals only a passing reference to an alleged rape and does not expressly make findings with respect to any abuse or how it necessarily affected the property distribution.102 There is simply nothing to support Attorney Baker's inference that cruel and abusive treatment was considered and resolved with decisions relating to alimony and support. Moreover, as I explained in the Decision, the Apostolicas Properties Corp. case did not concern cruel and abusive treatment, but an equity suit regarding property rights determined by the Probate Court.103 Therefore, because the case did not implicate personal injury claims over which the Probate Court had no jurisdiction, the Massachusetts Appeals Court concluded that the issues involved may have been preclusively decided by the Probate Court.104

As explained above, the language Attorney Baker relies on in his Response actually comes from the Heacock case. That case, which was premised on a personal injury claim, involved two theories—claim preclusion and issue preclusion. In the Decision, I explained that the Supreme Judicial Court held that claim preclusion, or res judicata, did not apply because the Probate Court lacks jurisdiction over personal injury claims.105 Here, Attorney Baker relies on the next passage of the Supreme Judicial Court's ruling in which they address issue preclusion, also known as collateral estoppel.106 While I concede that his negative inference, namely, that factual issues relating to tort claims may, in some circumstances, be preclusively decided by the Probate Court, is sound, Attorney Baker's application is far too broad and conflates collateral estoppel with res judicata. Effectively, he is attempting to preclude the claim under res judicata because the issues relating to it were finally decided under principles of collateral estoppel.

Collateral estoppel requires, among other things, that "the issue in the prior adjudication is identical to the issue in the current litigation."107 That is not the case here. The issue in the Probate Court was the appropriateness of alimony, which implicated the Debtor's abusive conduct in as much as the Probate Court found it "resulted in a diminution of [Cristina's] earning capacity because of the injury to her back thereby precluding her from standing for lengthy periods of time in her capacity as a hair stylist."108 Generally, a diminution in future earning capacity might be one damage component of a personal injury claim.109 Given the jurisdiction of the Probate Court and the context of those findings, however, the purpose of the alimony award was to provide adequate post-marriage support, not compensate Cristina for her injuries.110 This is clear because the Supreme Judicial Court has expressly stated that while the Probate Court must consider "the conduct of the parties during the marriage ... the purpose for which [alimony] awards are made do not include compensating a party in damages for injuries suffered."111 I further note that Attorney Baker's confusion between collateral estoppel and res judicata stems largely from his faulty assumption that the issues were identical.

Again, because Attorney Baker's arguments are contrary to both Heacock and the Apostolicas Properties Corp. case, the very cases he cited, his inquiry was not objectively reasonable. This is particularly the case where his arguments rely on unsupported assumptions regarding those decisions. Moreover, he could not have made a good faith argument for the modification or extension of existing law because this Court lacks jurisdiction to modify Massachusetts state law in the face of an unambiguous ruling by the Supreme Judicial Court. Accordingly, I find these arguments violated Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9011(b)(2).

c. Advancing an Argument Contrary to Geiger and its Progeny Without Supporting Authority

At the March 17, 2010 hearing, Attorney Baker asserted that an issue remained as to whether the Debtor intended to cause the injury that resulted.112 Citing only Kawaauhau v. Geiger,113 he repeated this argument several times in the Memorandum: "[t]he specific injury that resulted must have been intended"114; "the resulting injury must be what was intended"115; "she has not alleged any facts from which the court could conclude that the debtor acted with the requisite intent to cause the specific injury complained of or with substantial certainty that the injury would occur."116 In light of the admissions in the Amended Joint Pre-Trial Statement and the language and emphasis used to explain his position, I understood Attorney Baker to argue that Geiger requires a debtor intend to cause the specific injury that resulted as opposed to one that did not result or a non-specific intent to cause injury.117 Therefore, in the Decision, I held:

In the Response, Attorney Baker asserts that by focusing in the word "specific," I misunderstood his argument regarding Geiger.119 "Instead, the argument is that no injury was pled in the complaint and was not admitted in the joint pre-trial statement.... To the extent that the word `specific' has any import in this context, it is that the injury that resulted (assuming one could be proven) must have a causation relationship to the act allegedly done by the tortfeasor."120 Attorney Baker further states that he "apparently labored under the impression that the [issue of intent] had been `part of the case' all along."121

Upon further review, I understand that Attorney Baker sought to challenge both the existence of intent to cause injury as well as the injury itself. Given that the established facts foreclosed such arguments, I construed his Memorandum literally with emphasis on his repeated use of the words "specific" and "result[ing/ed]." Frankly, the Memorandum is so poorly organized and convoluted that Attorney Baker could not have chosen better words to obscure his true meaning, particularly with the emphasis that he supplied. All confusion would have been eliminated had he simply stated that "the injury must have been intended," rather than "[t]he specific injury that resulted must have been intended."122 Words have meaning and "[j]udges are not like pigs, hunting for truffles buried in briefs."123 Attorneys who use the English language recklessly do so at their peril as there can be no reasonable expectation that a court will decrypt their briefs in the desired way. Nonetheless, failure to fully flesh out an argument is not, by itself, sanctionable under Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9011(b)(2).124

That being said, even with this clarification, Attorney Baker is still arguing contrary to admitted and established facts set forth in the Amended Joint Pre-Trial Statement which, as discussed more fully below, violates Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9011(b)(3).

d. Advancing Arguments Foreclosed by the Pre-Trial Order and Amended Joint Pre-Trial Statement

In the Memorandum, Attorney Baker asserted that the complaint was insufficient to state a claim and "must be dismissed" because it did not allege "that a debt exists resulting from an intentional injury...."125 In doing so he argued that there was no evidence of an in' and no intent to cause the injury.126 In the Decision, I found that the Debtor admitted to both injury and intent in the following passages of the Amended Joint Pre-Trial Statement:127

In light of these admissions, I concluded those arguments were contrary to the Pre-Trial Order and the Amended Joint Pre-Trial Statement which expressly provide that the Amended Joint Pre-Trial Statement supercedes all pleadings filed in the case.129

The core of Attorney Baker's position in the Response is that the admissions are somehow not admitted facts.130 First, after noting that Cristina's attorney prepared the Amended Joint Pre-Trial Statement and "was not particularly open to modification of his work,"131 Attorney Baker states that he was merely pointing out that the admissions in the Amended Joint Pre-Trial Statement, "being drawn from the complaint" without any discovery, were "insufficient, by themselves, to warrant summary judgment."132 Indeed, he argues that because the "admissions" were taken from the allegations of the complaint, all of which the Debtor denied in his verified answer, it was proper to argue the insufficiency of the unverified complaint.133 Attorney Baker further explains:

These arguments are baffling and ignore the fundamental difference between an allegation and an admission. An allegation is simply "a party's formal statement of a factual matter as being true or provable, without its [sic] having yet been proved,"135 while an admission is "an acknowledgment that facts are true."136 While the Debtor may have properly denied the allegations in the complaint, once they were listed in the Amended Joint Pre-Trial Statement as admissions, he conceded their truth without the need for evidence. I cannot comprehend why Attorney Baker believes discovery is a prerequisite to an admission as its fundamental purpose is to avoid discovery and submission of evidence for facts not in dispute.137 Regardless, I did not infer an intentional injury as he suggests; it was an established fact.

Nonetheless, Attorney Baker argues that "admissions or omissions in a joint pre-trial statement are not necessarily fatal to a party,"138 and states that "as the BAP said in In re Byers, 304 B.R. 1 (1st Cir. BAP 2004), the court (and, it seems, the parties) may go beyond the admissions in the pre-trial statement when at trial. . . ."139 He continues: "[f]urthermore, there must be an injury, and I maintain that nothing in the pre-trial statement admits an intentional injury beyond the possibility of rebuttal at trial."140 Not only are these statements manifestly false and, frankly, illogical, they completely ignore the Panel's rationale underlying the Byers decision.

In the Byers case, the Chapter 7 trustee brought an action seeking to avoid a fraudulent transfer under Massachusetts law.141 The trustee alleged that the transfer was both actually and constructively fraudulent, but omitted the issue of constructive fraud from the joint pre-trial statement.142 Nonetheless, both the admissions and contested facts in the joint pre-trial statement suggested that both parties understood that the trustee intended to pursue the constructive fraud claim.143 At the conclusion of trial, the trustee, apparently realizing his error, requested the court allow the complaint to conform to the evidence presented, which included facts relevant to the constructive fraud claim.144 The bankruptcy court, however, ruled against the trustee on the actual fraud claim and entered judgment for the defendants, concluding that it had no other option based upon the omission of the constructive fraud claim from the joint pre-trial statement.145 On appeal, the Panel found that the bankruptcy court erred by failing to consider the trustee's request under Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(b),146 which allows for the amendment of pleadings to include issues not raised therein where those issues were tried either by implied or express consent of the parties.147 The Panel further recognized that while most courts give a very restrictive and binding effect to pre-trial orders under Fed.R.Civ.P. 16,148 they must be construed in light of Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(b)'s explicit policy in favor of allowing amendments.149

As explained above, Byers stands for the proposition that the binding nature of a joint pre-trial statement does not preclude amendments made pursuant to Fed. R.Civ.P. 15(b) to include issues not previously raised when they are nonetheless tried by the parties. In contrast, Attorney Baker sought to present evidence at trial contrary to the admissions contained within the Amended Joint Pre-Trial Statement. That is simply not a permissible amendment under Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(b), and therefore, Attorney Baker's argument cannot be construed as one made in good faith for the modification or extension of existing law. Moreover, this argument is nonsensical because admitted facts in joint pre-trial statements would be rendered meaningless if parties remained free to offer contradictory evidence at trial.

Lastly, Attorney Baker argues that the Amended Joint Pre-Trial Statement is internally contradictory because Cristina's attorney "admitted" that the following issue remained for trial: "Whether Alex's conduct set forth above constitutes `willful and malicious injury' to Cristina resulting in a debt for personal injury which is non-dischargeable under § 523(a)(6)."150 These contradictory "admissions," he contends, prove the existence of a trial-worthy issue of law.151 I previously rejected this argument in Anderson v. Richards,152 where I noted that disputed issues of fact or law set forth in a joint pre-trial statement pursuant to my pre-trial order do not constitute a stipulation that those issues or facts are actually subject to a bona fide dispute.153 Instead, all they reflect are matters to which the parties do not agree and require judicial determination.154 Effectively, the statement of "Issues of Law Remaining to be Litigated" in a joint pre-trial statement is what the plaintiff hopes the facts add up to and cannot be construed to undermine facts already admitted. By way of analogy, the parties gave me a pile of pieces (the admitted facts), but did not agree that I had all those needed to complete the puzzle (the stated issue).155

Under the totality of the circumstances, Attorney Baker's conduct with respect to the admissions was wholly unreasonable under any objective standard.156 By advancing arguments contrary to the admitted facts, his position was devoid of any basis in fact or law. Although I repeatedly asked Attorney Baker at the March 17, 2010 hearing how he intended to get around the admissions made in the Amended Joint Pre-Trial Statement, clearly putting him on notice of the central issue in this case, the Memorandum completely ignores the admissions and instead challenges the sufficiency of the complaint.157 Based upon the Response, Attorney Baker's position is, undoubtedly, that referencing the complaint rather than the Amended Joint Pre-Trial Statement was a distinction without a difference because the statements are the same. This argument is flawed and disingenuous because it effectively mis-characterizes the admissions as allegations. Moreover, the Response's conjured basis for treating them as such is without any basis in law. Any reasonable inquiry into the Byers decision, by which I mean simply reading it, would clarify that its holding is grounded entirely in Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(b), which has absolutely no application here.158 Therefore, I find that Attorney Baker violated Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9011(b)(2) and (b)(3) by arguing contrary to the admitted facts of the Amended Joint Pre-Trial Statement.

3. Determination of Appropriate Sanctions under Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9011

"Once a court determines that a person violated Rule 9011(b), it may impose an `appropriate sanction.'"159 The appropriateness of a sanction is judged by "what is sufficient to deter repetition of such conduct or comparable conduct by others similarly situated."160 The rule itself provides for a variety of options, including "directives of a nonmonetary nature, an order to pay a penalty into court, or, if imposed on motion and warranted for effective deterrence, an order directing payment to the movant of some or all of the reasonable attorneys' fees and other expenses incurred as a direct result of the violation."161 While the First Circuit has "eschew[ed] the imposition of rigid guidelines for the trial courts in this circumstance-specific area of the law,"162 courts must consider a number of factors to craft an appropriate sanction, including: the good or bad faith of the offender; the degree of willfulness, negligence, or frivolousness involved in the offense; the knowledge and experience of the offender; any prior history of sanctionable conduct on the part of the offender; the impact of the sanction on the offender; the burden to the court system attributable to the misconduct; and the extent to which the offender persisted in advancing a position while on notice that the position was not well grounded in fact or warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for the extension or modification of existing law.163 "[A] judge should take pains neither to use an elephant gun to slay a mouse nor to wield a cardboard sword if a dragon looms,"164 but "[s]o long as the sanction selected is `appropriate,' [the rules] place virtually no limits on judicial creativity."165

According to the Court's own records, this is not the first time Attorney Baker has been sanctioned for violating Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9011.166 In fact, I previously imposed sanctions in amount of $1,585.70 against Attorney Baker in the Debtor's main case for filing a motion for sanctions that was "wholly without merit."167 Additionally, Judge Feeney of this district recently found that Attorney Baker violated Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9011 by filing a motion to approve a loan modification and arguing that there was an enforceable agreement despite the fact that the loan modification had not been executed by the mortgagee or its representative.168

I am particularly troubled by the egregiousness of the violations now before me. As explained thoroughly above, both the Memorandum and the Response fell well below the standard of "due diligence and objective reasonableness" required by Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9011. Although any reasonable inquiry would have revealed his legal assertions, as well as his after the fact "supporting" contentions, as baseless, of greater concern are his arguments contrary to the admitted facts in the Amended Joint Pre-Trial Statement. The Memorandum failed to even acknowledge the admissions as established facts, instead discussing them as unsupported allegations. This is astonishing because the binding nature of those admissions was the topic of an extended colloquy at the March 17, 2010 hearing. Even after having read the Response, I find his conduct does not evidence good faith, but a willful disregard to the established facts.169 That disregard forced this Court to expend considerable resources needlessly on an otherwise stipulated case. Moreover, it generated an appeal and this remand, further protracting a fairly simply nondischargeability proceeding in a five year old case.

When acting sua sponte, courts may only impose a monetary sanction in the form of a penalty paid to the court.170 Courts must also consider the offender's ability to pay a monetary sanction because Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9011 should not be used to cause an attorney's financial ruin or drive them from the practice of law.171 The First Circuit has noted, however, that

"As an alternative to monetary sanctions, district courts may admonish or reprimand attorneys who violate Rule 11 where such a course of action is appropriate."173

Attorney Baker did not assert an inability to pay in the Response, but raised the issue in the Response to Fee Application, stating:

Attorney Baker further explained that he has resources in retirement accounts as well as a pending inheritance, but did not know the full extent of those resources nor their tax implications.175 The Response to Fee Application was not accompanied by an affidavit or any financial disclosures.

In the present case, I find the combination of both types of sanctions appropriate. The publication of this Memorandum of Decision is critical for deterrence as it creates a record that may be considered by other courts in the event that Attorney Baker repeats such gross misconduct.176 Moreover, in light of the egregiousness of these violations, I find an additional monetary sanction is both necessary and appropriate. This is particularly the true considering Attorney Baker was previously sanctioned $1,585.70 in this very case for filing a motion that was "wholly without merit" and that failed to deter him from committing the present misconduct. I am also mindful of the burden Attorney Baker placed on both opposing counsel and the Court in this case. Moreover, I am not persuaded that the sanction should not exceed $5,240.50 as Attorney Baker did not state unequivocally that he could not pay more or provide any evidence to that effect; only that more would be a "strain." Indeed, that number is not tied to his financial ability, but is instead what he thought was a reasonable fee incurred by Attorney Brown defending against the Appeal. More importantly though, given Attorney Baker's history of prior sanctionable conduct, I am concerned that a sanction of his choosing will not constitute an adequate deterrent. For this reason, I find that a penalty paid to the Court in the amount of $9,000, or $3,000 for each violation of Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9011, is warranted in this case.

V. CONCLUSION

In light of the foregoing, I will enter an order finding that Cristina is entitled to attorney's fees in the amount of $15,306.25 as damages under Fed. R. Bankr.P. 8020 for the Appeal and, with respect to the order to show cause, imposing sanctions in the amount of $9,000 against Attorney Baker, payable to the Clerk of Court, for violations of Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9011.