GREEN, J.

We are called upon yet again to review a determination that assets within a self-settled irrevocable inter vivos trust should be treated as available to the trust grantor for payment of nursing home expenses (and, correspondingly, render the grantor ineligible for Medicaid benefits). We conclude that a hearing officer of the MassHealth board of hearings erroneously concluded that the trust at issue permitted its trustee to distribute proceeds from the sale of trust assets to the grantor in certain circumstances. Consequently, we reverse the judgment of the Superior Court affirming MassHealth's termination of benefits to the plaintiff's decedent.2

Background. From November 4, 2011, until her death on August 25, 2013, the plaintiff's decedent, Everlenna Roche, resided at a skilled nursing facility in Westborough. Approximately eight and one-half years earlier, Roche had established the Everlenna R. Roche Irrevocable Trust (trust), and transferred to it title to her home at 10 Baker Way, Westborough, retaining a life estate.3 Upon moving into the skilled nursing facility, Roche applied for MassHealth benefits to pay for the cost of her care, and her application was initially approved. On March 27, 2013, MassHealth notified Roche that her eligibility for MassHealth benefits was terminated, based on its conclusion that her former residence, held by the trust, should be treated as a countable asset with a value in excess of the maximum asset value permissible to retain eligibility.4 Roche timely appealed the termination of her benefits, and a hearing was held on June 20, 2013. On October 8, 2013, following her intervening death in August of that year, a decision on her appeal issued, upholding the termination of benefits. In the decision, the hearing officer reasoned that the trust instrument authorized the trustee to sell trust assets, and to invest the proceeds of any such sale in other forms of investment, including an annuity.5 Since the trust also authorized the trustee to make distributions of income to Roche, the hearing officer concluded that annuity payments resulting from any annuity purchased by the trustee with trust principal could be distributed from the trust as income, and thereby be made available to provide support to Roche. After denial of the plaintiff's motion for rehearing, the plaintiff appealed the decision to the Superior Court pursuant to G. L. c. 30A, § 14, where a judge of that court denied the plaintiff's motion for judgment on the pleadings and affirmed the administrative decision. This appeal followed.

Discussion. As intimated in our introduction, the effect of the provisions of self-settled irrevocable inter vivos trusts on eligibility for Medicaid benefits has been the subject of considerable discussion. See, e.g., Cohen v. Commissioner of the Div. of Med. Assistance, 423 Mass. 399, 401-407 (1996), cert. denied sub nom. Kokoska, by Kokoska v. Bullen, 519 U.S. 1057 (1997). See also Lebow v. Commissioner of the Div. of Med. Assistance, 433 Mass. 171, 172-173 (2001); Guerriero v. Commissioner of the Div. of Med. Assistance, 433 Mass. 628, 629-632 (2001); Doherty v. Director of the Office of Medicaid, 74 Mass.App.Ct. 439, 440-443 (2009). The legislative history and case law concerning the treatment of self-settled trusts reflect awareness of the possibility that comparatively affluent individuals might avail themselves of such trusts as an estate planning tool, in order to qualify for benefits. See Cohen, supra at 403-404. The resulting law reflects a compromise, with provisions for so-called "look back" periods for transfers of assets preceding an application for benefits, see 42 U.S.C. § 1396p(c)(1)(B)(i) (2012),6 and strict requirements governing the extent to which assets must be made unavailable to the settlor in order to avoid being treated as "countable assets" for purposes of Medicaid eligibility. Nonetheless, it is settled that, properly structured, such trusts may be used to place assets beyond the settlor's reach and without adverse effect on the settlor's Medicaid eligibility. See, e.g., Guerriero, supra at 633. See also Doherty, supra at 442-443.

Like the trust at issue in Doherty, supra at 440, and unlike the trusts in Cohen, supra at 408 n.15, Lebow, supra at 172 n.2, and Guerriero, supra at 631, the trust in the present case is governed by the provisions of the statutory and regulatory framework in effect after 1993, following amendments to 42 U.S.C. § 1396p(d)(3)(B). Under the post-1993 version of the statute, for purposes of determining eligibility for Medicaid benefits, "countable assets" include any portion of the trust principal that could "under any circumstances" be paid "to or for [the] benefit [of]" Roche.7 Doherty, supra. Such circumstances need not have occurred, or even be imminent, in order for the principal to be treated as "countable assets"; it is enough that the amount could be made available to Roche under any circumstances. See Lebow, supra at 177-178.

In assessing whether the trust would allow distribution of principal to Roche "under any circumstances," we construe its provisions in light of the trust instrument as a whole. See Doherty, supra at 441. With that principle in mind, we examine the provisions of the trust that bear on the question. Article SECOND mandates quarterly distribution of trust income to the grantor for the remainder of her life. It also allows the trustee to distribute part or all of the trust principal to persons other than the grantor who are entitled to receive trust assets after the death of the grantor. Finally, it contains a reservation to the grantor of the power during her lifetime to "appoint any part or all of the principal or income of th[e t]rust to any one or more of the [g]rantor's issue, free of trust."8

Separately, Art. EIGHTH grants broad authority to the trustee to deal with trust assets, including the rights to sell assets and invest the proceeds of such a sale in another form of asset, and "to determine, in accordance with reasonable accounting principles and practice and state law, what shall belong and be chargeable to principal and what shall belong and be chargeable to income."9 Finally, Art. NINTH includes a provision entitling the grantor to require the trustee to "transfer any trust assets in exchange for assets of equivalent value," and provides that such power would be "exercisable [by the grantor] solely in a nonfiduciary capacity," free from restriction by any fiduciary duty imposed on the trustee.10

As we have observed, the hearing officer concluded that the trust authorized distributions of principal to Roche under identifiable circumstances. In particular, pertinent to this appeal the hearing officer suggested that the trustee could sell the property, invest the proceeds in an annuity, and then treat the resulting annuity payments as income eligible for distribution. The analysis misapprehends the nature of annuity payments. Annuity payments are comprised of distinct constituent parts. One part is a return of a portion of the principal investment in the annuity itself; the other part is a portion of the investment income earned on the principal investment. Following each payment, the remainder of the principal investment remains in the annuity contract, accruing income. Federal Medicaid law recognizes these distinguishable parts, as does the United States Internal Revenue Code. See, e.g., 42 U.S.C. § 1396p(e)(2)(B) (2012) (distinguishing between the amount of an annuity's "income or principal" being withdrawn); 26 U.S.C. § 72(a) & (b) (2012). Out of each annuity payment, only the investment income portion would be available for distribution to the grantor from the trust;11 that portion of each payment representing a return of capital would be required by the trust instrument to be retained in the trust. The income portion available for distribution in such circumstances would be no different in character than interest earned on a certificate of deposit, dividends from stocks purchased and held by the trust, or other income earned on any trust assets. In all events, the trust principal is preserved in the trust, and is not available for distribution to the grantor under the governing provisions of the trust.12

The foregoing analysis is unaffected by the authority of the trustee, provided by Art. EIGHTH O., and noted by the motion judge, to determine the allocation as between principal and income of any proceeds of trust assets, because the trustee's authority in that respect is expressly constrained by "reasonable accounting principles and practice and state law" (emphasis added). See note 9, supra. In particular, the allocation of annuity payments as between principal and income is governed by G. L. c. 203D, § 18(a), which creates a statutory presumption that any amount received by the trust, not expressly characterized as dividend or interest income, shall be allocated to principal. See also Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 110 (2011).

The hearing officer articulated two alternative grounds on which to rest a conclusion that the trust corpus could be made available for distribution to the grantor. First, he noted that Art. SECOND C. allows the grantor to appoint all or any part of the trust principal to any one or more of the grantor's issue, free of trust. See note 8, supra. In the view of the hearing officer, that would give rise to the possibility that the grantor could direct conveyance of the trust property to one of her children, who could in turn convey it to her. Second, the hearing officer found that Art. NINTH A. allows Roche to compel the trustee to return her former residence to her in exchange for assets of equivalent value. See note 10, supra. The motion judge did not rely on either ground in his order affirming the hearing officer's decision, and the defendant does not rely on either rationale to defend the judgment in this appeal. In any event, we offer the following brief comment on both arguments. The hearing officer cited no case in which either rationale was applied to support a conclusion that assets held in an irrevocable trust should be treated as countable assets for purposes of the trust grantor's Medicaid eligibility, and we are aware of none. As to the first rationale, a provision making trust principal available to persons other than the grantor does not by its nature make it available to the grantor, any more than if the grantor had gifted the same property to such a person when she created the trust, rather than placing it in trust. Indeed, the continuing authority of the trustee in Guerriero to distribute trust principal to beneficiaries other than Guerriero following Guerriero's irrevocable waiver of rights to receive principal did not derogate from the court's conclusion that the trust principal should not be treated as countable assets for purposes of determining Guerriero's eligibility for Medicaid benefits. See 433 Mass. at 635. More generally, for purposes of computing countable assets, Medicaid does not consider assets held by other family members who might, by reason of love but without legal obligation, voluntarily contribute monies toward the grantor's support.13

Even less persuasive is the hearing officer's other rationale, which rested on the grantor's reserved power to direct a transfer of assets out of trust in exchange for other assets of equivalent value. Such an exchange would be equivalent to a sale of trust assets, with the grantor in the role of purchaser and the proceeds of the sale nonetheless retained by the trust as principal. Such a transfer would not effect any distribution or diminution of trust principal, any more than a sale of trust assets to unrelated third parties, followed by a reinvestment of sale proceeds by the trust. As a practical matter, of course, any assets held by the grantor and available to exchange for the assets transferred out of trust would themselves be treated as countable assets (if they existed).

Contrary to the conclusion of the hearing officer, pursuant to the terms of the trust there are no circumstances under which the trustee may distribute trust principal to Roche. The case is in that respect in contrast to Doherty, supra, in which Art. XXII of the trust expressly authorized the trustee "in its sole discretion" and notwithstanding "anything contained in this Trust Agreement" to the contrary, to "pay over and distribute the entire principal of [the] Trust fund to the beneficiaries thereof [including the Medicaid applicant], free of all trusts." 74 Mass. App. Ct. at 441.

Conclusion. The judgment of the Superior Court is reversed and a new judgment shall enter reversing the decision of the hearing officer.

So ordered.