AGNES, J.

The Workers' Compensation Act, G. L. c. 152 (act), provides that whenever the Commissioner of the Department of Industrial Accidents (the department) determines that an employer has not provided the insurance required by law,1 "a stop work order shall be served on said employer, requiring the cessation of all business operations at the place of employment or job site." G. L. c. 152, § 25C(1), as amended through St. 1989, c. 341, § 82. The stop work order takes effect upon service on the employer, and remains in effect until the employer satisfies the commissioner that it has obtained the required insurance and paid the $100 per day civil penalty for each day it was in violation of the law, beginning with the date of service of the order. Ibid. Section 25C also provides for additional civil and criminal penalties against employers who do not obtain the insurance required by law. See G. L. c. 152, § 25C(5)-(6), (9)-(11). Subsection (10) of § 25C sets forth one of the additional civil penalties that an employer who fails to obtain the insurance required by the act may face. It states:

G. L. c. 152, § 25C(10). The issue before us, which is one of first impression, is whether the phrase "to avoid higher premium rates," as it appears in subsection (10), modifies the two preceding clauses ("who fails to provide for insurance or self insurance as required by this chapter or knowingly misclassifies employees") or modifies only the immediately preceding clause ("knowingly misclassifies employees").

The plaintiff, New England Survey Systems, Inc. (NESS), contends that the placement of the comma after the word "employees" means that the phrase "to avoid higher premium rates," modifies the two preceding clauses with the effect that an employer like NESS — against whom a stop work order issued due to its failure to have the insurance required by law, but who was not shown to have acted with the intent to avoid higher insurance premiums — is not subject to automatic debarment. In essence, NESS claims that prior to implementing the penalty of debarment, the department was required to prove that NESS's admitted failure to provide insurance was motivated by a desire to avoid higher premium rates. The department, on the other hand, asserts that under § 25C(10), debarment occurs whenever a stop work order issues against an employer who failed to obtain or provide the required insurance, regardless of the employer's intent or motivation. While we agree with NESS that the penalty of debarment for three years is a severe sanction, we do not agree with its reading of subsection (10). Instead, we conclude that the words used by the Legislature express its intention that the debarment provision contained in subsection (10) applies when an employer fails to obtain or provide workers' compensation insurance, without the need to establish that this was the result of the employer's intent to avoid higher insurance premiums. Accordingly, we affirm the ruling made by the Superior Court judge which, in turn, is consistent with the interpretation followed by the department.3

1. Background. a. Stop work order and debarment. On December 28, 2012, an investigator with the department was working in the Brookline area and came upon NESS's place of business. The investigator queried the Workers' Compensation Rating and Inspection Bureau's computer system and discovered that NESS had a canceled workers' compensation insurance policy. The investigator issued NESS a stop work order pursuant to G. L. c. 152, § 25C. NESS's president, John Roberge, who maintained he was unaware that the policy had lapsed, contacted its insurance provider that day, and the provider reinstated coverage immediately.4 The department nevertheless maintained that debarment was automatic and nondiscretionary under § 25C(10).

b. Appeal history. NESS filed an administrative appeal from the debarment order.5 The department held an appeal hearing on January 16, 2013, and issued a written decision upholding the stop work order and debarment penalty on March 29, 2013. NESS filed a further appeal in the Superior Court under G. L. c. 30A, § 14. NESS moved for judgment on the pleadings, and the department filed an opposition. On July 15, 2014, after hearing, a Superior Court judge issued a memorandum and order affirming the department's decision. Judgment entered for the department on October 20, 2014, and this appeal followed.

2. Discussion. a. Applicable principles of interpretation. The interpretation of § 25C(10) is a matter of law, and we exercise de novo review of the department's interpretation of that statute. See Protective Life Ins. Co. v. Sullivan, 425 Mass. 615, 618 (1997). The words used by the Legislature in a statute, viewed in their statutory context and in the light of the purpose of the legislation, are the best guide to legislative intent. See Hanlon v. Rollins, 286 Mass. 444, 447 (1934); Hoffman v. Howmedica, Inc., 373 Mass. 32, 37 (1977); Bronstein v. Prudential Ins. Co. of America, 390 Mass. 701, 704 (1984). This is in keeping with guidance from the Legislature on how statutes should be interpreted. See G. L. c. 4, § 6, Third, set out in the margin.6 When statutory language yields a plain meaning, arguments that its application in a particular case will cause a hardship or lead to an inequity should be addressed to the Legislature. See Larkin v. Charlestown Sav. Bank, 7 Mass.App.Ct. 178, 183-184 & n.9 (1979).

The Superior Court judge recognized that the interpretation of § 25C(10) urged by NESS was illogical in that an employer who is not self-insured and has not provided workers' compensation insurance coverage, and therefore has paid no insurance premium, would avoid the penalty of debarment, while an employer who did have insurance, but misclassified one or more employees in order to pay a lower insurance premium, would face the penalty of debarment.7 The natural and logical reading of the words used by the Legislature in § 25C(10) is that an employer whose employees are not covered by workers' compensation insurance and who is not self-insured is subject to automatic debarment. A consideration of the purpose and intent of the Legislature in enacting G. L. c. 152, and in particular, the amendments adopted in 1991, buttresses this interpretation of § 25C(10). See Lighthouse Masonry, Inc. v. Division of Administrative Law Appeals, 466 Mass. 692, 701 n.17 (2013).

b. The Workers' Compensation Act and the 1987-1991 reforms. General Laws c. 152, enacted in 1911, was initially an "elective" law that allowed employers in the Commonwealth to opt into its provisions by securing insurance to cover workplace injuries incurred by employees. St. 1911, c. 751. Its provisions were made compulsory for most employers in 1943, see St. 1943, c. 529, and remain so today.8 Our courts have long recognized that the act is a "humanitarian measure" designed to financially protect injured workers by providing remedies more expansive and predictable than those available via tort at common law. See LaClair v. Silberline Mfg. Co., 379 Mass. 21, 27 (1979). "It is a remedial statute and should be given a broad interpretation, viewed in light of its purpose and to `promote the accomplishment of its beneficent design.'" Neff v. Commissioner of the Dept. of Industrial Accs., 421 Mass. 70, 73 (1995), quoting from Young v. Duncan, 218 Mass. 346, 349 (1914). The fundamental aim of public policy in the area of workers' compensation is to provide relief to injured workers and their families and remedy the deprivation of wages that results from their injuries.9

Section 25C of the act, which provides for the sanctions levied against the employer in this case, was adopted in 1943, when the provisions of the act went from optional to compulsory for most employers. See St. 1943, c. 529, § 7. To enforce the compulsory insurance requirement, § 25C at first provided for punishment of an employer by a fine up to $500, or by imprisonment for up to one year, or both for its failure to provide the same.10

The act saw substantial changes in 1985, following hearings conducted by a Governor's task force convened to address problems with the funding, administration, and scope of the workers' compensation system. See St. 1985, c. 572; St. 1986, c. 662; St. 1987, c. 691. Changes were made to the department's infrastructure and funding, along with benefit entitlements and procedural rules.11 In 1987, the sanction was enhanced substantially by St. 1987, c. 691, § 10, which gave the department the power to issue a stop work order requiring a noncomplying employer to immediately cease operations. G. L. c. 152, § 25C(1)-(4).

The 1985 reforms were not effective in controlling the costs of workers' compensation insurance premiums, and rates continued to rise sharply in the years to follow. Nason, Koziol & Wall, Workers' Compensation § 2.8 (3d ed. 2003). These ongoing concerns culminated in an even more comprehensive wave of reform and the passage in 1991 of "An Act relative to fair and effective compensation of injured workers," St. 1991, c. 398. The reforms enacted in 1991 "acknowledged the premise that workplace injuries were a factor in the costs of doing business, and recognized that this cost factor had to be reduced in order to stimulate business growth and employment opportunities within the Commonwealth." Nason, Koziol & Wall, Workers' Compensation, supra at § 2.8, at 35. During the years leading up to the 1991 reforms, annual reports of the workers' compensation advisory council noted concern over the number of employers within the Commonwealth operating illegally without workers' compensation insurance. In fiscal year 1988, the advisory council recommended revising the act's enforcement provisions to strengthen sanctions against uninsured employers.12 Its 1990 report noted that such "system abuse" increases costs for law-abiding employers.13 In 1991 testimony before the Legislature's joint commerce and labor committee, Joseph Faherty, chairman of the advisory council, attested to the need for legislative reform to curtail this sort of abuse in order to cut costs of workers' compensation and keep the State competitive: "We fear that a failure to implement fair insurance rates will encourage more business entities to unlawfully operate without insurance and further erode the commonwealth's competitive edge. The livelihoods of employers and employees depend on the ability to bring insurance costs under control."14, 15

As part of the 1991 reforms, the Legislature added subsection (10) to G. L. c. 152, § 25C, which provides that noncompliant employers "will be immediately debarred from bidding or participating in any state or municipal funded contracts for a period of three years." St. 1991, c. 398, § 45B. This enforcement mechanism was provided in addition to the fines, stop work orders, and other penalties that already existed in § 25C(1)-(8) of the act. The only question before us is whether the penalty of debarment is automatic in the case of a failure to comply with § 25C(10). Given the principle that the act is to be interpreted broadly for the protection of workers, and in view of the historical development of c. 152, especially the evidence that the 1985 reforms were not as successful in reducing the cost of insurance as had been hoped, we conclude the Legislature intended that the words it used in St. 1991 in drafting subsection (10) should be given their natural meaning such that an employer is subject to the penalty of debarment once a stop work order has issued for failure to provide insurance coverage.16

The legislative history recounted above strongly suggests that the Legislature added the penalty of debarment to the statutory sanctions for noncompliance with the insurance requirements of the act in an effort to compel employers to comply with their obligations. NESS argues that the placement of a single comma in the statute is outcome-determinative based on an interpretive aid known as the "last antecedent" rule.17 We disagree. First, when the words used by the Legislature have a plain meaning and achieve a logical and workable result, we do not turn to extrinsic interpretive aids such as legislative history, dictionaries, or grammatical guidelines. See, e.g., Foss v. Commonwealth, 437 Mass. 584, 587 (2002). Second, when the intent of the Legislature is not evident based solely on the words of a statute, extrinsic aids may be helpful but they do not supply hard and fast rules. The last antecedent rule is not always a certain guide. See, e.g., Selectmen of Topsfield v. State Racing Commn., 324 Mass. 309, 312 (1949); Globe Newspaper Co. v. Boston Retirement Bd., 388 Mass. 427, 432 (1983).18 In particular, we do not apply the last antecedent rule when "there is something in the subject matter or dominant purpose [of the statute] which requires a different interpretation." Hopkins v. Hopkins, 287 Mass. 542, 547 (1934), and cases cited.

c. Consideration of the act as a whole. "The legislative intent is to be ascertained from the statute as a whole, giving to every section, clause and word such force and effect as are reasonably practical to the end that ... the statute will constitute a consistent and harmonious whole, capable of producing a rational result consonant with common sense and sound judgment." Vining Disposal Serv. v. Selectmen of Westford, 416 Mass. 35, 38 (1993), quoting from Haines v. Town Manager of Mansfield, 320 Mass. 140, 142 (1946).

Of relevance here, § 25C(9)(a) of the act was inserted by the same amendment that inserted § 25C(10), see St. 1991, c. 398, §§ 45A and 45B, and should be interpreted in harmony with § 25C(10). Section 25C(9)(a) creates a cause of action for a losing contract bidder against a person who is awarded a public contract by competitive bid "because of cost advantages achieved by violating the provisions of section twenty-five A or section twenty-five C of this chapter or by the deliberate misclassification of employees for the purpose of avoiding full payment of workers' compensation insurance premiums" (emphasis supplied). Subsection (9)(a) thus permits a civil action to be brought against a person who obtains a public contract dishonestly by either (1) violating § 25A or § 25C; or (2) deliberately misclassifying employees in order to avoid full payment of premiums. This supports the view that the debarment penalty in § 25C(10) was similarly meant to punish either the failure to provide insurance or the misclassification of employees to avoid higher insurance premiums. In both subsections (9)(a) and (10), only the misclassification prong requires that the action of the employer was undertaken to further the goal of avoiding payment of higher premiums.

Citing Awuah v. Coverall N. America, Inc., 460 Mass. 484, 495 (2011), NESS argues, in effect, that the distinction drawn by the Legislature in § 25C(10) is artificial because an employer who misclassifies an employee fails to pay the required premium no less than the employer who fails to pay any insurance premium at all. However, we note that the passage in Awuah cited by NESS cites to language in G. L. c. 152, § 14(3), which is consistent with our reading of § 25C(10) of the act. That language provides, in pertinent part, that an "employer who knowingly misclassifies employees ... for the purpose of avoiding full payment of insurance premiums ... shall be punished" (emphasis supplied). G. L. c. 152, § 14(3), inserted by St. 1991, c. 398, § 38. Moreover, it is not inconsistent with the court's analysis in Awuah to conclude, as we do in this case, that in enacting § 25C(10), the Legislature recognized a distinction between the misclassification of an employee, which may or may not be done with an intent to lower the employer's premium rate, and the simple failure to provide any insurance, even if no misclassification has occurred. In essence, it is a simple matter to establish whether an employer does or does not have insurance coverage for its employees. In contrast, where there is a misclassification of employees (which could be deliberate, or the result of mistake or inadvertence), in order to be fair to the employer, punishment should not be imposed unless it is first determined that the misclassification was both knowing and done with the intention of avoiding higher insurance premiums.

In sum, we hold that the penalty of debarment is triggered automatically in a case such as this, without the need to establish that the employer acted intentionally or wilfully, or that the employer sought to avoid payment of higher insurance premium rates. This result is consistent with the act's purpose, legislative history, closely related provisions, and its plain language.19

d. Remaining arguments. NESS also contends that G. L. c. 152, § 25C(10), as applied, violates its constitutional rights to due process of law under the Constitution of the United States and the Massachusetts Constitution because it does not afford the employer an opportunity to present evidence that the cancellation of its insurance policy was not the result of intentional conduct. "The fundamental requirement of due process is notice and the opportunity to be heard `at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.'" Matter of Angela, 445 Mass. 55, 62 (2005), quoting from Armstrong v. Manzo, 380 U.S. 545, 552 (1965). The record indicates that NESS was not only aware that it was subject to a fine as a result of the stop work order, but it was also aware that it was debarred from bidding on or participating in any State or municipal contract for a period of three years. NESS was given an opportunity to challenge the validity of the stop work order at an evidentiary hearing. NESS participated in that hearing and submitted evidence. NESS's reliance on Old Dominion Dairy Prods., Inc. v. Secretary of Defense, 631 F.2d 953 (D.C. Cir. 1980), is misplaced because the result in Old Dominion turned on the government's failure to disclose to a contract bidder in a timely manner an adverse determination that the bidder lacked integrity, which resulted in the contractor losing a bid before it had an opportunity to dispute the adverse determination. In the present case, the only factual predicate to the imposition of the penalty of debarment was the validity of the stop work order, which NESS does not contest.20

e. Chapter 30A review. This court, like the Superior Court, reviews the department's decision "according to the standards set forth in G. L. c. 30A, § 14(7), giving `due weight to the experience, technical competence, and specialized knowledge of the agency, as well as to the discretionary authority conferred upon it.'" Athol Daily News v. Board of Review of the Div. of Employment & Training, 439 Mass. 171, 174 (2003). We may set aside the department's decision only if it is unsupported by substantial evidence, is arbitrary or capricious, constitutes an abuse of discretion, or is not in accordance with law. G. L. c. 30A, § 14(7)(a)-(g). See, e.g., Coverall N. America, Inc. v. Commissioner of the Div. of Unemployment Assistance, 447 Mass. 852, 857 (2006).

NESS makes no argument that it did not, in fact, fail to maintain workers' compensation insurance for a period of eight months. The lack of coverage is undisputed on this record. Because we hold that the department was not required to prove anything more than the fact that NESS lacked coverage and that a stop work order was issued, and NESS does not contend that the department failed to do so, there is no basis to disturb the department's decision.

Judgment affirmed.