MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

DOUGLAS P. WOODLOCK, District Judge.

In this diversity action, Gerald Gentile ("Gentile"), a New York citizen, as Administrator of the Estate of Diane Gentile (the "decedent") filed suit in Massachusetts Superior Court claiming that Biogen Idec, Inc. ("Biogen"), a Massachusetts citizen, and Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ("Elan"), a citizen of neither New York nor Massachusetts, caused the wrongful death of the decedent. Before either defendant was served, Elan — the non-forum defendant — removed the action to federal court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b). Elan then moved to transfer venue to the Western District of New York, while Gentile moved to remand the case to the Massachusetts state court, contending that Elan's removal was improper.

In an electronic order on September 30, 2012, I denied Gentile's motion to remand as well as Elan's motion to transfer. On closer examination and after sua sponte reconsideration, however, I have concluded that section 1441(b), by its plain language, does not permit removal of this non-federal question case before any defendant has actually been served. Under the interpretation I now adopt, removal is improper until at least one defendant has been served. A plaintiff thus may preserve its choice of state forum by serving the forum defendant before any others. In this context, I find Elan's race to an alternative courthouse from that properly chosen by the plaintiff to be in derogation of historic principles of federal court diversity jurisdiction. I will therefore order remand to the state court.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Facts

The decedent, a New York citizen, was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in 1981. In October 2006, the decedent's doctors prescribed her Tysabri, a drug treatment for MS manufactured by Biogen in cooperation with Elan. Biogen is a Delaware corporation with a principal place of business in Massachusetts. Elan is a Delaware corporation with a principal place of business in California.

While on Tysabri, the decedent contracted Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy ("PML"), a typically fatal brain disease thought to be caused by immunosuppressant drugs like Tysabri. She passed away on December 15, 2009, with PML as the listed cause of death. Gentile, the decedent's spouse, was named Administrator of the decedent's estate.

B. Procedural History

On Friday, September 30, 2011, Gentile filed suit in Middlesex Superior Court against Biogen and Elan for the wrongful death of the decedent. On Tuesday, October 4, 2011, before either defendant had been served, Elan removed the suit to federal court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). Gentile served Biogen the next day, on October 5, and Elan the following day, on October 6.

On October 31, 2011, Gentile moved to remand the case to the Middlesex Superior Court under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1441(b) and 1447(c). On November 30, 2011, Elan for its part moved to transfer the case to the Western District of New York. After a hearing on the two motions, the parties filed supplemental briefs directed to issues raised at the hearing. I denied both motions by electronic order on September 30, 2012. When I informed counsel at a hearing on February 12, 2013 of my intention to remand, the parties filed further supplemental briefing, which I have considered before issuing this Memorandum and Order.

Meanwhile, discovery proceeded after remand was initially denied on September 30, 2012, and plaintiff sought leave to file an amended complaint, Dkt. No. 36, to clarify that he brings both failure to warn and design defect claims against the defendants. At the hearing on February 12, 2013, I allowed the amendment and approved the parties' joint revised scheduling plan, Dkt. No. 40. I also received assurance from counsel that they would adhere to the agreed-upon schedule even in light of the amended complaint. My decision now to remand need have no effect on that schedule in the state court to which this case is remanded, unless, of course, the presiding judicial officer there should, despite the parties' agreement, choose to modify it.

II. RAPID REMOVAL PRECLUDES CONSIDERED REMAND

The question presented by Gentile's motion to remand may be summarized as follows: in multi-defendant litigation, may a non-forum defendant remove a case filed in state court — before any defendant has been served — when a properly joined co-defendant is a citizen of the forum state? The question has deeply divided district courts across the country and appears to be a matter of first impression in this district.

A. Legal Background

When a civil lawsuit is brought in state court a defendant may remove the case to the United States District Court for the district where the state case was filed, as long as the case falls within the "original jurisdiction"1 of the federal court. 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). An important exception to this general rule exists when the removal is based on a federal court's diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a): such actions "shall be removable only if none of the parties in interest properly joined and served as defendants is a citizen of the State in which such action is brought." 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b).2 This is commonly referred to as the "forum defendant" rule. See Lively v. Wild Oats Mkts., Inc., 456 F.3d 933, 939 (9th Cir.2006).

There are, therefore, two ways by which a plaintiff can challenge a notice of removal. First, he can assert that the federal court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the case because it does not come within the "original jurisdiction" of the federal court. 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). It is undisputed here, however, that there is complete diversity among the parties such that this case falls within the diversity subject matter jurisdiction of this court. 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Second, a plaintiff can claim that there was a procedural defect in the removal. The forum defendant rule has been held to implicate the latter type of challenge. Farm Constr. Servs., Inc. v. Fudge, 831 F.2d 18, 22 (1st Cir.1987).

B. Analysis

Gentile contended that removal was improper under the forum defendant rule because Biogen is a citizen of Massachusetts, the forum state. Elan countered that because Biogen had not been "properly joined and served" at the time of removal, the forum defendant rule was inapplicable.

I have come to agree with Gentile that removal was improper, but arrive at that conclusion by a different road. I conclude that the plain language of section 1441(b) requires at least one defendant to have been served before removal can be effected. This reading is consistent with the purposes of section 1441(b). Congress almost certainly did not intend to sponsor the sort of race to the courthouse conducted here to make an end run around the forum defendant rule.

1. Treatment by Other District Courts

District courts are in disarray on the question presented by this case.3 Many district courts have found that the "properly joined and served" language in section 1441(b) plainly allows a non-forum defendant to remove a case before service upon a forum defendant. Those courts disagree, however, as to whether that plain meaning must be followed or whether the result is so obviously contrary to congressional purpose that the bar to removal should nevertheless apply.

Some courts have concluded that the plain meaning of section 1441(b) allows removal by a non-forum defendant prior to service on a forum defendant. See e.g., In re Diet Drugs Prods. Liab. Litig., 875 F.Supp.2d 474, 477-78 (E.D.Pa.2012); Carrs v. AVCO Corp., No. 3:11-CV-3423-L, 2012 WL 1945629, at *3 (N.D.Tex. May 30, 2012); Regal Stone Ltd. v. Longs Drug Stores California, L.L.C., 881 F.Supp.2d 1123, 1126 (N.D.Cal.2012); Watanabe v. Lankford, 684 F.Supp.2d 1210, 1219 (D.Haw.2010); Ripley v. Eon Labs, Inc., 622 F.Supp.2d 137, 141-42 (D.N.J.2007). Some have allowed removal even by a forum defendant prior to service. E.g., Munchel v. Wyeth LLC, No. 12-906-LPS, 2012 WL 4050072, at *4 (D.Del. Sept. 11, 2012); Thomson v. Novartis Pharms. Corp., No. 06-6280(JBS), 2007 WL 1521138, at *4 (D.N.J. May 22, 2007).

Other courts have looked past such a perceived plain meaning to decline removal by a non-forum defendant prior to service on any defendant generally, e.g., Snider v. Sterling Airways, Inc., No. 12-CV-3054, 2013 WL 159813, at *1 (E.D.Pa. Jan. 15, 2013); Perez v. Forest Labs., Inc., 902 F.Supp.2d 1238, 1246 (E.D.Mo.2012), and specifically prior to service on a forum defendant, e.g., Swindell-Filiaggi v. CSX Corp., No. 12-6962, 922 F.Supp.2d 514, 516-17, 2013 WL 489015, at *1 (E.D.Pa. Feb. 8, 2013). Many courts have refused to honor removal in the particularly egregious case of removal by a forum defendant prior to service. E.g., Mass. Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Mozilo, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 91478 (C.D. Cal. June 28, 2012); Ethington v. Gen. Elec. Co., 575 F.Supp.2d 855, 862 (N.D.Ohio 2008); Sullivan v. Novartis Pharms. Corp., 575 F.Supp.2d 640, 647 (D.N.J.2008); Holmstrom v. Harad, No. 05 C 2714, 2005 WL 1950672, at *1-2 (N.D.Ill. Aug. 11, 2005). But although these courts have apparently assumed that the plain language of section 1441(b) permits removal in all of the circumstances just described, they nevertheless have arrived at different outcomes due to policy considerations or an effort to prevent "absurd" results.

At least one district court, by contrast, concluded that the text and purpose of section 1441(b) are not necessarily in tension. See Hawkins v. Cottrell, Inc., 785 F.Supp.2d 1361 (N.D.Ga.2011). Where other district courts had focused narrowly on the "properly joined and served" language of section 1441(b) in isolation, in Hawkins Judge O'Kelley read that language in context with the rest of the sentence. Section 1441(b) allows removal "only if none of the parties in interest properly joined and served as defendants" were forum defendants. Judge O'Kelley observed that the use of "none" implies that there is at least one defendant that is a party in interest that has been properly joined and served. Without this precondition for removal, the use of "none" would be superfluous. Hawkins, 785 F.Supp.2d at 1369.

Other courts have approached the issue of pre-service removal in a manner consistent with the approach Judge O'Kelley outlined in Hawkins. Cf., e.g., May v. Haas, No. 12-01791-MCE, 2012 WL 4961235, at *2-3 (E.D.Cal. Oct. 16, 2012) (permitting removal by non-forum defendant who had been served and removed action prior to service on forum defendant, but implying that remand would have been appropriate if removal attempted prior to service on any defendant); Banks v. Kmart Corp., No. 12-607, 2012 WL 707025, at *2 (E.D.Pa. Mar. 6, 2012) ("plaintiffs' litigation strategy facilitated removal to [federal court] because the plaintiffs served the non-forum defendant several weeks prior to serving the forum defendant in this case").

2. Plain Language

I agree with Judge O'Kelley's careful reading of all the words in section 1441(b), as it read before the 2011 amendment and as applicable here. Section 1441(b) provided that a "[diversity] action shall be removable only if none of the parties in interest properly joined and served as defendants is a citizen of the State in which such action is brought." When functioning as a pronoun, which "none" does in section 1441(b), it means "not any." WEBSTER'S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 1536 (3d ed. 1986). "Any," in turn, means "one or more indiscriminately from all those of a kind." Id. at 97.4 Inherent in the definition is some number of the "kind" from which the "one or more" can be drawn. Accordingly, the use of "none" and definite article "the" when referring to "parties" assumes that there is one or more party in interest that has been properly joined and served already at the time of removal, among which may or may not be a forum-state defendant. Thus, section 1441(b) conditioned removal on some defendant having been served.

The amendments to section 1441(b) do not change the statute's plain meaning in this respect. In its current form, section 1441(b)(2) precludes removal "if any of the parties in interest properly joined and served as defendants" is a forum defendant. True, the statute as amended places this language in an exception to removal, rather than a requirement for removal. But that does not change the fact that the statute assumes at least one party has been served; ignoring that assumption would render a court's analysis under the exception nonsensical and the statute's use of "any" superfluous. This would be contrary to the cardinal rule of statutory construction that "[a]ll words and provisions of statutes are intended to have meaning and are to be given effect, and no construction should be adopted which would render statutory words or phrases meaningless, redundant or superfluous." United States v. Ven-Fuel, Inc., 758 F.2d 741, 751-52 (1st Cir.1985). Thus the lack of a party properly joined and served does not mean an "exception" to removal is inapplicable, but rather means that an even more basic assumption embedded in the statute — that a party in interest had been served prior to removal — has not been met.

I might stop here, given my obligation to apply the plain meaning of the language of the statute, Dep't of Hous. & Urban Dev. v. Rucker, 535 U.S. 125, 132, 122 S.Ct. 1230, 152 L.Ed.2d 258 (2002), absent absurd results, which are not present here, Gen. Motors Corp. v. Darling's, 444 F.3d 98, 108 (1st Cir.2006). Nevertheless, for completeness of explanation, I will detail the history and purpose of removal — including section 1441(b) specifically — which I find provide further support for my reading of the text of the statute.

3. History and Purpose of Removal

The removal doctrine has been incorporated in federal court jurisprudence since the Judiciary Act of 1789. See Judiciary Act of 1789 § 12, 1 Stat. 72, 79-80 (1789). The removal power, and by extension the forum defendant rule, is founded on the basic premise behind diversity jurisdiction itself, the roots of which were described in the Federalist Papers. See THE FEDERALIST NO. 80 (Alexander Hamilton). Diversity jurisdiction was designed to protect non-forum litigants from possible state court bias in favor of forum-state litigants. See Guar. Trust Co. v. York, 326 U.S. 99, 111, 65 S.Ct. 1464, 89 L.Ed. 2079 (1945); see also Henry J. Friendly, The Historic Basis of Diversity Jurisdiction, 41 HARV. L. REV. 483 n. 4 (1928) ("It is true, of course, that [Hamilton's] explanation of diversity jurisdiction on the basis of local prejudice has been written into the Constitution by judicial decision.").

The removal power serves this purpose by giving a non-forum defendant the ability to seek the protection of the federal court against any perceived local bias in the state court chosen by the plaintiff. But the protection-from-bias rationale behind the removal power evaporates when the defendant seeking removal is a citizen of the forum state. Thus, the forum defendant rule provides some measure of protection for a plaintiff's choice of forum, when the overarching concerns about local bias against the defendant underlying the removal power are not present, by allowing a plaintiff to move for a remand of the case to the state court if he chooses.5 Lively, 456 F.3d at 940.

The "properly joined and served" limitation in § 1441(b) is a more recent development, added to the removal statute by Congress in 1948. 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b) (1948). Courts have generally recognized that the legislative history of the 1948 revision provides no explanation for the inclusion of the "properly joined and served" language. See, e.g., Sullivan, 575 F.Supp.2d at 644.6 A review of the Supreme Court jurisprudence at the time of the 1948 revision, however, suggests the purpose of the "properly joined and served" language was to prevent plaintiffs from defeating removal through improper joinder of a forum defendant; incomplete service appears to have been included as a means of identifying and policing such abuse by proxy.

In Pullman Co. v. Jenkins, 305 U.S. 534, 59 S.Ct. 347, 83 L.Ed. 334 (1939), the Supreme Court affirmed the then-established rule that in a multi-defendant case, a non-forum defendant could not remove the action to federal court if one of the other defendants was a citizen of the forum. Id. at 540-41, 59 S.Ct. 347. The Court noted in dicta that "the fact that the resident defendant has not been served with process does not justify removal by the non-resident defendant," but recognized that this created an incentive for gamesmanship by plaintiffs. Id. at 541, 59 S.Ct. 347 ("It may be said that the non-resident defendant may be prejudiced because his co-defendant may not be served."). To solve that problem, the Supreme Court noted, "[i]t is always open to the non-resident defendant to show that the resident defendant has not been joined in good faith and for that reason should not be considered in determining the right to remove." Id.

Pullman suggests that a problem courts had identified with the removal power was gamesmanship by plaintiffs in the joinder of forum defendants whom plaintiffs ultimately did not intend to pursue. That the Supreme Court was discussing the problem of improper or fraudulent joinder before the 1948 legislation further suggests that improper joinder was the focus of Congress when it added the "properly joined and served" language to the removal statute. See Sullivan, 575 F.Supp.2d at 645 ("Congress appears to have added the language only to prevent the then concrete and pervasive problem of improper joinder."); see also Stan Winston Creatures, Inc. v. Toys "R" Us, Inc., 314 F.Supp.2d 177, 181 (S.D.N.Y.2003) ("The purpose of the `joined and served' requirement is to prevent a plaintiff from blocking removal by joining as a defendant a resident party against whom it does not intend to proceed, and whom it does not even serve.").

The relevant text of § 1441 has remained largely consistent since 1948. As noted above, see note 2, supra, Congress recently amended section 1441 in the Federal Courts Jurisdiction and Venue Clarification Act of 2011, Pub. L. No. 112-63, 125 Stat. 758 (2011). However, no mention of the "properly joined and served" language was made in the available legislative history of the 2011 Act, nor was the substantial disarray among the district courts discussed. See H.R.Rep. No. 112-10, at 11-16 (2011), reprinted in 2011 U.S.C.C.A.N. 576, 580.7

Congress' further silence when amending the statute in 2011, despite its presumed knowledge of the disparate interpretations of the district courts, also indicates that it intended no substantive change. Even courts reading section 1441(b) differently than I have agree on this point. See, e.g., Munchel v. Wyeth LLC, No. 12-906-LPS, 2012 WL 4050072, at *4 (D.Del. Sept. 11, 2012).

The reading of the plain language of section 1441(b) I have come to embrace is far more consistent with congressional purpose in 1948 and 2011, than the reading proposed by Elan. Elan's reading of the "properly joined and served" language rewards a variation on the kind of gamesmanship the Supreme Court suggested in Pullman should be discouraged. 305 U.S. at 541, 59 S.Ct. 347. After all, the game at issue — the determination of forum — is ordinarily decided by a sole entity "race" to the courthouse by plaintiffs. But here, the non-forum defendant has contrived and engaged in a different race — that of removing the case from the state court before service is effected.

That the legislative history of the statute is silent about the meaning of the "properly joined and served" language suggests Congress did not put it into the statute in order to incentivize defendants to race to a federal forum. Of course, under modern procedural regimes and with modern technology, defendants — particularly repeat defendants with the resources to monitor dockets throughout the country — now can win such a race because they can obtain notice of litigation before service is executed. See Ethington, 575 F.Supp.2d at 857 (defendant corporation filed notice of removal one business day after suit had been filed, before it was possible for the plaintiffs to perfect service under New Jersey state court rules). That is what happened here: Gentile filed his suit on a Friday; by Tuesday, Elan had filed a notice of removal, beating Gentile's service processor by one day.

It is, as a practical matter, essentially impossible for the filing of a case and service of process to occur simultaneously because of the realities of case management and service in the state courts. In order to perfect service in Massachusetts, a plaintiff must deliver a copy of the complaint and a summons to one of a select number of people who are authorized under Massachusetts rules to serve defendants. Mass. R. Civ. P. 4(a). The summons must be signed by the clerk, and then delivered alongside a copy of the complaint to the defendant "by a sheriff, by his deputy, or by a special sheriff; by any other person duly authorized by law; [or] by some person specially appointed by the court for that purpose." Id. 4(c). The rules necessarily assume that the filing of the suit will occur before service; it is also inevitable that there is will be some delay between the filing and service.

In some states, the state procedural rules themselves make it impossible for simultaneous filing and service to occur. New Jersey Rule of Civil Procedure 4:5A-2, for example, requires that a plaintiff obtain a "Track Assignment Notice" number from the clerk's office before serving process on a defendant. N.J. R. Civ. P. 4:5A-2. The rule contemplates that the number will be mailed to the plaintiff within ten days after the filing of the complaint, id., thus mandating a delay between filing and service. See Ethington, 575 F.Supp.2d at 857 ("Critically, it would have been virtually impossible for the Ethingtons to perfect service of process in less than one business day, due to the unique way New Jersey state courts process newly-filed complaints.").

Two other features of removal are worth noting briefly. When interpreting the time limit for removal under 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b) in Murphy Bros., Inc. v. Michetti Pipe Stringing, Inc., 526 U.S. 344, 119 S.Ct. 1322, 143 L.Ed.2d 448 (1999), the Supreme Court reaffirmed the "historic function of service of process as the official trigger for responsive action by an individual or entity named defendant." Id. at 353, 119 S.Ct. 1322. Similarly, unserved defendants are excepted from the "rule of unanimity," as discussed in note 7, supra. Although neither feature dictates my reading, both reflect the assumption — perhaps outdated — that notice and service of process are co-extensive, and more importantly are consistent with my reading of the plain language of section 1441(b), under which removal is improper until some defendant is "brought under [the] court's authority, by formal process." Murphy Bros., 526 U.S. at 347, 119 S.Ct. 1322.

4. Summary

Precluding removal until at least one defendant has been served protects against docket trolls with a quick finger on the trigger of removal. Under the reading I have given to section 1441(b) here, plaintiffs legitimately seeking to join a forum defendant face the modest burden of serving that defendant before any others. If a plaintiff serves a non-forum defendant before serving a forum defendant, he has effectively chosen to waive an objection to the removal by a nimble non-forum defendant who thereafter removes the case before service upon a forum defendant named in the complaint.8 And, even when a forum defendant is served first, my reading anticipates a situation in which an unserved non-forum defendant may remove following service on a forum defendant, in hopes of arguing that joinder of the forum defendant was fraudulent. This reading of the statute thus accommodates the clear congressional purpose animating section 1441(b) — preventing abuse by plaintiffs in forum selection — while also closing an unintended loophole incentivizing parallel abuse by defendants seeking to escape a state forum in which a co-defendant is a citizen, all without doing violence to the plain language of the statute.

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth more fully above, Gentile's motion (Dkt. No. 10) and supplemental motion (Dkt. No. 26) to remand are on reconsideration GRANTED. This case shall be REMANDED to Middlesex Superior Court, where it was originally filed.