MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

DOUGLAS P. WOODLOCK, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE.

I have granted summary judgment in favor of defendant Ambac Assurance Corporation ("Ambac") on its breach-of-contract counterclaim against plaintiff NPS LLC ("NPS"). See NPS LLC v. Ambac Assurance Corp., 706 F.Supp.2d 162 (D.Mass.2010). The issues remaining before me now in this matter are those of the damage amount and the amount of attorneys' fees and costs due Ambac under the parties' 2006 Insurance Agreement (the "Agreement").

The parties are prepared to stipulate to the amount due Ambac for the breach of the contract I have found and to the method for calculating pre-judgment interest. They dispute and have submitted opposing briefs on the question of attorneys' fees and costs. After resolving that attorneys' fees and costs question, I will direct the parties to submit an agreed upon prejudgment interest figure bringing prior calculations up to the anticipated June 17, 2016 date for entry of final judgment in an amount certain for Ambac based upon and incorporating the fee and cost determinations reflected in this Memorandum.

I. BACKGROUND

NPS, an affiliate of the New England Patriots, issued $282 million of long-term bonds in 2000 in order to fund the construction of Gillette Stadium. NPS obtained financial guaranty insurance for its bonds from Ambac. In 2006, NPS refinanced the bonds, and issued new thirty-year bonds. NPS again sought and obtained financial guaranty insurance from Ambac. The 2006 Agreement between the parties included a Guaranteed Premium provision providing that "if the Offered Securities are paid in full or the Policy is terminated for any reason prior to January 1, 2017, the Issuer shall nevertheless pay to Ambac, upon such final payment date or termination date, the present value, using a discount rate of 7%, of each of the Annual Premiums scheduled to be paid from and including such date until January 1, 2017...." (Compl., Ex. B, § 1.02 [hereinafter "Agreement"].)

Following the crash of the housing market and ensuing credit crisis in late 2007 and early 2008, national credit rating agencies placed a negative outlook warning on Ambac's AAA or Aaa credit rating. Within six months, the agencies downgraded Ambac's credit rating. In February 2008, NPS's bonds, which were auction-rate bonds sold weekly or monthly, experienced a failed auction, which increased considerably the interest rate payable on the bonds. In May 2008, NPS decided to redeem the bonds in full, thereby triggering the Guaranteed Premium provision of the Agreement. NPS subsequently refused to pay the Guaranteed Premium, and, on July 2, 2008, Ambac sent NPS a demand letter giving notice of default under the Agreement. DLA Piper US LLP ("DLA Piper"), which had provided counsel to Ambac during the 2006 insurance transaction, assisted Ambac in this attempt to recover the monies owed under the Guaranteed Premium provision.

NPS filed suit against Ambac in Massachusetts Superior Court on July 8, 2008, alleging eight counts, including breach-of-contract claims, negligent and intentional misrepresentation, and a violation of Massachusetts's consumer protection act, Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A. The crux of NPS's action was that Ambac had misrepresented the security of its high credit rating at the formation of the 2006 Agreement. Shortly following the filing of the complaint, Ambac engaged the New York firm of Patterson Belknap Webb & Tyler LLP ("Patterson Belknap") to handle the litigation. After engaging Patterson Belknap, DLA Piper was largely inactive in its representation of Ambac in this case. However, because Patterson Belknap has no presence in this federal judicial district, Ambac also hired the Boston office of McDermott Will & Emery LLP ("McDermott") to act as local counsel.

After Ambac successfully removed the case to this court, it filed an answer to NPS's complaint and counterclaimed for breach of contract, seeking to enforce the Guaranteed Premium provision. The parties then embarked on a rocky road of negotiations and discovery that was both highly contentious and far-reaching in scope. In addition to party discovery, Ambac served subpoenas on related and unrelated third parties, including Goldman Sachs, Inc., the National Football League, New England Patriots, L.P., Kraft Family, Inc., Kraft Group LLC, and Bingham McCutcheon LLP. The parties clashed as to both the scope and format of discovery, exchanging a number of letters in failed attempts to compromise and coordinate. Following receipt of NPS's request for discovery on December 22, 2008, Ambac decided to move for summary judgment and seek a stay of party discovery. NPS refused to agree to any such stay. Ambac subsequently filed motions to stay party discovery — but not third party discovery — and for summary judgment on all counts including its own counterclaim. Both motions were granted in full, and upon granting summary judgment in favor of Ambac on its counterclaim, I directed the parties to submit a joint statement regarding the amount owed under the Guaranteed Premium provision and to brief the issue of attorneys' fees and expenses due to Ambac under the Agreement.

II. ANALYSIS

In a joint statement, the parties have agreed that, based upon my resolution of the question of liability, the balance due Ambac under the Guaranteed Premium provision is $2,740,432.18, plus interest as accrued thereafter under § 2.03 of the Agreement. Accordingly, I will adopt the balance due figure approved of by the parties and enter judgment for Ambac incorporating that amount.

However, the parties were unable to come to a similarly non-contentious resolution on the issue of attorneys' fees due Ambac. As a result of its engagement of Patterson Belknap; McDermott; and DLA Piper, Ambac seeks a total of $683,897.95 in attorneys' fees and expenses.1 NPS contests this amount as unreasonable and excessive.

Section 1.03 of the parties' Agreement states that NPS "will pay all costs and expenses incurred by Ambac in connection with the enforcement of this Agreement (including, without limitation, all reasonable fees and disbursements of Ambac's counsel)." Such a contractual provision for attorneys' fees and expenses is valid under New York law,2 A.G. Ship Maint. Corp. v. Lezak, 69 N.Y.2d 1, 511 N.Y.S.2d 216, 503 N.E.2d 681, 683 (1986) (per curiam), and neither party disputes that Ambac is entitled to reasonable attorneys' fees and costs related to this litigation. See also Diamond D Enters. USA, Inc. v. Steinsvaag, 979 F.2d 14, 18 (2d Cir.1992) (finding that a contractual attorneys' fee provision includes recovery for all reasonable expenses incurred by enforcing the contract and addressing related counterclaims or affirmative defenses).

Under New York law, "[a]n award of attorneys' fees pursuant to ... a contractual provision may only be enforced to the extent that the amount is reasonable and warranted for the services actually rendered." M. Sobol, Inc. v. Wykagyl Pharmacy, Inc., 282 A.D.2d 438, 723 N.Y.S.2d 88, 89 (2001) (citation and quotation marks omitted). Consequently, I must determine whether Ambac's request for $683,897.95 in attorneys' fees and expenses is a reasonable award given the circumstances of the case. See Diamond D Enters. USA, Inc., 979 F.2d at 19 ("[T]he rule in New York is that when a contract provides that in the event of litigation the losing party will pay the attorney's fees of the prevailing party, the court will order the losing party to pay whatever amounts have been expended by the prevailing party, so long as those amounts are not unreasonable." (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). In making my determination, I must take into account the "value of legal services" provided, that is, "the nature and extent of the services, the actual time spent, the necessity therefor, the nature of the issues involved, the professional standing of counsel, and the results achieved." 542 E. 14th Street LLC v. Lee, 66 A.D.3d 18, 883 N.Y.S.2d 188, 192 (2009) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Ultimately, the award of reasonable attorneys' fees under a contractual attorneys' fees provision is "within the sound discretion of the trial court." Ebrahimian v. Long Island R.R., 269 A.D.2d 488, 703 N.Y.S.2d 731, 732 (2000); see also First Nat'l Bank of E. Islip v. Brower, 42 N.Y.2d 471, 398 N.Y.S.2d 875, 368 N.E.2d 1240, 1242 (1977) (recognizing that the court's authority and discretion in determining attorneys' fee awards extends to contractual attorneys' fees provisions).

The parties' costs of litigating this case were dramatically different. Ambac requests $683,897.95 in attorneys' fees and expenses, while NPS maintains that its own litigation costs were a comparably modest $357,115.06. I will address each of the arguments made by NPS in turn to determine whether Ambac's requested amount is reasonable under § 1.03 of the Agreement.

A. Engagement of Multiple Firms

NPS first argues that Ambac unnecessarily engaged three large law firms, including two expensive, out-of-district firms from New York. NPS contends that this seemingly redundant representation was unreasonable and that any attorneys' fees and expenses claimed on behalf of the representation by DLA Piper and McDermott should be excluded. NPS's argument presents two distinct questions: one concerning redundant and repetitive representation by out-of-district counsel (DLA Piper) and the other regarding the retention of duplicative representation as local counsel (McDermott).

1. DLA Piper

NPS redeemed its bond obligations in full on May 16, 2008, thereby triggering the Agreement's Guaranteed Premium provision. Soon thereafter, NPS refused to honor its obligations under § 1.02. Following NPS's resulting default, Ambac sought DLA Piper's assistance in enforcing the Agreement. DLA Piper had acted as Ambac's transaction counsel in the 2006 refinance, including the Agreement. More than half of DLA Piper's services in this matter pre-dated the filing of NPS's complaint and related to the demand letter sent by Ambac to NPS on July 2, 2008. Given NPS's breach of the Agreement, it is not unreasonable that Ambac turned first to the law firm that had represented it during the negotiation of the document in question. Furthermore, although DLA Piper's New York rates are considerably higher than those common in this district, DLA Piper's unique relationship to the Agreement justifies their retention over equally competent, but less expensive, counsel in this district, who would have had to expend additional hours familiarizing themselves with the document on an expedited basis at the outset of the dispute. I therefore find the $14,594.75 incurred by Ambac for DLA Piper's services addressing NPS's default prior to formal initiation of this litigation to be reasonable and reimbursable under § 1.02 of the Agreement.

After NPS filed its complaint, DLA Piper billed a further 12.3 hours in this matter, all but 2.2 hours by partners whose rates ranged from $700 to $825. Of those additional hours, 7.8 were recorded in the days directly following NPS's filing and included reviewing the complaint, researching removal of the case, and consulting with Patterson Belknap, Ambac's litigation counsel. DLA Piper's lead partner, Michael Barz, billed a further 3.7 hours in August 2008 consulting with the lead partner from Patterson Belknap regarding Ambac's draft answer and 1.8 hours in October 2008. Given the nature of the case, this amount of time transitioning to and consulting with litigation counsel seems appropriate and not excessive. Furthermore, the minimal representation provided by DLA Piper would have been necessary whether Ambac had transitioned to out-of-district counsel like Patterson Belknap or to equivalent in-district counsel in Boston. I accordingly find that the additional $9,433.25 billed by DLA Piper in this matter constitutes reasonable attorneys' fees recoverable under § 1.02 of the Agreement.

2. McDermott

NPS argues that Ambac unnecessarily incurred costs by hiring out-of-district counsel that in turn required engagement of an additional, third firm to act as local counsel. Given that NPS's complaint involved relatively straightforward contract claims and various tort and consumer protection causes of action, I find NPS's contention not without force.

There is a presumption in New York law in favor of basing reasonable attorneys' fees on the rates within the forum district. See Getty Petroleum Corp. v. G.M. Triple S. Corp., 187 A.D.2d 483, 589 N.Y.S.2d 577, 578 (1992) (memorandum decision). Ambac argues that it overcomes this presumption in hiring Patterson Belknap because that firm is in Ambac's own district, has represented Ambac previously, and was representing Ambac on other similar matters in other fora. While Ambac made a business judgment that, in this context, the additional convenience of engaging Patterson Belknap outweighed the additional costs associated with hiring local counsel, it is not necessarily reasonable to make NPS adopt all the extra costs incurred for Ambac's own convenience. See Fed. Land Bank of Springfield, Mass. v. Ambrosano, 89 A.D.2d 730, 453 N.Y.S.2d 857, 859 (1982) (memorandum decision) ("[W]hile plaintiff may employ counsel of its own choosing, its recovery of attorneys' fees under a provision in the agreement ... is subject to the traditional power of the court to supervise the charging of fees for legal services.").

The invoices and declaration provided by Edward Leibensperger, lead partner on the matter for McDermott, suggest that the services McDermott provided were to a significant degree duplicative and redundant. McDermott attorneys spent the overwhelming majority of the 41.7 invoiced hours3 reviewing documents prepared by Patterson Belknap and emailing or teleconferencing with Patterson Belknap attorneys. Thus, had Ambac hired counsel from within the District of Massachusetts — or hired out-of-district counsel with a presence in this district — it could have minimized the significant fees charged by both McDermott and Patterson Belknap for performing essentially the same tasks (e.g., reviewing the same pleadings, participating in conference calls with each other, attending mediation and oral argument, etc.). In essence, Ambac seeks to impose duplicative expenses onto NPS. Ambac may have considered such duplicative representation to be useful and may have been willing to pay for it. But under New York law, shifting costs is not automatic. See, e.g., Daiwa Special Asset Corp. v. Desnick, No. 00 Civ. 3856, 2002 WL 31767817, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 3, 2002) ("The attorneys' fees are excessive, in part, because the time spent by so many individuals familiarizing themselves with the file is considerable.").

Accordingly, I will allow only 20 percent of the total claimed fees and costs requested by Ambac for services rendered by McDermott as reasonable attorneys' fees recoverable under § 1.03 of the Agreement. This reduction is meant to estimate an appropriate level of compensation for local counsel — after all, local counsel can be a necessity, and in any event McDermott's time surely substituted for some amount of work by Patterson Belknap lawyers even as it duplicated other work — while substantially discounting for the duplication inherent in retaining separate law firms for a single matter. I will also discount the expenses billed by Patterson Belknap for travel to and from New York by Patterson Belknap attorneys (including fees for non-working travel) and for courier service to McDermott, approximately $13,506.31.4 Finally, I will reduce by two percent the attorneys' fees requested for Patterson Belknap for the time spent updating and coordinating with McDermott's attorneys.

B. Reasonable Rates and Hours

The bulk of the fees and expenses associated with this litigation and requested by Ambac was billed by Patterson Belknap, Ambac's lead litigation counsel. Excluding costs incurred from the McDermott and DLA Piper representations, the cost of this litigation to Ambac was a reported $606,533.27 ($548,798.16 in fees and $57,735.11 in expenses). By contrast, Bingham McCutcheon LLP, NPS's sole counsel in this matter, billed $337,445.70 in fees and $19,669.36 in expenses, for a total litigation cost of $357,115.06. NPS argues that the much higher costs incurred by Ambac were unreasonable and expends a great deal of effort calculating and identifying the reasons for the nearly $250,000 difference in costs to the two parties. In sum, NPS contends that the out-of-district rates inflated the fees, that Ambac unreasonably and inefficiently staffed the matter, and that Ambac engaged in unnecessarily broad discovery. For all of these reasons, NPS contends that Ambac's requested attorneys' fees should be reduced accordingly.

New York law dictates that "[a]n award of attorneys' fees pursuant to ... a contractual provision may only be enforced to the extent that the amount is reasonable and warranted for the services actually rendered." M. Sobol, Inc., 723 N.Y.S.2d at 89. Thus, "[a]pplications for fee awards should generally be documented by contemporaneously created time records that specify, for each attorney, the date, the hours expended, and the nature of the work done." Disabled Patriots of Am., Inc. v. Niagara Grp. Hotels, LLC, 688 F.Supp.2d 216, 226 (W.D.N.Y.2010) (quoting Kirsch v. Fleet Street, Ltd., 148 F.3d 149, 173 (2d Cir.1998)). As recited earlier, in considering whether Patterson Belknap's fees and expenses were reasonable, I must take into consideration "the nature and extent of the services, the actual time spent, the necessity therefor, the nature of the issues involved, the professional standing of counsel, and the results achieved." 542 E. 14th Street LLC, 883 N.Y.S.2d at 192. I will use Patterson Belknap's copious invoices as a baseline and award attorneys' fees as actually expended unless I find those fees to be unreasonable. See Diamond D Enters. USA, Inc., 979 F.2d at 19.

In undertaking this inquiry, "courts have acknowledged that a judicial determination of what is `reasonable' for purposes of a fee award to be paid by the losing party to the prevailing party in a litigation is not the same as the reasonableness of a bill that a law firm might present to its own paying client." Daiwa Special Asset Corp., 2002 WL 31767817, at *2. To that end, "[w]hatever the terms of the private agreement between attorney and client, it is not required that [the losing party] be required to sign on to that agreement by the virtue of his guaranty to pay `reasonable' fees and expenses." Id.

1. Reasonable Rates

NPS contends that Patterson Belknap's fees were excessive New York-based fees and should be heavily discounted. Ambac disagrees and argues that engaging more expensive, out-of-district counsel was appropriate in this case because Patterson Belknap had a long-term relationship with Ambac and was familiar with the businesses of Ambac and its affiliates. However, as I have already indicated in Part II.A.2 of this memorandum, I am not entirely convinced that the hiring of out-of-district counsel was necessary or reasonable in this case. Although Ambac correctly points out that its counsel was successful at every stage of this litigation (in its motions for removal, for stay of party discovery, and for summary judgment) and is plainly well-respected and experienced in the field, equivalently experienced and competent in-district counsel was available to Ambac, albeit with some — but not disabling — inconvenience. Ambac is also correct that the stakes in this case were high — both in terms of the millions of dollars in damages sought by NPS and the potential impact that Ambac's failure in this case would have on its business more generally — but, at its essence, this was not a complicated breach-of-contract case. Special knowledge of Ambac's larger business was not that difficult to develop, nor was Patterson Belknap particularly familiar with the Agreement itself (as evidenced by DLA Piper's initial involvement in this case). Ambac's justifications for hiring Patterson Belknap are therefore not particularly compelling in this context.

Consequently, I must examine Patterson Belknap's rates and determine whether they are reasonable for this district. See Getty Petroleum Corp. v. G.M. Triple S. Corp., 187 A.D.2d 483, 589 N.Y.S.2d 577, 578 (1992) (memorandum decision) ("[T]he reasonable hourly rate should be based on the customary fee charged for similar services by lawyers in the community with like experience and of comparable reputation to those by whom the prevailing party was represented."); DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Karman, 5 Misc.3d 567, 782 N.Y.S.2d 343, 346 (N.Y.Sup.Ct.2004) ("The fact remains that this proceeding was litigated in Albany County, which is in the Northern District, and, therefore, the rates for attorney services that would be charged in this community must apply." (citing Arbor Hill Concerned Citizens Neighborhood Ass'n v. County of Albany, 369 F.3d 91 (2d Cir.2004))).

NPS estimates that Ambac's counsel charged an average of $91.79 per hour more than NPS's in-district counsel.5 My calculations are quite different. First, the attorneys from DLA Piper on average billed at a higher rate than Patterson Belknap, and McDermott (in-district counsel) charged only minimally lower rates. McDermott's rates were $795 for its senior-most partner, as opposed to $825 for Patterson Belknap's, and $470 for a mid-level associate equivalent to Matthew Larsen at Patterson Belknap, who billed at $474.

It is indisputable, however, that Patterson Belknap's rates were higher on average than Bingham McCutcheon's rates for NPS. As a caveat, it is unclear to me whether Bingham McCutcheon charged NPS customary rates or some discounted rate. Given the odd numbers quoted by Bingham McCutcheon, I am inclined to suspect the latter. In any case, the following summarizes the average fees of the two firms as charged in this matter, according to roughly equivalent seniority:

Patterson     Hourly     Bingham        Hourly
Belknap       Rate6      McCutcheon     Rate
Attorney                 Attorney7

Partners

Forlenza      $825       Bernstein      $720

Dykhouse      $730       Goldberg       $688.50

                         Solomont       $548.25

Associates

Syme          $546

Larsen        $474       Guizzetti      $395.25

Ketty         $366       Rowley         $293.25

Staff         $172       Staff          $196

[Editor's Note: The preceding image contains the reference for footnotes6, 7]

The average difference here, therefore, is less than the $92.79 quoted by NPS, but still significant at $75.

Given the comparison between the rates reported by McDermott, Bingham McCutcheon, and Patterson Belknap, I am satisfied that Patterson Belknap's rates are unreasonable for comparable representation in this district. I therefore find it necessary to reduce the rates. This, of course, is not a statutory attorneys' fees case in which I must gauge reasonableness on the least amount necessary to attract competent counsel. See Boulet v. Romney, No. Civ.A. 99-10617, 2003 WL 1538374, at *1 (D.Mass. Mar. 24, 2003) (recognizing the difference between the market rates for commercial and civil rights litigation, with the former substantially greater than the latter); 515 Avenue I Corp. v. 515 Avenue I Tenants Corp., No. 65/05, 29 Misc.3d 1228A, 920 N.Y.S.2d 240, 2010 WL 4904671, at *3 (N.Y.Sup.Ct. Dec. 1, 2010) ("[T]here is a danger in incorporating wholesale into contractual fee-shifting the methodology developed, at least initially, in the context of attorneys' fees awards under the Federal civil rights laws with the purpose `to attract qualified and competent attorneys without affording any windfall to those who undertake such representation.'" (citations omitted)). This is, by contrast, a contract dispute regarding a sophisticated insurance agreement entered into by sophisticated parties, both of whom, not surprisingly, hired sophisticated counsel to resolve the dispute. The rates should reflect this reality.

Indeed, in its briefing, NPS suggested that Ambac should have hired McDermott to litigate this matter instead of hiring expensive New York counsel.8 Of course, had Ambac done so, its attorneys' fees request would likely have been significantly lower than that which it seeks now. However, Patterson Belknap's representation was well above average and, ultimately, entirely successful. Accordingly, I will reduce the above-listed weighted average rates by ten percent to calculate the reasonable attorneys' fees due Ambac. I see no reason to reduce the fees charged for paralegals, IT professionals, and other support staff. The reduced fee schedule is:

Patterson      Weighted        Reduced
Belknap        Average         Hourly
Attorney       Hourly Rate     Rate

Partners

Forlenza       $825            $742.50

Dykhouse       $730            $657

Associates

Syme           $546            $491.40

Larsen         $474            $426.60

Devine         $440            $396

Ketty          $366            $329.40

Staff          $172            $172

Because NPS also contends that the number of hours expended by Patterson Belknap's attorneys is excessive and unreasonable, I will not calculate the total fees due according to these reduced rates until I address the issue of reasonable hours.

2. Reasonable Hours

Comparing the hours billed by Patterson Belknap to those billed by Bingham McCutcheon results in a difference as divergent as the comparison of the firms' respective hourly rates. Patterson Belknap billed 1162 hours; Bingham McCutcheon billed 855.2. It is not surprising, therefore, that NPS contests the reasonableness of the hours reported by Patterson Belknap. NPS's protest rests on two grounds. First, NPS claims that Patterson Belknap staffed the matter inefficiently, relying too heavily on senior attorneys with high hourly rates. Second, NPS argues that Patterson Belknap's discovery practice caused an excessive escalation of costs because it was both unnecessary in light of its summary judgment motion and too broad in scope. In total, NPS asks me to exclude $200,000 in unnecessary discovery costs. However, after carefully reviewing the invoices provided by Patterson Belknap, I am satisfied that the hours expended, while perhaps exceeding the minimum amount required for success, were not unreasonable in the context of this case.

In determining whether the hours expended on a particular litigation are reasonable, I must rely upon "contemporaneously created time records that specify, for each attorney, the date, the hours expended, and the nature of the work done." Disabled Patriots of Am., Inc., 688 F.Supp.2d at 226 (quotation marks and citations omitted). After reviewing the invoices and considering the arguments provided by the parties, I may exclude "excessive, redundant or otherwise unnecessary hours," Quaratino v. Tiffany & Co., 166 F.3d 422, 425 (2d Cir.1999), or make an across-the-board reduction in the number of hours, see Luciano v. Olsten Corp., 109 F.3d 111, 117 (2d Cir.1997). Such an examination must not rely on hindsight, but rather should consider whether, "at the time the work was performed, a reasonable attorney would have engaged in similar time expenditures." Grant v. Martinez, 973 F.2d 96, 99 (2d Cir.1992).

Inefficient or top-heavy staffing of litigation can be grounds for reducing an attorneys' fee request. See Daiwa Special Asset Corp., 2002 WL 31767817, at *4 (reducing the hours used to calculate the fee award because the losing party "inefficiently allocated work among attorneys"); cf. HSH Nordbank AG N.Y. Branch v. Swerdlow, No. 08 Civ. 6131, 2010 WL 1141145, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 24, 2010) ("The division of labor among the attorneys was similarly appropriate. The two most junior attorneys conducted the bulk of the work, including overseeing the document review, conducting the legal research, and writing the initial drafts of pleadings and briefs. Likewise, the junior partner billed twice the number of hours as the more senior partner."). In general, three Patterson Belknap attorneys managed this case: David Dykhouse, a partner, billed 233.8 hours; Carrie Syme, a senior associate, billed 290.1 hours; and Nivritha Ketty, a junior associate, billed 565.5 hours. The senior-most attorney billed only 0.9 hours. Bingham McCutcheon's lead attorney, Charles Solomont, was a more junior partner than Dykhouse, although he billed a comparable 200.7 hours. The great difference in total hours can be explained by Patterson Belknap's decision to expend more hours generally and to rely more heavily upon the services of a senior associate. In general, however, the distribution of hours between partner, senior associate, and junior associate was neither plainly top-heavy nor unreasonable.

The question remains whether the fact that Patterson Belknap billed so many more hours generally was unreasonable. In arguing that it was, NPS points to Patterson Belknap's discovery practice, which included extensive third-party discovery, and its decision to initiate discovery and belatedly move for summary judgment instead of moving to dismiss the case from the outset. A large expenditure of time on discovery can be reasonably reflective of an unnecessarily broad discovery request, as NPS contends was the case here. See HSH Nordbank AG N.Y. Branch, 2010 WL 1141145, at *6 (recognizing that inflated attorneys' fees may result from "broad discovery demands").

Patterson Belknap did expend a considerable amount of time and energy in pursuing third-party discovery and sparring with Bingham McCutcheon regarding the scope and format of party discovery. However, NPS is not an innocent victim of this hostile discovery practice. As the briefing on the motion to stay in this case indicates, both parties sought near limitless discovery and contributed substantially to discovery skirmishes. I will not at this point nit-pick the hours expended in this process or question the perceived wisdom of engaging in such a practice in the first place. I am satisfied that Patterson Belknap did not spend an unreasonable number of hours on discovery given the combative nature of the litigation to that point.

Finally, Patterson Belknap's strategic decision not to move for dismissal in response to NPS's complaint is no basis for reducing attorneys' fees. Bingham McCutcheon rightly points out that Ambac's summary judgment motion, in essence, argued that the complaint failed to state a claim and relied largely on materials attached to the complaint. However, Ambac's motion also sought summary judgment on its own counterclaim to enforce the Guaranteed Premium provision in the Agreement. Pursuing the strategy suggested by NPS would not directly have achieved Ambac's primary goal: the enforcement of the Guaranteed Premium provision that NPS sought to avoid by bringing this lawsuit. Furthermore, this action appears to be the first against Ambac raising the claim of misrepresentation of its creditworthiness. As NPS notes, other similar cases were filed subsequently and — had Ambac not successfully reached the merits of NPS's arguments — could, in the absence of a merits determination in this case, have posed a heightened challenge to the validity of numerous insurance agreements integral to Ambac's business. While the ultimate amount recovered under the Guaranteed Premium provision was not large in comparison to the fees expended, the validity of that provision and the Agreement in general rendered this case high stakes litigation for Ambac. See Amerisource Corp. v. Rx USA Int'l Inc., No. 02-CV-2514, 2010 WL 2160017, at *12 (E.D.N.Y. May 26, 2010) (finding that a large expenditure in attorneys' fees vis-a-vis the amount recovered was reasonable where "[i]t is likely that under such circumstances, other sellers would also hold their ground in order to demonstrate to their customers that debts cannot be escaped simply by raising expensive counterclaims and dragging out collection efforts"). Consequently, I find that the hours expended by Ambac's attorneys was not unreasonable and warrant no further reduction.

C. Mediation Costs

The parties agreed to attempt settlement of this case by mediation, but the one-day mediation on November 18, 2008 proved unsuccessful. NPS now argues that Ambac is not entitled to recover any attorneys' fees or expenses related to the unsuccessful mediation.

In arguing that Ambac is not entitled to these fees and costs, NPS relies heavily upon Janney Montgomery Scott LLC v. Tobin, 692 F.Supp.2d 192 (D.Mass.2010). In Tobin, the court excluded attorneys' fees associated with a failed settlement negotiation because such fees "are not normally considered in the lodestar calculation" and "[t]o rule otherwise in a fee shifting regime would discourage parties from engaging in such negotiations because the losing party would have to pay for the prevailing party's fees." Id. at 198. NPS thus argues that fees for mediation or settlement negotiations are not recoverable as a matter of policy.

However, Tobin is inapposite because it addresses attorneys' fees due under Chapter 93A and Massachusetts law in the context of a fee-shifting regime inapplicable here. Id. at 196, 198. The provision for costs and attorneys' fees in this case states that NPS "will pay all costs and expenses incurred by Ambac in connection with the enforcement of this Agreement (including, without limitation, all reasonable fees and disbursements of Ambac's counsel)." (Agreement § 1.03 (emphasis added).) This is not a case involving a statutory fee-shifting provision entitling the prevailing party to attorneys' fees. The Agreement clearly states that Ambac is entitled to recover all expenses incurred in enforcing the Agreement. Under the Agreement, NPS would not be entitled to attorneys' fees even if it had prevailed in its action. Therefore, the policy concerns regarding the inducements or disincentives to reach a settlement outlined in Tobin do not apply. In fact, denying attorneys' fees incurred in the reasonable pursuit of mediation or settlement in contract disputes would provide a significant disincentive for such alternative dispute resolutions. The policy implications relevant to the agreement suggest that mediation or settlement costs — regardless of success — should be included in an award of reasonable attorneys' fees and costs.9

NPS has failed to identify a single court applying New York law that has held that expenses related to mediation or settlement negotiations are not recoverable under contractual attorneys' fees provisions. By contrast, research has revealed that New York courts have permitted just such recovery. See, e.g., Thompson v. McQueeney, 56 A.D.3d 1254, 868 N.Y.S.2d 443, 448 (2008) ("[I]nasmuch as the Agreement expressly allows reimbursement for attorneys' fees `incurred in connection' with litigation involving that document, it cannot be said that the fees incurred in an attempt to settle that litigation were not in fact a part of that litigation."); Tige Real Estate Dev. Co., Inc. v. Rankin-Smith, 233 A.D.2d 227, 650 N.Y.S.2d 114, 115 (1996) (memorandum decision) ("The court also correctly ruled that fees incurred in settlement negotiations are recoverable." (citation omitted)).

Consequently, I find that Ambac is entitled to recover reasonable attorneys' fees and expenses related to the mediation in this case. See Sugarman v. Village of Chester, 213 F.Supp.2d 304, 312 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) ("While we would not expect that a plaintiff would expend an inordinate amount of time on unsuccessful settlement negotiations, ... [we] conclude that [the plaintiffs] are entitled to reimbursement for their reasonable settlement efforts.").

Accordingly, with the exception of the travel expenses and fees discussed above, I am satisfied that the hours and expenses expended on the mediation are reasonable and recoverable.

D. Conclusion

In light of the foregoing analysis, I must calculate the resulting attorneys' fees and expenses due. Using the reduced hourly rates for Patterson Belknap's attorneys, I have calculated the total reasonable attorneys' fees and costs to be $584,658.02 ($550,022.03 for Patterson Belknap,10 $24,028.00 for DLA Piper, and $10,607.99 for McDermott). I further reduce this amount by the $13,506.31 in travel expenses incurred because Ambac did not hire in-district counsel and reduce it by a further $655.57 in expenses for local cab rides and meals billed by Patterson Belknap. While Ambac may have been willing to pay such additional costs, NPS need not shoulder them. See Daiwa Special Asset Corp., 2002 WL 31767817, at *2. Under my calculations, therefore, the total amount due to Ambac under § 1.03 of the Agreement for attorney fees and costs is $570,496.14.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons laid out more fully above, I will enter judgment for Ambac including (A) $2,740,432.18 in damages for its breach-of-contract counterclaim, plus interest accrued through March 15, 2010 of $290,067.13 and interest as accrued thereafter calculated under § 2.03 of the Agreement to the date of judgment; (B) $570,496.14 in attorneys' fees and expenses,11 plus interest accrued after March 15, 2010 to the date of judgment; and (C) any post-judgment interest under the Agreement.12

Patterson Belknap     Reduced     Total        Total Fees
Attorney              Hourly      Number
                      Rate        of Hours

Forlenza              $742.50          0.9         $668.25

Dykhouse                 $657        233.8     $153,606.60

Syme                  $491.40        290.1     $142,555.14

Larsen                $426.60         25.5      $10,878.30

Devine                   $396          1.8         $712.80

Ketty                 $329.40        565.5     $186,275.70

Staff                    $172         44.4       $7,636.80

Total                                 1162      $502,333.59

I direct the parties jointly to submit on or before June 10, 2016 agreed-upon figures bringing prior calculations for the amount of prejudgment interest up to the anticipated June 17, 2016 date for entry of final judgment, thereby providing a calculation of the total amount of that final judgment as of that date.