WOODWARD, J.
This appeal arises from a medical malpractice case in which appellee, Arvia Johnson, claimed negligence against appellant, H. Jeffrey Schwartz, M.D., and vicarious liability against appellant, H. Jeffrey Schwartz, M.D., P.A. Prior to trial, Johnson filed a motion in limine to bar the introduction of informed consent evidence, which the Circuit Court for Baltimore City granted, thus excluding any evidence or mention of informed consent. The case proceeded to a five-day jury trial. During the trial, appellants objected to the testimony of Johnson's expert witness, arguing that the expert presented new opinions not previously disclosed in discovery. The trial court overruled the objection and then
On appeal, appellants present three questions for review by this Court, which we have rephrased:
For the reasons set forth herein, we shall answer questions 1, 2, and 3 in the negative and thus shall affirm the judgment of the trial court.
On September 12, 2008, Johnson filed a complaint against appellants, claiming that Dr. Schwartz was negligent by "failing to properly perform the elective outpatient colonoscopy to ensure that [] Johnson's colon was not perforated [and] failing to employ an appropriate and careful technique." Johnson alleged that, as a result of Dr. Schwartz's negligence, he "suffered and continues to suffer severe conscious pain and suffering, has required multiple medical treatments and surgeries to correct this condition, has ongoing symptoms of Short Bowel Syndrome which are permanent, and has otherwise been injured and damaged." Johnson also claimed that H. Jeffrey Schwartz, P.A., was vicariously liable for Dr. Schwartz' negligence.
On October 16, 2009, Johnson filed a "Motion in Limine to Bar Introduction of Informed Consent Form or Mention of Doctrine of Informed Consent by Defendant." Johnson argued that, because he had not pled a claim of lack of informed consent, "any testimony or documentary evidence pertaining to that issue would be legally irrelevant, and could only serve to confuse the jury on the relevant issue of [appellants'] medical and surgical negligence." Appellants responded that evidence of informed consent was relevant to their affirmative defense of assumption of the risk, and thus "[a]t a minimum the jury should not be prevented of considering evidence supporting such a defense." On November 2, 2009, the trial court granted Johnson's motion in limine.
On the first day of trial, appellants' counsel explained during his opening statement that "part of the dispute is, did [the injury] happen when the tip was going in and cut a hole on the way in or cut a hole on the way out with the tip or did it happen a different way; a way called bowing." Counsel set forth appellants' theory of the case, namely that Dr. Schwartz performed the colonoscopy "correctly" and that the "tear or perforation resulted from a complication or risk called bowing."
On the second day of trial, Dr. Dwoskin testified that, to a reasonable medical probability, he believed that Dr. Schwartz "departed from standards of care in the manner in which he performed th[e] colonoscopy on [] Johnson." Specifically, Dr. Dwoskin stated that the injury to the colon was caused by "mechanical damage with the instrument itself" namely, "the tip of the colonoscope against the wall of the colon." Later, Johnson's counsel asked Dr. Dwoskin: "[A]ssume it was a bowing injury [and not a tip injury]. If it were a bowing injury would that mean there was no negligence on the part of Dr. Schwartz?" Appellants' counsel objected, arguing (1) that, when "the doctor was deposed in this case[,] [he] offered no opinions about whether a bowing injury would or would not be a breach of the standard of care," and (2) that Johnson's counsel had the responsibility to supplement Dr. Dwoskin's expert opinion with his opinion regarding bowing injuries, so that appellants would have had the opportunity to question him about such opinion prior to trial. Johnson's counsel responded that Johnson was not obligated to supplement Dr. Dwoskin's expert opinion, because appellants had not asked for Dr. Dwoskin's opinion on a bowing injury in an interrogatory or at deposition, and instead, had questioned Dr. Dwoskin about his opinion, which related solely to a tip injury. Johnson's counsel further argued that, regardless, "this [wa]s not a new opinion" of Dr. Dwoskin, because he "still doesn't believe this [wa]s a bowing injury," and that "this [wa]s really rebuttal testimony," because Dr. Dwoskin would not be available for rebuttal "after [appellants'] experts testify to say this bowing nonsense is just that." The trial court agreed with Johnson's counsel, overruled appellants' objection, and allowed Johnson's counsel to "ask it essentially as rebuttal testimony."
That same day, during Dr. Dwoskin's cross-examination and before the presentation of appellants' case, Alternate Juror Number 2 ("Alternate Juror 2") passed a note to the court, which stated that Alternate Juror 2 heard Juror Number 4 ("Juror 4") say: "I know we shouldn't discuss it, but I'm ready to finish this." When the court questioned Alternate Juror 2 about the note, Alternate Juror 2 stated that he also heard Juror 4 also say: "He cut him, he should get paid." Juror 4 denied having come to any conclusive opinions about the case and denied having told anyone any of his opinions about the case. Appellants' counsel moved to strike Juror 4. The court then questioned the remaining jurors; two jurors heard a juror either comment that the trial was going to take three or four days or asked why the trial was taking three or four days, but each juror stated that they were not influenced by the comment or question; the remaining jurors stated that they had not heard any such comment or question and that they had not formed any opinions about the
On the fourth day of trial, during the direct examination of Dr. Kafonek, Juror 4 requested a break. At this point, appellants' counsel requested to approach the bench and expressed his concern that Juror 4 was "observed on multiple occasions" to be "nodding and his eyes looking like he's getting sleepy and ready to fall asleep." Appellants' counsel asked that everyone "watch that as well," but did not ask for any further relief.
During the cross examination of Dr. Kafonek, appellants' counsel again asked to approach the bench. Appellant's counsel asserted that Juror 4 had fallen asleep for the fifth time that day, had to ask for a recess, and had been "late almost everyday." Appellants' counsel stated that he did not want a mistrial, but that he thought Juror 4 needed to be "replaced" and requested that Juror 4 be "excused." The court denied the request, explaining that the court had observed that Juror 4 had been "particularly attenti[ve]," "very keen as to what's going on," and "d[id]n't look anymore drowsy than anyone else looks and anymore alert than anyone else looks."
As previously stated, at the conclusion of trial, the jury found that Dr. Schwartz was negligent and that his negligence was the cause of Johnson's injuries. The jury awarded damages to Johnson in the amount of $23,791.19 for past medical expenses and in the amount of $650,000.00 for non-economic damages.
On November 13, 2009, appellants filed a motion for new trial, which the court denied in an order entered on January 13, 2010. On January 14, 2010, appellants filed a notice of appeal to this Court. Additional facts will be set forth below as necessary to resolve the questions presented.
On October 16, 2009, Johnson filed a "Motion in Limine to Bar Introduction of Informed Consent Form or Mention of Doctrine of Informed Consent by Defendant." Johnson argued that, because he had not "asserted a cause of action claiming violation of informed consent," the informed consent form was "irrelevant." He further contended that "any mention by [appellants] of this doctrine should be prohibited." Johnson asserted that appellants "may seek to introduce the standard preoperative consent form signed by [] Johnson [] and may also attempt to introduce evidence that [Johnson] was otherwise warned of the possibility of colonoscopy complications," in "hope [of] escap[ing] the consequences of [Dr. Schwartz's] surgical negligence by persuading the jury that [] Johnson somehow assumed the risk that the operation would result in a perforation of his colon." Johnson concluded that "any testimony or documentary evidence pertaining to that issue would be legally irrelevant, and could only serve to confuse the jury on the relevant issue of [appellants'] medical and surgical negligence."
On October 27, 2009, appellants filed an opposition to Johnson's motion. Appellants responded that the failure to allege a cause of action for violation of informed consent was "irrelevant to the introduction of evidence regarding the consent by [Johnson] to the surgery at issue." Appellants contended that their "entire defense is premised on the contention that bowel perforation is an accepted risk or complication of colonoscopy." Appellants further
On November 2, 2009, prior to the beginning of trial, the court held a hearing on Johnson's motion in limine. Johnson argued that "[i]nformed consent is not a defense to negligence." Johnson asserted that, although Maryland "has not spoken to this issue," his research indicated that of all the "other states that have addressed this have held that informed consent information cannot be presented in a negligence case." He further contended that he was "unable to find any appellate opinion where the assumption of the risk defense was upheld in a medical malpractice case." According to Johnson, if the court were to allow an assumption of the risk defense to be asserted in the instant case, it would be "contrary to the medical malpractice law of [] Maryland" and "relieve[ appellants] of any responsibility for the consequences of [Dr. Schwartz's] conduct[;] [i]n other words, if Johnson has assumed the risk, whether [Dr. Schwartz wa]s negligent makes no difference."
Appellants responded that Johnson was essentially arguing that "in Maryland, assumption of the risk is no longer a defense available in a negligence case involving a physician professional malpractice." Appellants pointed to Newell v. Richards, 323 Md. 717, 594 A.2d 1152 (1991), in support of the proposition that, although it may be rare, "there may be cases where assumption of the risk in a medical malpractice case is, in fact, an issue." According to appellants, a screening colonoscopy case is "exactly the kind of case where assumption of the risk" should be permitted as a defense in a medical malpractice case, because a screening colonoscopy is a test that "you can decline" and decide not to accept after hearing the potential risks. Appellants explained that they were not contending that "Johnson consented to negligence" and suggested that the court could instruct the jury that Johnson "did not accept the risk of negligence being performed on him. He accepted the risk of a perforation occurring in a certain number of these cases absent negligence as every expert has testified to."
In response, Johnson proposed that, to avoid confusing the jury and "run[ning] the risk of the jury using information improperly," the court
(Emphasis added).
The trial court determined that assumption of risk would not be an available defense:
(Quotations omitted).
Appellants then asked the trial court to reconsider its decision, because, even if the defense of assumption of risk was not permitted, appellants should be permitted to "put in valid evidence of discussions that happened in advance that corroborate the center of what [Dr. Schwartz] says why he didn't do something wrong." Appellants argued that such evidence was relevant to the case "when it's in the records, it's part of the process that went on and it is really the heart of the [d]efense that Dr. Schwartz and his experts are going to offer ... it's offered to corroborate the essence of the [d]efense."
After a brief recess, the court ruled, in pertinent part:
(Quotations omitted).
Appellants argue on appeal that they were "unjustifiably prevented from presenting their primary defense," because they were unable to present evidence of informed consent. Specifically, appellants contend, as they did before the trial court, that "[i]n defense of a negligence action, a defendant may assert that the plaintiff assumed the risk of injury, thereby barring recovery completely." Appellants claim that under Maryland law, "assumption of the risk is a permissible defense in medical negligence actions." Appellants state that, had they been able to introduce such evidence, they would have shown that Dr. Schwartz provided Johnson with "a comprehensive explanation of the alternatives, risks and benefits of undergoing the proposed procedure," including "informing [] Johnson of the risk of bowel perforation." Thus, according to appellants, "[a]fter having been duly informed, [] Johnson knowingly accepted the risk of perforation despite the proper performance of the procedure." Moreover, appellants contend that, although assumption of the risk may not be appropriate for a case involving life-saving treatment, a colonoscopy is a screening procedure, which Johnson "absolutely could have simply declined."
Appellants also argue, as they did before, that evidence of Dr. Schwartz's disclosure of the risk of bowel perforation to Johnson was part of the proper medical and surgical performance of a colonoscopy and thus was relevant to the standard of care. Appellants point to the deposition testimony of Johnson's expert "that physicians are required by applicable medical standards to warn their patient[s] prior to
Johnson responds that "assumption of the risk is almost never available as an affirmative defense" in a medical malpractice negligence action. He explains that "[a] patient who consents to a procedure with knowledge of an unavoidable risk of complication does not waive the right to complain of physician negligence that causes that complication."
Johnson also argues that, because the concepts of medical negligence and lack of informed consent are "separate and distinct" and his claims are based on appellants' "active negligence," the doctrine of informed consent is not at issue in the instant case Thus, according to Johnson, evidence of informed consent is "both irrelevant and unduly prejudicial in medical malpractice cases without claims of lack of informed consent." (Internal quotations omitted).
Finally, Johnson argues that appellants were "fully permitted" to and did introduce expert testimony that he "suffered a known complication resulting from appropriate, non-negligent care." Johnson concludes that "[t]he grant of the Motion in Limine in no way limited Appellants' ability to present evidence that [] Johnson's perforation was a non-negligent complication."
"[T]o establish the defense of assumption of risk, the defendant must show that the plaintiff: (1) had knowledge of the risk of the danger; (2) appreciated that risk; and (3) voluntarily confronted the risk of danger." ADM P'ship v. Martin, 348 Md. 84, 90-91, 702 A.2d 730 (1997). The doctrine of assumption of risk arises from "an intentional and voluntary exposure to a known danger and, therefore, consent on the part of the plaintiff to relieve the defendant of an obligation of conduct toward [him] and to take [his] chances from harm from a particular risk." Id. at 91, 702 A.2d 730 (quotations and citation omitted). In other words, assumption of risk means voluntarily "incurring that of an accident which may not occur, and which the person assuming the risk may be careful to avoid after starting." Id. (quotations and citation omitted). Whether the plaintiff "voluntarily exposed" himself to a known risk, "there must be some manifestation of consent to relieve the defendant of the obligation of reasonable conduct." Id. at 92, 702 A.2d 730 (quotations and citation omitted).
Maryland recognizes assumption of risk as an affirmative defense. See Md. Rule 2-323(g). If the defendant establishes assumption of risk by the plaintiff, it "functions as a complete bar to recovery because it is a previous abandonment of the right to complain if an accident occurs." ADM P'ship, 348 Md. at 91, 702 A.2d 730 (quotations and citation omitted).
In Maryland, assumption of risk may be a defense in a medical malpractice case, but as the Court of Appeals recognized in Newell, it is a "rare situation" where assumption of risk is an issue. 323 Md. at 730, 594 A.2d 1152 (quotations and citation omitted). We have not found any Maryland authority, and the parties have not cited to any such authority, that applies an assumption of risk defense in a medical malpractice case such as the instant one. Therefore, we shall resolve this issue by reference to relevant cases from our sister jurisdictions.
A review of cases from our sister jurisdictions indicates that assumption of risk has been recognized as a defense in medical malpractice cases in certain discrete factual circumstances:
In King, the patient, appellant, filed a complaint against her physician, appellee, asserting that he "failed to timely diagnose and treat [her] breast cancer." 709 N.E.2d at 1045. At the conclusion of all of the evidence at a jury trial, the appellant moved for judgment with respect to the issues of contributory negligence and incurred risk.
Id. at 1047.
Furthermore, the Court noted that the appellant sought treatment from another doctor who diagnosed her with cancer, advised her that this was an "aggressive cancer requiring immediate treatment," and referred her to an oncologist. Id. The oncologist recommended that the appellant "immediately begin six courses of chemotherapy, followed by a mastectomy, radiation therapy, and more chemotherapy." Id. The appellant "elected to disregard" the oncologist's recommendations and sought consultations from other physicians. Id. The appellant ignored the recommendation of another doctor with whom she consulted one month later, and eventually took the recommendation of a subsequent doctor and began treatment on January 31, 1994. Id. The appellant, however, completed only four of the six chemotherapy sessions. Id. From these facts, the Court of Appeals in King determined that "the jury could have concluded that [the appellant]'s conduct may have demonstrated a disregard for the risk, and that she may have voluntarily incurred the risk of disregarding the recommendations of four physicians to undergo a mastectomy and treatment." Id. at 1048.
Several other states have held assumption of the risk to be an available defense in similar factual situations. For instance, in Connelly v. Warner, 248 A.D.2d 941, 670 N.Y.S.2d 293 (1998), the Supreme Court of New York, Appellate Division, held that, in a case based "solely on medical malpractice" with no separate cause of action for lack of informed consent, the trial court did not err in failing to strike the affirmative defense of assumption of risk where the patient refused to have a naso-gastric tube inserted prior to surgery. Id. at 295.
In Baxley v. Rosenblum, 303 S.C. 340, 400 S.E.2d 502 (App.1991), the Court of Appeals of South Carolina held that, based on the particular facts of the case, the trial judge had a duty to submit the defense of assumption of risk to the jury in a medical malpractice action. Id. at 507. The appellant was the appellee's patient and was a doctor himself. Id. at 504. The Court determined that,
Id. at 507.
In Lyons v. Walker Reg'l Med. Ctr., 868 So.2d 1071 (Ala.2003), the Supreme Court of Alabama held that, in a claim for medical malpractice, the trial court did not err in "charging the jury on ... assumption of the risk over [the appellant]'s objection" where the patient had refused all treatment for his condition, even though he was warned of the serious consequences that could arise. Id. at 1085. The Court held:
Id. at 1088.
In Boyle, a cancer patient was advised by conventional cancer specialists to undergo surgery to resect her tumor. 961 F.2d at 1062. The patient, however, decided to explore noninvasive alternatives, and consulted with the appellant about what cancer treatments he could offer her. Id. The appellant's treatments consisted of "urine monitoring, urinalyses and the ingestion of various mineral compounds that [the appellant] claim[ed] retard and reduce the size of cancerous tumors." Id. The appellant testified that he had alerted the patient that "his medications were not FDA approved and that he could offer no guarantees." Id. Despite this admonition, the patient decided to go forward with the appellant's cancer treatment, and within a year, passed away. Id.
On appeal, the appellant claimed that the trial court "erred by failing to instruct the jury to decide whether the decedent expressly assumed the risks that caused her injuries." Id. at 1061-62. The Second Circuit defined "express assumption of risk" under New York law as "result[ing] from agreement in advance that defendant need not use reasonable care for the benefit of plaintiff and would not be liable for the consequence of conduct that would otherwise be negligent." Id. (quotation and citation omitted). The Court recognized that it had previously held in Schneider v. Revici, 817 F.2d 987 (2d Cir.1987) that "a jury charge on express assumption of risk is proper in medical malpractice cases where a patient knowingly forwent conventional medical treatment and instead accepted the risks that caused the injuries." Boyle, 961 F.2d at 1062. In other words, "a patient may expressly assume the risk of malpractice and dissolve the physician's duty to treat a patient according to the medical community's accepted standards." Id. at 1063. The Court determined that the appellant had presented evidence that the patient had "expressly assumed a risk in opting for the unconventional cancer treatment," and reversed the judgment of the trial court. Id.
As explained above, our review of out-of-state case law indicates that the viability of assumption of risk as a defense in medical malpractice cases, premised on negligence as opposed to informed consent, is limited to certain factual situations. The rationale for the limited viability of the assumption of risk defense in a medical malpractice action may be explained by the elements of the defense itself; for a person to "assume the risk," he or she must have had knowledge of the risk of the danger, appreciated that risk, and voluntarily accepted that the risk could occur. See ADM P'ship, 348 Md. at 90-91, 702 A.2d 730. Therefore, in the healthcare context, for a patient to have "assumed the risk" of a negligent medical procedure, he or she must have voluntarily accepted the risk that the doctor would negligently complete the procedure. Such a factual scenario, however, will almost never occur.
Id. at 884 (footnote omitted) (emphasis added).
Furthermore, the very nature of actions involving medical malpractice limits the applicability of the assumption of risk defense. As courts in other jurisdictions have recognized, "[t]he disparity in knowledge between [doctors] and their [patients] generally precludes recipients of [medical] services from knowing whether a [doctor]'s conduct is in fact negligent." Morrison v. MacNamara, 407 A.2d 555, 567 (D.C.1979). See also Dennis v. Jones, 928 A.2d 672, 677 (D.C.2007); King v. Solomon, 323 Mass. 326, 81 N.E.2d 838, 840 (1948); Los Alamos Med. Ctr. v. Coe, 58 N.M. 686, 275 P.2d 175, 179 (1954); Kelly v. Carroll, 36 Wn.2d 482, 219 P.2d 79, 90 (1950). As the District of Columbia Court of Appeals explained,
Morrison, 407 A.2d at 567-68. See also Knight v. Jewett, 3 Cal.4th 296, 11 Cal.Rptr.2d 2, 834 P.2d 696, 705-06 (1992) (stating that a patient "by voluntarily encountering" a risk of injury does not "`impliedly consent' to negligently inflicted injury or `impliedly agree' to excuse the surgeon from a normal duty of care").
Accordingly, we hold that, except in cases involving a refusal or delay in undergoing recommended treatment or the pursuit of unconventional medical treatment, a healthcare provider cannot invoke the affirmative defense of assumption of risk in a medical malpractice claim brought by his or her patient where a breach of informed consent has not been alleged.
In the case sub judice, Dr. Schwartz performed a routine diagnostic
Furthermore, based on our holding and the supporting rationale above, we conclude that the defense of assumption of risk is not applicable in the case sub judice. Dr. Schwartz's argument that Johnson voluntarily assumed the risk of a bowel perforation confuses the defense of assumption of risk with a defense to a claim of a breach of informed consent. A bowel perforation, according to Dr. Schwartz, is a normal and usual complication associated with the performance of a colonoscopy, and thus can occur without any negligence on the part of the physician. The defense of assumption of risk, however, assumes that the defendant, i.e., a doctor in a malpractice case, was negligent. See ADM P'ship, 348 Md. at 92, 702 A.2d 730 (stating that "there must be some manifestation of consent to relieve the defendant of the obligation of reasonable conduct") (quotations and citation omitted) (emphasis added). Dr. Schwartz did not concede in the trial court, nor does he in this appeal, that he was negligent in the performance of the colonoscopy on Johnson. What Dr. Schwartz is arguing, in essence, is that Johnson voluntarily assumed the risk of a non-negligent complication of a colonoscopy. That can be raised only as a defense to a claim of a breach of informed consent, which claim was not brought by Johnson in the instant case. In other words, a patient's voluntary assumption of a risk normally associated with a particular medical treatment or procedure, after having been properly informed of the same, occurs in virtually every case and does not relieve the physician of compliance with the applicable standard of care. To hold otherwise would mean that Johnson consented to allow Dr. Schwartz to exercise less than ordinary care when Dr. Schwartz conducted the colonoscopy. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in ruling that the defense of assumption of risk was not available to Dr. Schwartz.
Appellants next contend that Johnson's "decision to not assert a lack of informed consent claim ... should not have prevented [appellants] from showing that the discussion occurred," because such discussion "was part of the proper medical and surgical performance of a colonoscopy." They claim that "[t]he Court's ruling on [Johnson]'s Motion denied the jury essential relevant information." They assert that, at a minimum, they were "entitled to have evidence of the informed consent submitted to the jury" with "appropriate instruction[s]" on the role of informed consent "as evidence of Dr. Schwartz's compliance with the standard of care." We disagree.
"Breach of informed consent and medical malpractice claims both sound in negligence, but are separate, disparate theories of liability." McQuitty v. Spangler, 410 Md. 1, 18, 976 A.2d 1020 (2009) (emphasis added). A patient alleging an informed consent claim complains that "a healthcare provider breached a duty to obtain effective consent to a treatment or procedure." Id. at 18-19, 976 A.2d 1020. The doctrine of informed consent thus
Sard v. Hardy, 281 Md. 432, 439, 379 A.2d 1014 (1977). The physician's "duty to disclose" requires that the physician explain to the patient "the nature of the ailment, the nature of the proposed treatment, the probability of success of the contemplated therapy and its alternatives, and the risk of unfortunate consequences associated with such treatment." Id. at 440, 379 A.2d 1014. Breach of informed consent must be pled as a separate count of negligence. Zeller v. Greater Balt. Med. Ctr., 67 Md.App. 75, 83, 506 A.2d 646 (1986).
In comparison, a patient alleging medical malpractice argues that a "healthcare provider breached a duty to exercise ordinary medical care and skill based upon the standard of care in the profession." McQuitty, 410 Md. at 18, 976 A.2d 1020. In other words, medical malpractice is "predicated upon the failure to exercise requisite medical skill and, being tortious in nature, general rules of negligence usually apply in determining liability." Dehn v. Edgecombe, 384 Md. 606, 618, 865 A.2d 603 (2005) (quotations and citation omitted). Because claims of informed consent and medical malpractice are "separate, disparate theories of liability," we agree with Johnson that evidence of appellants providing informed consent to Johnson is irrelevant to Johnson's medical malpractice claim. See McQuitty, 410 Md. at 18, 976 A.2d 1020. Accordingly, the trial court did not err by precluding the admission of evidence of informed consent.
Even if evidence of informed consent was relevant, cases from our sister jurisdictions indicate that the admission of such evidence in a medical malpractice case would be prejudicial to the patient. The opinion of the Supreme Court of Connecticut in Hayes v. Camel, 283 Conn. 475, 927 A.2d 880 (2007) is instructive.
In Hayes, the Court determined that other state courts that "have considered this issue uniformly have concluded that evidence of informed consent, such as consent forms, is both irrelevant and unduly prejudicial in medical malpractice cases without claims of lack of informed consent." 927 A.2d at 888-89. As part of its rationale, the Court explained:
Id. at 889 (quoting Wright v. Kaye, 267 Va. 510, 593 S.E.2d 307, 317 (2004)). Stated differently, "whether the plaintiff patient had given informed consent to [a] procedure generally is irrelevant and `carrie[s] great potential for the confusion of the jury' in an action wherein only medical malpractice is pleaded, and the information given to the plaintiff is not at issue." Id. (first alteration added) (second alteration in original) (quoting Waller v. Aggarwal, 116 Ohio App.3d 355, 688 N.E.2d 274, 275 (1996)).
In the instant case, during its deliberations, the jury asked questions about what types of warnings Johnson received from Dr. Schwartz regarding the colonoscopy.
When a party alleges that a juror is guilty of bias or misconduct, the party must prove that the bias or misconduct "actually occurred" and that he or she was "prejudiced" by the bias or misconduct. Wright v. State, 24 Md.App. 309, 313, 330 A.2d 482, (1975).
When reviewing a trial judge's decision about whether to exclude a juror, "we will give deference to the trial judge's determination and will not substitute our judgment for that of the trial judge unless the decision is arbitrary and abusive or results in prejudice to the defendant." State v. Cook, 338 Md. 598, 615, 659 A.2d 1313 (1995).
Appellants argue that the court should have replaced Juror 4. They contend that "[j]uror misconduct is an absolute ground for dismissal" and that juror misconduct includes sleeping, inattentiveness, and "[a] juror's indication of a fixed opinion on the merits prior to submission of the case for deliberations." They assert that Juror 4's "denial of some of the accusations was unconvincing at best and varied during the course of the Court's questioning of him." They further claim that "[t]he fact that other jurors confirmed that he was indeed talking about the case before [appellants] had opened their case in chief, which was a violation of the Court's instructions not to do so, combined with the evidence of him not paying attention and/or falling asleep during [appellants]' case, was ample evidence of juror misconduct warranting his dismissal."
Johnson responds that "[t]here is no evidence of juror bias or misconduct that merits setting aside the jury verdict." He contends that appellants failed to demonstrate "with specificity that [J]uror [4] was sleeping or inattentive" and did not make any "affirmative showing of prejudice." Johnson further relies on the court's observations
Because appellants allege separate incidents of bias and misconduct by Juror 4, we will address each incident separately.
On the second day of trial, during the cross-examination of Dr. Dwoskin, Alternate Juror 2 passed a note to the trial court, which read: "Madam [sic] Court — Juror # 4 discussed his view on this case at the start of the day. `I know we shouldn't discuss it, but I'm ready to finish this ...'" (Ellipsis in original). The court asked Alternate Juror 2 to approach the bench and questioned him regarding the note:
The court then questioned Juror 4:
Appellants' counsel made a motion to strike Juror 4. The court then questioned the remaining jurors. The foreperson indicated that Alternate Juror 2 passed the note directly to the court and that she never saw the note. She recalled that one of the jurors stated that "[h]e thought that [the case] was going to take four days," but did not recall him saying anything else. She stated that she did not think that Juror 4 had reached any opinion about the case. She asserted that this had not influenced her in any way that would cause her to "make up [her] mind prior to hearing all the evidence in this case" and that she was able to be fair and impartial.
Of the remaining jurors, only Juror 3 had heard a juror say, "why is it taking three or four days"; the other jurors stated that they had not heard any comments about the case from any of the jurors. All of the jurors indicated that they had not formed any opinion regarding the case. As a result, the court denied appellants' motion to strike Juror 4.
Appellants argue that Juror 4's "denial of some of the accusations was unconvincing at best," and that, because the other jurors "confirmed" that he talked about the case prior to the presentation of appellants' case, that the trial court should have stricken Juror 4. We disagree.
Appellants are required to do more than just contend that bias occurred; they must prove that the bias "actually occurred" and that they were prejudiced by such bias. Wright, 24 Md.App. at 313, 330 A.2d 482. The record reflects that, upon questioning by the court, Juror 4 admitted to stating that "it doesn't seem like it's going to be a four day thing," but denied making any comments regarding "having [his] own opinion about the case." Juror 4 further affirmed that he understood the court's instructions to not discuss the case with any of the other jurors, that he was able to "adhere" to the court's instructions, and that he had not formed any opinion about the case.
The court then questioned the other jurors, and only Alternate Juror 2, Juror 3, and the foreperson heard Juror 4 comment about why the trial was going to take four days, but were not influenced by the statement. All the remaining jurors stated that they had not heard any statement by Juror
Appellants did not adduce any evidence to contradict these statements. In other words, appellants failed to prove that Juror 4 actually violated the trial court's instructions by making up his mind prior to the submission of the case for deliberations or by communicating his opinion of the case to the other jurors. Furthermore, appellants did not show that they were prejudiced by Juror 4's statement about the length of the trial, because only three jurors heard the statement, none of the jurors were affected by it, and none of the jurors had formed any opinion about the case as a result of the statement.
Although appellants also contend that Juror 4's denial and explanation were "unconvincing" as indicated above, we defer to the trial judge's determination, because the trial judge had the "opportunity to question [Juror 4] and observe his [] demeanor." Cook, 338 Md. at 615, 659 A.2d 1313. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in deciding not to strike Juror 4 for bias.
On November 5, 2009, the fourth day of trial, during the direct examination of Dr. Kafonek, Juror 4 requested a break. At this time, appellants' counsel asked to approach the bench and stated:
That same day, during the cross examination of Dr. Kafonek, appellants' counsel requested to approach the bench, when the following colloquy took place:
(Emphasis added).
Appellants claim that "the evidence of [Juror 4] not paying attention and/or falling asleep during [appellants]' case" warranted his dismissal. As explained above, appellants must support their claim by "prov[ing] that the misconduct actually occurred and that [appellants] w[ere] prejudiced thereby." Wright, 24 Md.App. at 313, 330 A.2d 482.
In Hall v. State, 223 Md. 158, 177, 162 A.2d 751 (1960), the Court of Appeals addressed the issue of misconduct committed by a sleeping juror. In Hall, the Court reviewed the evidence presented by counsel for the party alleging juror inattentiveness; specifically, the Court considered counsel's statement that "certain jurors appeared to be asleep" and a newspaper reporter's statement that "it appeared that one of the jurors was sleeping," but he could not say "definitely" that anyone was sleeping. Id. at 177-78, 162 A.2d 751. The Court weighed this evidence against statements from the three jurors involved, all of whom denied sleeping or being inattentive, and a statement from the opposing counsel that "he did not notice any inattentiveness on the part of the jury." Id. at 178, 162 A.2d 751. In determining that "[t]here [wa]s no showing that the defendant was in any way prejudiced," the Court also emphasized that "[t]he length of time the juror was asleep is not shown, nor does it appear what testimony was introduced during that time, nor that it was of any importance or extent, nor whether favorable or unfavorable to the accused." Id. (quotations and citation omitted). The Court concluded that, "[w]ithout stronger evidence that the misconduct alleged actually occurred, and a showing of prejudice to the appellant, we cannot say that there are grounds for reversal." Id.
In the case sub judice, appellants' argument that Juror 4 was sleeping and inattentive is supported by the statements of Dr. Schwartz and his counsel. Weighing against their statements are (1) Johnson's counsel's statement that he had not noticed any inattentiveness and that Juror 4 "ha[d] actually within our observation been one of the most attentive throughout the course of this trial"; and (2) the trial court's own observations of Juror 4. In particular, the trial court observed that
Even if the evidence supported the conclusion that Juror 4 was inattentive or sleeping, appellants did not adduce sufficient evidence to show that they were prejudiced. Appellants stated that they observed Juror 4 falling asleep on the fourth day of trial, when appellants presented Dr. Kafonek for examination. There was no evidence, however, about the length of time that Juror 4 was asleep, what testimony was being introduced during that time, or whether such testimony was of any importance or favorable or unfavorable to appellants. See Hall, 223 Md. at 178, 162 A.2d 751. Without such evidence, as in Hall, we cannot conclude that appellants were prejudiced by the trial court's decision not to strike Juror 4. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in deciding not to strike Juror 4.
On the first day of trial during opening statements, appellants' counsel explained that "part of the dispute is, did [the injury] happen when the tip was going in and cut a hole on the way in or cut a hole on the way out with the tip or did it happen a different way; a way called bowing." Appellants' counsel explained appellants' theory of the case to the jury, specifically that Dr. Schwartz "performed [the colonoscopy] correctly and that the tear or perforation resulted from a complication or risk called bowing," which appellants contended could happen without "negligence or mistake." On several occasions during his opening statement, appellants' counsel asserted that their experts would testify about what bowing is and why they believed that the injury "was that bowing complication."
During the presentation of his case-in-chief, Johnson called Dr. Dwoskin as his expert in internal medicine and gastroenterology. During direct examination, Dr. Dwoskin testified that, to a reasonable degree of medical probability, Dr. Schwartz "departed from standards of care in the manner in which he performed this colonoscopy on[] Johnson" when Dr. Schwartz "caused a tear in ... this portion of the colon in [] Johnson." He further explained that Dr. Schwartz tore Johnson's colon through "mechanical damage with the [colonoscope] itself." With mechanical damage, Dr. Dwoskin indicated that there are two types of injuries that can occur, one caused by "bowing" of the colonoscope and one caused by the "tip" of the colonoscope. He testified that "it's likely that the tip of the scope was bent," and it was the tip, not any bowing of the colonoscope, that caused Johnson's injury.
After eliciting Dr. Dwoskin's opinion that Dr. Schwartz breached the standard of care by causing Johnson's injury with the tip of the colonoscope, Johnson's counsel asked Dr. Dwoskin about bowing injuries:
Appellants' counsel objected and requested to approach the bench. The following colloquy then took place:
(Emphasis added).
Johnson's counsel then resumed his direct examination of Dr. Dwoskin:
Appellants argue that Johnson never disclosed Dr. Dwoskin's opinion regarding Dr. Schwartz's negligence, assuming the injury had been caused by bowing, in any of the discovery conducted in the case, including Dr. Dwoskin's "deposition, in response to the Court's Scheduling Order which required disclosure of expert opinions[,]" or in interrogatory responses. Appellants assert that, despite Johnson's failure to disclose Dr. Dwoskin's "additional opinions," the trial court permitted him to testify about this issue over appellants' objection. Appellants contend that they have been "unfairly prejudiced," because the court "allow[ed] an expert witness to offer an entirely new, previously undisclosed, and completely prejudicial theory of liability in the middle of trial[.]" They argue that this is at odds with the "purpose of discovery," which is "to prevent a party from proceeding to trial in a confused or muddled state of mind regarding the facts and claims in dispute" and "to avoid ambush at trial."
Johnson responds that "the testimony of [Dr. Dwoskin] was permissible rebuttal evidence," and not the introduction of "a new theory of liability." He asserts that appellants concede that this was "rebuttal testimony," and, according to Johnson, such rebuttal testimony is "a matter for the exercise of judicial discretion," which will not be reversed unless the ruling was "both `manifestly wrong' and `substantially injurious.'" Johnson contends that appellants were "in no way prejudiced by the brief general `rebuttal' testimony of Dr. Dwoskin being offered during [Johnson's] case," and thus the court did not abuse its discretion.
Johnson also argues that (1) Dr. Dwoskin was deposed before any of appellants' experts were disclosed or deposed; and (2) appellants' counsel never questioned Dr. Dwoskin at his deposition about their bowing theory. Johnson claims that his counsel questioned Dr. Dwoskin about the defense theory at trial after hearing appellants' counsel "advance[] the theory" in appellants' opening statement. He contends that appellants cannot argue that they were "unfairly `surprised'" by Dr. Dwoskin's testimony when (1) "they failed to inquire at his deposition, [ (2) ] heard
This Court previously addressed the issue of rebuttal evidence in the medical malpractice context in Riffey v. Tonder, 36 Md.App. 633, 375 A.2d 1138, cert. denied, 281 Md. 745 (1977). We defined rebuttal evidence as "any competent evidence which explains, is a direct reply to or a contradiction of material evidence introduced by ... a party in a civil action" during the other party's presentation of their case. Id. at 645-46, 375 A.2d 1138. In other words, "[a]lthough rebuttal evidence is a matter of right, for evidence to be admissible as `true' rebuttal ... it must respond to new matter." Joseph F. Murphy, Jr., Maryland Evidence Handbook 104 (Matthew Bender, 4th ed., 2010).
Whether evidence is properly admitted as rebuttal testimony involves two different inquiries: "(1) whether the proffered evidence does or does not satisfy the rebuttal ... standard; and (2) regardless of the answer to this question, whether the proffered evidence should be admitted or excluded." Id. In Holmes v. State, 119 Md.App. 518, 525 n. 1, 705 A.2d 118 (1998), this Court addressed the standard for reviewing the admission of rebuttal evidence:
(Quotations and citations omitted).
In the case sub judice, appellants introduced in their opening statement to the jury their theory that Dr. Schwartz "performed [the colonoscopy] correctly and that the tear or perforation resulted from a complication or risk called bowing." Appellants also told the jury that their theory would be supported by their experts' testimony. In contrast, Dr. Dwoskin testified, in Johnson's case in chief, that Dr. Schwartz caused Johnson's injury with the tip of the colonoscope against the wall of the colon. Johnson's counsel then posed a hypothetical to Dr. Dwoskin, asking him to "assume for the purposes of [the] question that this was a bowing injury, do you have an opinion that you can state to a reasonable degree of medical probability as to whether that mechanism or injury would signify negligence on the part of Dr. Schwartz?" Dr. Dwoskin's testimony in response to Johnson's hypothetical thus did not go to Johnson's own theory of causation, and, instead, was rebuttal evidence that "explain[ed] [and] [wa]s a direct reply to" appellants' theory of causation. See Riffey, 36 Md.App. at 645, 375 A.2d 1138.
Although rebuttal evidence is typically introduced after the defendant's case is completed, see Murphy, Maryland Evidence Handbook at 104, the trial judge has the discretion to vary the order of proof. See Sippio v. State, 350 Md. 633,
The focus of appellants' argument, however, is that they were "unfairly prejudiced" by the admission of Dr. Dwoskin's testimony regarding bowing, because this "entirely new, previously undisclosed, and completely prejudicial theory of liability" was unknown to them prior to trial, and therefore "[t]his trial by surprise put the[m] at an insurmountable disadvantage." Appellants support this argument by claiming that Johnson was required to, but never did, supplement Dr. Dwoskin's expert opinions with his opinions regarding bowing.
Maryland Rule 2-402(g) provides:
If under Rule 2-402(g), appellants had asked Johnson through interrogatories to "state the substance of the findings and opinions to which the expert is expected to testify and a summary of the grounds for each opinion," then Johnson would have been required to supplement his interrogatory responses "promptly" with any expert opinion of Dr. Dwoskin that was obtained prior to trial. See Md. Rule 2-401(e). Johnson is correct, however, that he did not have the responsibility to supplement a deposition; his duty was to supplement any other response to "a request or order for discovery." Id.
From the record before the trial court, it is unclear whether appellants actually propounded such an interrogatory on Johnson. Although appellants represented that they propounded interrogatories on Johnson, they did not direct the trial court to any interrogatory propounded on Johnson regarding the disclosure of expert opinions. Appellants argued to the trial court that Johnson found out about appellants' causation theory at their experts' depositions and, in anticipation of presenting Dr. Dwoskin to testify about bowing at trial, Johnson should have supplemented his interrogatory answer prior to trial with Dr. Dwoskin's expert opinion on bowing. Johnson argued that Dr. Dwoskin's opinion was not presented in an interrogatory answer and, instead, was presented at deposition; thus he argued that he did not have to supplement Dr. Dwoskin's opinion.
As previously indicated, the trial court was not shown any of the interrogatories propounded by appellants on Johnson. Had the trial court been able to review those interrogatories, it could have determined whether appellants had asked Johnson for Dr. Dwoskin's expert opinions and grounds for such opinions, and, if so, under Rule 2-401(e), Johnson would have been required to supplement Dr. Dwoskin's opinions. Based on the arguments presented to the trial court, appellants had asked about Dr. Dwoskin's opinions at deposition,
Moreover, appellants did have the opportunity to question Dr. Dwoskin about his opinions regarding bowing in his deposition, but failed to do so. The bowing theory was, in fact, appellants' theory of causation. Appellants presumably knew of their own theory of causation at the time of Dr. Dwoskin's deposition and could have asked Dr. Dwoskin about the bowing theory at that point. Also, because Dr. Dwoskin's opinion on bowing was presented in Johnson's case in chief, instead of in Johnson's rebuttal case, appellants were able to have their experts comment on Dr. Dwoskin's bowing opinion in the defense case. Therefore, even if Johnson should have disclosed Dr. Dwoskin's opinion on the bowing theory of causation prior to trial, the trial court's failure to exclude such opinion did not prejudice appellants and thus was not an abuse of discretion.
