KEHOE, J.

As a general rule, a party seeking to establish an easement by express grant or reservation must do so by executing a deed that complies with Maryland's recording statutes. Nearly fifty years ago, the Court of Appeals recognized an exception to this rule when it concluded that an express easement could be created by a memorandum that satisfied the Statute of Frauds even if the writing was not a deed. Dubrowin v. Schremp, 248 Md. 166, 171, 235 A.2d 722 (1967). More recently, the Court suggested that a plat could constitute such a memorandum, although the Court concluded that the plat in the case before it did not. Kobrine v. Metzger, 380 Md. 620, 636-37, 846 A.2d 403 (2004). This appeal calls us to revisit Dubrowin and Kobrine in order to decide whether a subdivision plat established an express easement to the benefit of an adjoining property.

William E. Peters and Victoria A. Peters appeal from a judgment of the Circuit Court for Harford County entering a declaratory decree in favor of the Emerald Hills Homeowners' Association, Inc. At issue is whether a lot owned by the Peterses is benefitted by an access easement over land owned by the Association. The circuit court concluded that there was neither an express nor an implied easement and granted summary judgment in favor of the Association.

Mr. and Mrs. Peters present a number of issues but the dispositive inquiry boils down to whether an express easement over the parcel in question was established during the subdivision process for what is now the Emerald Hills subdivision. Because we conclude that the answer to this question is "yes," we will reverse the circuit court's judgment and remand this case for further proceedings.

Background

Victor Posner is said to have remarked that "I buy by the mile and sell by the inch."1 The "buy by the mile" part of our story occurred in 1969, when a corporation controlled by Posner acquired a 64-acre parcel located near Bel Air, Maryland from William and Margaret Sheppard. This property was adjacent to "Greenridge," a residential subdivision developed by Posner. In the deed of conveyance, the Sheppards retained title to a parcel of a little less than an acre. (The parties refer to this property as "Parcel 765," and we will do the same.) Parcel 765 does not front on a public road, so the Sheppards also reserved a non-exclusive right-of-way over a 50' wide strip (the "Right-of-Way Parcel") running along a portion of the southerly2 boundary of Parcel 765. The Right-of-Way Parcel provides access to Southview Road, a public street in the Greenridge subdivision. Parcel 765 is now improved by a residence but when the structure was built is unclear from the record.

The "sell by the inch" process began in 2000, when Posner obtained approval from Harford County to develop what is now called "Emerald Hills," a residential community adjacent to the Greenridge development.3 Posner developed Emerald Hills in five phases and, for each phase, he recorded a subdivision plat in the land records. The County approvals for Emerald Hills called for the construction of "Streamview Court," a 50' wide public street, partially aligned with Southview Road, the existing street in the adjacent Greenridge subdivision. Separating the two public roads, but included within the Emerald Hills subdivision, is the Right-of-Way Parcel. Streamview Court ends in a cul-de-sac so its terminus does not line up precisely with the rectilinear Right-of-Way Parcel or the equally rectilinear Parcel 765. However, the cul-de-sac shares points of intersection with each parcel. The parties refer to the intersticial area between the two parcels and the cul-de-sac as the "Triangular Parcel." It is approximately 800 square feet in area.

Parcel 765, the Right-of-Way Parcel and the Triangular Parcel are depicted on one of the five Emerald Hills subdivision plats (the "Plat"). Part of the Plat is reproduced below (the image has been cropped to display the relevant portion and is not to scale):4

On the Plat:

The Plat was recorded in the land records in 2000. In 2001, Posner, individually, and on behalf of Posner, LLC, executed and recorded a Cross Easement Agreement. This agreement recited that Posner was the owner and developer of the Emerald Hills Subdivision and that Posner, LLC was the owner and developer of the Greenridge Subdivision. The purpose and effect of the relevant portions of the Cross Easement Agreement was to grant to the owners of the lots in each subdivision reciprocal, but nonexclusive, rights of access and use to the recreational areas and passive open space areas designated on the Plat as well as the plats for other phases of the Greenridge and Emerald Hills subdivisions.

Posner passed away in 2002. In 2006, after a mesne transfer that does not concern us, title to the passive open spaces (including the Triangular Parcel and the Right-of-Way Parcel) in the Emerald Hills Subdivision was conveyed to the Association. The deed did not contain a metes and bounds or other description of the property conveyed; instead, the deed referred to the Plat and the other Emerald Hills subdivision plats.6

In 2009, Mr. and Mrs. Peters purchased Parcel 765 from Mr. Sheppard. In 2011, the Peterses applied for an access permit from the County to permit them to construct a driveway on the Triangular Parcel that would allow them to connect to Streamview Court. The County approved the application, and the Peterses commenced construction.

The Association filed suit. Along with prayers for injunctive relief and monetary damages, the Association sought a declaratory judgment that the Triangular Parcel was not subject to an easement for the benefit of Parcel 765.

Mr. and Mrs. Peters filed an answer and a motion to dismiss or, in the alternative, for summary judgment. The Association subsequently filed a cross-motion for summary judgment as to its claim for a declaratory judgment. The trial court granted the Association's motion for summary judgment. In reaching its decision, the trial court focused on the legal effect of the Plat and the Cross Easement Agreement. As for the Plat, the trial court determined that:

However, the trial court decided that despite the Plat, the Cross Easement Agreement had extinguished any easement attached to Parcel 765. It stated:

The trial court entered a declaratory judgment to that effect. This appeal followed.8

Analysis

Whether a trial judge properly granted a motion for summary judgment is a question of law subject to de novo review. Worsham v. Ehrlich, 181 Md.App. 711, 723, 957 A.2d 161 (2008). A grant of summary judgment is appropriate when "there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the party in whose favor judgment is entered is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Id. In construing the Plat, the Cross Easement Agreement, and the other pertinent documents in this case, our role is to "ascertain and give effect to the intention" of the parties. Miller v. Kirkpatrick, 377 Md. 335, 351, 833 A.2d 536 (2003).

In our view, the circuit court was correct in concluding that the Plat was intended to establish an easement to benefit Parcel 765. Whether the Plat accomplished its intended result is a different, and more difficult, question. As we will explain, we conclude that the Plat was legally sufficient to establish the easement. Neither the Cross Easement Agreement nor any of the other documents cited by the parties changes this result.

I. An Express Easement

"An easement may be created by express grant, by reservation in a conveyance of land, or by implication." USA Cartage v. Baer, 429 Md. 199, 208, 55 A.3d 510 (2012). At both the circuit court and appellate levels, the parties present contentions as to both easements by express grant and easements by implication, specifically, an implied easement established by the recordation of a plat. Our focus is on easements by express grant.

As a general rule, express easements "may be created only `in the mode and manner prescribed by the recording statutes.'" Kobrine v. Metzger, 380 Md. 620, 636, 846 A.2d 403 (2004) (quoting Brehm v. Richards, 152 Md. 126, 132, 136 A. 618 (1927)).9 There is no deed granting an easement to the Peterses or their predecessors-in-title. This is not necessarily the end of the analysis because, as the Kobrine Court noted, the Court has recognized an exception to the rule enunciated in Brehm and other cases:

380 Md. at 636, 846 A.2d 403.

In Kobrine, the Court examined whether the plat in question met these requirements. Id. at 636, 846 A.2d 403. The Court concluded that the plat did not for several reasons: (1) the plat lacked the name and the signature of the grantor; (2) the plat did not specify which lot owners were intended to benefit from the alleged easement; and (3) the plat did not specify for what purpose the easement was intended to be used. Id. at 636-37, 846 A.2d 403.

Returning to the case before us, the Plat does not suffer from any of these defects. First, both the servient estate (the Triangular Parcel) and the dominant estate (Parcel 765) are identified. Second, the nature of the interest that Posner intended to grant is clear because the Plat explicitly states that the Triangular Parcel is subject to an "ingress and egress easement for access to Parcel 765." Finally, Posner signed the Plat, thus satisfying RP § 5-103. The Court's reasoning in Kobrine suggests that the Plat establishes an express easement.

The Association presents several arguments as to why we should not adopt the conclusion set out in the previous paragraph. First, it asserts that the facts of Dubrowin v. Schremp, 248 Md. 166, 235 A.2d 722 (1967), are factually distinguishable.

In Dubrowin, an exchange of correspondence between neighboring landowners confirmed an oral understanding between them that Schremp would grant a right-of-way over a portion of his property to the Dubrowins. 248 Md. at 168-69, 235 A.2d 722. The issue in the case was whether the letters were sufficient to establish the easement. Id. at 171, 235 A.2d 722. Relying on Brehm, 152 Md. at 132, 136 A. 618, the trial court concluded that there was no easement because the letters did not satisfy the requirements of Maryland's recording statute. Id. The Court of Appeals stated:

248 Md. at 171, 235 A.2d 722 (emphasis added; citation omitted).

The Association's observation that Dubrowin did not involve a plat is entirely correct but what is important for our purposes is that the Court of Appeals itself applied the Dubrowin analysis in Kobrine, a case that is factually similar in some aspects to the one before us. Posner's intentions as to the Triangular Parcel were unmistakably expressed on the Plat itself and he signed the Plat. In our view, the Court's analysis in Dubrowin is consistent with a conclusion that the Plat established an express easement for the benefit of Parcel 765.11

Second, the Association points to Md. Code Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article ("CJP") § 5-901 (1973, 2013 Repl. Vol.)12 and our decision in MEMC Electronic Materials v. BP Solar, 196 Md.App. 318, 340, 9 A.3d 508 (2010), to support its contention that:

This argument is not persuasive. CJP § 5-901, by its plain terms, sets out the circumstances in which contracts must be in writing to be enforceable. The issue before us is not whether the Association is contractually obligated to convey an easement over the Triangular Parcel to the Peterses, or, for that matter, whether Posner was under such an obligation to the Sheppards when he signed the Plat. The relevant question is whether the Plat had the legal effect of subjecting the Triangular Parcel to an easement for the benefit of Parcel 765. To answer that question, we look to RP § 5-103, which we have set out in note 10. And, as we have explained, Kobrine instructs that a plat that satisfies the requirements of the statute creates an express easement.

The Association's final argument is that the Plat did not establish an easement for the benefit of Parcel 765 because the Plat "is devoid of expressions such as `grant,' `convey,' `assign,' or `transfer,' relating to the disputed Triangular Area. There is no language showing a present conveyance or transfer of any interest in realty to Appellants or their predecessors in title." In support of this contention, the Association cites Bruce v. Dyer, 309 Md. 421, 524 A.2d 777 (1987). We do not believe that Bruce supports the Association's position.

At issue in Bruce was whether the parties' tenancy by the entireties was severed by the terms of their marital separation agreement, which called for the parties to list the marital residence for sale and to divide any proceeds. Id. at 424-25, 524 A.2d 777. The Court of Appeals concluded that the separation agreement did not sever the estate. Id. at 438, 524 A.2d 777. The Court explained that, at common law, spouses who desired to sever a tenancy by the entireties could do so only through a straw deed and that the General Assembly had changed the common law rule by enacting what is now codified as RP § 4-108(b).13 The Court stated that, although the statute had eliminated the necessity for a straw conveyance, the statute had not changed the requirement that, short of death or an absolute divorce, a tenancy by the entirety could be severed only by deed. The Court concluded that the separation agreement was not the effective equivalent of a deed because it lacked terms, such as "grant," "convey," or "assign" expressing an intent to convey a present interest in the property. Id. at 432, 524 A.2d 777.

The result in Bruce turned, in very large part, on the Court's interpretation of RP § 4-108(b) as requiring a deed to sever a tenancy by the entireties.14 In contrast, Kobrine makes it clear that, under certain circumstances, a deed is not required to create an easement. Rather, an easement can be established by a plat if the plat is signed by the owner, specifically identifies the servient and dominant estates, and is clear as to the rights to be enjoyed by the dominant estate. The Plat meets all of these requirements and accordingly satisfies the Statute of Frauds.

For these reasons, we hold that the Plat established an access easement over the Triangular Parcel for the benefit of Parcel 765.15 16 We will now address the parties' contentions as to the 2001 Cross Easement Agreement.

II. The Cross Easement Agreement

The trial court reasoned that even if the Plat had created an easement benefitting Parcel 765, the Cross Easement Agreement extinguished any such easement. It concluded that, because Posner was responsible for recording both the Plat and the Cross Easement Agreement, he would have specifically referenced the easement over the Triangular Parcel if he had intended to reserve the easement.

Mr. and Mrs. Peters contend that this conclusion of the trial court was error, and that the Cross Easement Agreement in fact created an express easement over the Triangular Parcel. The contention stems from the portion of the Cross Easement Agreement entitled "nature of the rights granted," wherein the Cross Easement Agreement states that:

The Peterses assert that, because the Plat is one of the plats listed in Schedule B of the Cross Easement Agreement, the ingress and egress easement language contained in the legend of the Plat was affirmed by the Cross Easement Agreement.

The Association counters that the Cross Easement Agreement could not, and did not, affirm any easement contained in the Plat. It argues that the fact that the Cross Easement Agreement was by and between Posner and Posner's LLC, and only contains a right of easement for the lot owners of the Greenridge and Emerald Hills subdivisions, means that the Peterses have no right to an easement under the Cross Easement Agreement.

We agree with neither the trial court nor the parties. We will begin with the Peterses' contentions. The Cross Easement Agreement is, in effect, a deed and Maryland courts construe deeds by using the rules of interpretation of contracts. See, e.g., John B. Parsons Home v. John B. Parsons Foundation, 217 Md.App. 39, 54, 90 A.3d 534 (2014) ("`In construing the language of a deed, the basic principles of contract interpretation apply.'" (quoting Olde Severna Park Improvement Ass'n v. Barry, 188 Md.App. 582, 611, 982 A.2d 905 (2009))). One of these principles is that we search for the parties' intent by considering the instrument as a whole. John B. Parsons, 217 Md.App. at 54, 90 A.3d 534; Gunby v. Olde Severna Park Improvement Ass'n, 174 Md.App. 189, 242, 921 A.2d 292 (2007).17 The purpose of this exercise is to discern "what a reasonable person in the position of the parties would have meant at the time it was effectuated[.]" White v. Pines Community Improvement Ass'n, 403 Md. 13, 32, 939 A.2d 165 (2008) (interior citation and quotation marks omitted).

The Cross Easement Agreement evidences an intent by Posner and Posner, LLC "to create reciprocal easements to permit lot owners of the property shown on the said enumerated plats to enjoy a common right to use and enjoy the open space areas, including `Passive Open Space' areas depicted on said plats[.]" (Emphasis added.) The Cross Easement Agreement does not explicitly define the term "lot" but we have no difficulty in concluding that Parcel 765 is not a "lot" — in the sense used in the Cross Easement Agreement — of either the Emerald Hills or the Greenridge subdivisions.

This conclusion is based on the fact that the recitals in the Cross Easement Agreement state that Posner and Posner, LLC were the owners of property — "portion[s] of which have been subdivided to create certain residential lots and open space as... more fully set on [the] [p]lats" referenced in an exhibit. Moreover, the Cross Easement Agreement recited that:

To be sure, Lot 765 is depicted on the Plat but that is because it is an abutting parcel, not because it was established through the subdivision processes that resulted in the Greenridge and Emerald Hills subdivisions. It would have been illogical for Posner and his limited liability company alter ego to grant to the owner of an adjacent property rights to use all of the two subdivisions' recreational areas on an equal footing with the owners of lots within the subdivisions. Thus, we conclude that the owners of Parcel 765 were not intended to be beneficiaries of the easements created by the Cross Easement Agreement.18

On the other hand, we do not believe that the Cross Easement Agreement extinguished the easement benefitting Parcel 765. As discussed, supra, the Cross Easement Agreement was for the express and exclusive purpose of granting reciprocal rights of access over the passive open spaces to the owners of the lots established by the various subdivision plats. Paragraph 2 of the Cross Easement Agreement explicitly states that the easements established by it are "non-exclusive." We see no conflict between the access easement and the Association's members' non-exclusive rights to use and enjoy the passive open space areas in the subdivision.

We are not holding up what occurred in this case as a model for real estate conveyancing. It would have been preferable for Posner to have executed a deed to the Sheppards when he recorded the Plat in 2000. However, judicial interpretation of instruments affecting title to real estate is usually a search for intent. In this case, the relevant intent was that of Victor Posner and, as we have explained, his intentions were explicit. The Plat very clearly identifies the dominant and subordinate estates as well as the nature of the easement and was signed by Posner. In other words, the Plat satisfies the criteria set out by the Court of Appeals in Kobrine v. Metzger.

We do not believe that our conclusion works any particular hardship on the Association. The granting clause of the 2006 deed conveying the open space parcels to the Association did not contain any description of the property conveyed but instead expressly referred to the Emerald Hills subdivision plats, including the Plat. Moreover, the Association took title to the property with constructive knowledge of the easement. See, e.g., Lindsay v. Annapolis Roads Prop. Owners Ass'n, 431 Md. 274, 291, 64 A.3d 916 (2013) ("Under the common law, a reference to a plat in a deed incorporates generally that plat as part of the deed.").

III. Proceedings On Remand

In conclusion, we hold that (1) the Subdivision Plat established an express access easement over the Triangular Parcel for the benefit of Parcel 765; and (2) the Cross Easement Agreement had no effect on the access easement. Therefore, the circuit court erred in granting the Association's motion for summary judgment and in denying the summary judgment motion of Mr. and Mrs. Peters. We reverse the court's judgment and remand this case to the court so that it can enter a declaratory judgment consistent with this opinion.

THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR HARFORD COUNTY IS REVERSED AND THIS CASE IS REMANDED TO IT FOR PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION.

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