DEBORAH K. CHASANOW, District Judge.
In this multi-faceted insurance coverage dispute, several matters are ready for resolution.
A more complete recitation of the factual background can be found in the court's prior memorandum opinion on summary judgment. (See ECF No. 84, at 1-7). The initial complaint in this case was filed in the Circuit Court for Montgomery County, and Defendant National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, PA ("National Union" or "Defendant") removed the action to this court. (ECF No. 1). As currently applicable, Plaintiffs assert a claim for insurance coverage against Defendant in connection with a lawsuit filed against them by Feld Entertainment, Inc. HSUS is a national nonprofit organization dedicated to protecting animals, and Mr. Lovvorn and Ms. Ockene are employed as attorneys with HSUS. According to Plaintiffs, Defendant:
(ECF No. 2 ¶ 36). Plaintiffs also seek a declaratory judgment that Defendant is obligated to pay all losses that Plaintiffs may become legally obligated to pay in the Feld Litigation. (Id. ¶ 46).
The original scheduling order set August 15, 2013, as the deadline for the amendment of pleadings. (ECF No. 11, at 2). Although the discovery deadlines were extended, the deadline to amend pleadings and add parties was not modified. A subsequent scheduling order established that the parties would complete discovery on or before October 10, 2014, and file dispositive motions by November 20. (ECF No. 62).
After discovery concluded, Defendant moved for summary judgment. (ECF No. 68). On July 30, 2015, the court issued a memorandum opinion and order granting in part and denying in part Defendant's motion for summary judgment. (ECF Nos. 84; 85). The court entered judgment in favor of Defendant on a portion of Plaintiffs' breach of contract claim, concluding that "no coverage is available for HSUS under [Coverage C of] the 2009-2010 [D&O] Policy." (ECF No. 84, at 25). Defendant's summary judgment motion was denied as to the individual plaintiffs, Mr. Lovvorn and Ms. Ockene. (See id. at 25-39).
In response to the court's letter order confirming matters discussed during the conference call, Plaintiffs filed the pending motion for leave to amend. (ECF No. 90). Defendant responded in opposition (ECF No. 91), and Plaintiffs replied (ECF No. 94). In the proposed amended complaint, Plaintiffs seek to add claims for breach of contract and declaratory judgment under two additional insurance policies that Defendant sold to HSUS: Policy No. 965-95-51, for the period January 1, 2007, to January 1, 2008 (the "2007-2008 D&O Policy"); and Professional Liability Insurance for Corporate Counsel, Policy No. 01-950-29-84, for the period June 1, 2009, to June 1, 2010 (the "Employed Lawyers Policy"). (See ECF No. 90-2).
The deadline established by the scheduling order for the amendment of pleadings was August 15, 2013, and that deadline has long since passed. (ECF No. 11). Consequently, Plaintiffs must do more than satisfy the liberal standard of Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a); they must first meet the mandates of Fed.R.Civ.P. 16(b)(4), which calls for "good cause" to modify a scheduling order. See Nourison Rug Corp. v. Parvizian, 535 F.3d 295, 298-99 (4
"A schedule may be modified only for good cause and with the judge's consent." Fed.R.Civ.P. 16(b)(4); see Nourison, 535 F.3d at 298 ("[D]istrict courts require the effective case management tools provided by Rule 16. Therefore, after the deadlines provided by a scheduling order have passed, the good cause standard must be satisfied to justify leave to amend the pleadings."). The movant satisfies the good cause requirement by showing that, despite due diligence, it could not have brought the proposed claims in a reasonably timely manner. See Montgomery v. Anne Arundel County, Md., 182 F.App'x 156, 162 (4
Id. at 769. The dictates of Rule 16(b) are not to be taken lightly, as "a judge's scheduling order is not a frivolous piece of paper, idly entered, which can be cavalierly disregarded by counsel without peril." Potomac Elec., 190 F.R.D. at 375 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
If Rule 16(b) is not satisfied, there is no need to consider Rule 15(a). See Nourison, 535 F.3d at 299; Marcum v. Zimmer, 163 F.R.D. 250, 254 (S.D.W.Va. 1995) ("[T]he focus of the inquiry is upon the moving party's reasons for seeking modification. If that party was not diligent, the inquiry should end."). Once the movant has met the burden of showing good cause, however, the inquiry shifts to Rule 15(a), which provides that "court[s] should freely give leave [to amend a pleading] when justice so requires." Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a)(2). Denial of leave to amend is appropriate "only when the amendment would be prejudicial to the opposing party, there has been bad faith on the part of the moving party, or the amendment would be futile." Edwards v. City of Goldsboro, 178 F.3d 231, 242 (4th Cir. 1999) (emphasis in original) (quoting Johnson v. Oroweat Foods Co., 785 F.2d 503, 509 (4th Cir. 1986)). Leave to amend may be denied as futile "if the proposed amended complaint fails to satisfy the requirements of the federal rules," including federal pleading standards. Katyle v. Perm Nat. Gaming, Inc., 637 F.3d 462, 471 (4
Plaintiffs' proposed amendments add claims for breach of contract and declaratory judgment under two additional insurance policies that Defendant sold to HSUS, the 2007-2008 D&O Policy and the Employed Lawyers Policy. In their motion, Plaintiffs addressed only the liberal standards of Rule 15(a) regarding amendments to pleadings. According to Plaintiffs:
(ECF No. 90-1, at 4-5). Plaintiffs further assert that "granting Plaintiffs' motion to amend will promote interests of judicial economy by allowing disputes over coverage under all three [p]olicies to be resolved in one litigation, thereby avoiding costly and unnecessarily duplicative litigation and the possibility of inconsistent results." (Id. at 5). In the pending motion, however, Plaintiffs neglect to consider Rule 16(b) and their burden to show good cause to modify the existing scheduling order.
According to Defendant, Plaintiffs' failure to address good cause under Rule 16(b) in their pending motion is alone sufficient to warrant denial. Defendant argues that:
(ECF No. 91, at 1). Assuming arguendo that Plaintiff can satisfy Rule 16(b), Defendant contends that Rule 15(a) mandates denial of Plaintiffs' motion because Plaintiffs acted in bad faith and, furthermore, because the proposed amended complaint would unfairly prejudice Defendant. (Id. at 2).
The Rule 16(b) "good cause" inquiry is focused on the movant's diligence. Here, it was only after Defendant identified Plaintiffs' failure even to address Rule 16(b) that Plaintiffs presented arguments regarding good cause. Because Plaintiffs' contentions appear for the first time in their reply brief, the court is inclined not to consider them. See Clawson v. FedEx Ground Package Sys., Inc., 451 F.Supp.2d 731, 734 (D.Md. 2006) ("The ordinary rule in federal courts is that an argument raised for the first time in a reply brief or memorandum will not be considered."). Not only does the careless lawyering by Plaintiffs' counsel warrant this treatment, it is also a sign of a lack of diligence — without which the court is hard-pressed to conclude that good cause exists to modify the scheduling order. See Rassoull, 209 F.R.D. at 374.
Even considering the arguments advanced in the reply brief, Plaintiffs nonetheless fail to establish good cause for modifying the scheduling order under Rule 16(b). As noted, the factors courts consider in evaluating good cause are the "danger of prejudice to the non-moving party, the length of delay and its potential impact on judicial proceedings, the reason for the delay, and whether the movant acted in good faith." Tawwaab, 729 F.Supp.2d at 768-69 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). In their motion, Plaintiffs must demonstrate that the reasons for their delay justify a departure from the rules set by the court in the scheduling order. According to Plaintiffs, "[t]he facts underpinning the claims that Plaintiffs now seek to add to their complaint — claims for coverage under [Defendant's] 2007-2008 D&O Policy and Employed Lawyers Policy — did not come to ripen . . . until long after the August 15, 2013 deadline for amendment had passed." (ECF No. 94, at 6). Because Defendant denied coverage under both the Employed Lawyers Policy on April 13, 2015, and the 2007-2008 D&O Policy on October 28, 2015, Plaintiffs contend that they could not have amended their complaint before the scheduling order deadline. (See id. (citing Tawwaab, 729 F.Supp.2d at 768 ("The Fourth Circuit has noted that a finding of `good cause' is justified under Rule 16(b) where at least some of the evidence needed for a plaintiff to prove his or her claim did not come to light until after the amendment deadline." (citation omitted)))).
Here, Plaintiffs were aware of the two additional policies before the scheduling order deadline, before discovery concluded, and before the court issued its summary judgment memorandum opinion and order. Plaintiffs filed the complaint on May 23, 2013, demanding coverage under only the 2009-2010 D&O Policy; they deliberately elected not to include any claim under either the 2007-2008 D&O Policy or the Employed Lawyers Policy in the complaint. The court's August 15, 2013 scheduling order deadline for amending the pleading was not extended, and discovery concluded on October 10, 2014. Defendant denied coverage to Plaintiffs under the Employed Lawyers Policy on April 13, 2015, while the summary judgment motion was pending; Plaintiffs only gave notice under the 2007-2008 D&O Policy on August 24, and Defendant denied coverage on October 28.
Moreover, the court may also consider the danger of prejudice to Defendant stemming from an amendment at this juncture. "When considering a motion for leave to amend, `the court may take into account the stage of the proceedings,' such as whether the parties have completed discovery." Elat, 993 F.Supp.2d at 520 (quoting Skinner v. First Am. Bank of Virginia, 64 F.3d 659, 1995 WL 507264, at *2 (4th Cir. 1995) (unpublished table opinion)). By failing to move for leave to amend until after the court ruled on Defendant's summary judgment motion, Plaintiffs have deprived Defendant of the opportunity to "conduct any necessary follow-up discovery. . . . If leave were granted, [Defendant] would also be prejudiced because of the obvious delay and because of the time and expense already incurred in discovery and preparation of a summary judgment motion, and the need for further discovery." Hemphill v. ARAMARK Corp., No. 1:12-CV-01584-ELH, 2014 WL 1248296, at *26 (D.Md. Mar. 25, 2014), aff'd, 582 F.App'x 151 (4th Cir. 2014); see Hammer v. Peninsula Poultry Equip. Co., No. RDB-12-1139, 2013 WL 97398, at *4 (D.Md. Jan. 8, 2013) ("Undue prejudice to the opposing party may result from an amendment that would substantially change the nature of the case or require the opposing party to invest more time and expense in new litigation preparation." (citation omitted)). Here, Plaintiffs filed the pending motion nearly one year after discovery concluded and approximately two months after the court decided Defendant's summary judgment motion. Such a delay prejudices Defendant, which rightly argues that "Plaintiffs' proposed new claims would involve development of . . . different defenses, potentially including the designation of additional experts by [Defendant]." (ECF No. 91, at 13 n.8).
The remaining arguments Plaintiffs advance in support of their motion do not address Rule 16(b)'s standard of good cause. First, Plaintiffs contend that the court's September 9, 2015 letter order extended the deadline for pleading amendments by establishing a briefing schedule for the pending motion. (See ECF No. 94, at 2-5). Plaintiffs' argument is unavailing, as it misinterprets the establishment of a briefing schedule as a modification of the scheduling order. In permitting Plaintiffs to file the pending motion, the court did not relieve Plaintiffs of their burden to satisfy the dictates of Rule 16(b) and show good cause for modifying the existing scheduling order. See Reyazuddin v. Montgomery Cty., Md., No. DKC-11-0951, 2012 WL 27241, at *6 (D.Md. Jan. 4, 2012). Nowhere in the September 9 letter order did the court purport to adjust the scheduling order or waive Plaintiffs' obligation to comply with the federal rules governing pleading amendments. Plaintiffs' additional argument that granting leave would serve the interests of judicial economy similarly fails to address the proper standard under Rule 16(b). Plaintiffs assert that "granting [their] motion to amend will promote interests of judicial economy by allowing disputes over coverage under all three [p]olicies to be resolved in one litigation, thereby avoiding costly and unnecessarily duplicative litigation and the possibility of inconsistent results." (ECF No. 90-1, at 5; see ECF No. 94, at 10-11). The interests of judicial economy do not demonstrate diligence and good cause under Rule 16(b). See Reyazuddin, 2012 WL 27241, at *6.
Because Plaintiffs lack good cause for modifying the scheduling order under Rule 16(b), their remaining arguments in support of leave to amend under Rule 15 need not be considered.
The court also requested that the parties submit memoranda "regarding whether Plaintiffs should be permitted to produce remaining discovery disclosures and which party bears the burden of demonstrating the reasonableness of expenses." (ECF No. 88; see ECF Nos. 89; 92; 93). Although not styled as a motion, in effect, Plaintiffs seek an extension of discovery in order to supplement responses, and Defendant seeks sanctions for Plaintiffs' discovery failings.
The dispute stems from the legal fees and expenses incurred by Plaintiffs in the underlying Feld Litigation. The complaint only requests damages in excess of $75,000.00, but does not particularize further. (ECF No. 2, at 9-11). At some point during discovery, Plaintiffs produced documents showing that approximately $178,000.00 of defense costs were paid. (See ECF Nos. 89, at 7; 92, at 6). More recently, Plaintiffs seek to supplement their responses to include $938,102.61 in additional fees and expenses. (See ECF No. 89, at 6-10). Subsumed within this issue is a dispute over which party bears the burden of proof — either production or persuasion — on the reasonableness of the costs.
Plaintiffs somewhat blithely contend that they satisfied their discovery obligation because the legal billing documents were provided to Defendant via Donna Roberts, a claims-handling agent, in reference to a different insurance policy. (See id. at 20-21). That assertion is easily rejected, although an assessment of any prejudice to Defendant necessarily must acknowledge that fact. Moreover, Plaintiffs stretch the relevant case law too far when they state that Defendant bears the burden to challenge those bills for reasonableness in the first instance. On the other hand, given the procedural posture of this case, Plaintiffs' failure to provide discovery in a timely fashion will not preclude their claim altogether. Rather, a brief period of follow-up discovery will remedy any deficit.
Defendant propounded interrogatories and requested the production of documents supporting Plaintiffs' claim for damages, and specified attorney invoices, and proof of payments related to the Feld Litigation. (See id. at 7; ECF No. 92, at 6-9). Under Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(e), a party is required to supplement disclosures in a timely fashion:
Failure to supplement with newly-obtained relevant information subjects a party to sanctions under Rule 37(c):
The broad discretion afforded to district courts under Rule 37(c) is to be guided by several factors: (1) the surprise to the party against whom the evidence would be offered; (2) the ability of that party to cure the surprise; (3) the extent to which allowing the evidence would disrupt the trial; (4) the importance of the evidence; and (5) the nondisclosing party's explanation for its failure to disclose the evidence. S. States Rack And Fixture, Inc. v. Sherwin-Williams Co., 318 F.3d 592, 597 (4
On December 23, 2013, Plaintiffs produced invoices from Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP ("WilmerHale") for work through August 2013 in excess of $178,000.00. No further formal supplementation has been made. Defendant asserts that it inquired in e-mails and voicemail messages whether Plaintiffs intended to supplement those responses. (ECF No. 92, at 9). Plaintiffs state, however, that Defendant knew that there would be ongoing costs and it should have deposed the WilmerHale lawyers to obtain such information. (ECF No. 89, at 6-8). Plaintiffs also contend that the invoices provided to Ms. Roberts, a claims handler for a different policy, on March 10, 2014, and April 2, 2014, for an additional $781,030.77, provided notice. (Id. at 8-10).
In Maryland, "[t]he party seeking an award of fees must prove the amount of attorneys' fees under the standards ordinarily applicable for proof of contractual damages." Bd. of Trustees, Cmty. Coll. of Baltimore Cty. v. Patient First Corp., 444 Md. 452, 485 (2015) (citing Bankers & Shippers Ins. Co. of New York v. Electro Enterprises, Inc., 287 Md. 641, 661 (1980)). Plaintiffs must concede that, in order to meet their burden at trial, they will have to produce evidence of the costs themselves. It is difficult to understand, then, how Plaintiffs can contend that they somehow do not have to produce those records in discovery in this litigation. In apparent agreement with that proposition, Plaintiffs propose that they be allowed to supplement discovery with those invoices already sent to Ms. Roberts and any additional invoices incurred while Defendant's motion for summary judgment was briefed. (ECF No. 89, at 25). Accordingly, Plaintiffs will be ordered to supplement discovery concerning defense costs within 7 days.
Plaintiffs bear the burden to offer sufficient evidence of the amount, necessity, and reasonableness of defense costs sought. In the cases Plaintiffs cite in their papers, the moving parties produced more than the bare records themselves to demonstrate damages in the form of defense costs. For instance, after a bench trial at which the plaintiff called two fact, but no expert, witnesses, Judge Bennett noted, "Maryland law governs the reasonableness of the attorney's fees and expenses in this case. The burden under Maryland law to prove the reasonableness and necessity of attorney's fees and expenses rests on [the plaintiff], and [it] must prove its claim for attorney's fees with competent evidence." Indus. Enterprises, Inc. v. Penn Am. Ins. Co., No. RDB-07-2239, 2009 WL 9057727, at *7 (D.Md. June 12, 2009) (citations omitted), amended, No. RDB-07-2239, 2009 WL 3647372 (D.Md. Nov. 3, 2009), and rev'd and remanded, 637 F.3d 481 (4
Indus. Enterprises, Inc., 2009 WL 9057727, at *9.
In Imgarten, a former employee sought attorney fees and costs against his employer after asserting a claim under the Maryland Wage Payment and Collection Law, Md. Code Ann., Lab. & Empl. § 3-501 et seq. Again, after a trial, the court reasoned:
Imgarten, 383 F.Supp.2d at 836 (internal footnotes omitted). Thus, Judge Bennett's use of the phrase "as a matter of law" should not be interpreted as stating that the fact that bills are paid is conclusive on the issue.
Also instructive is Patient First Corp., 444 Md. at 486-87 (citations and footnotes omitted), where the absence of detail in the records was fatal to the claim:
Plaintiffs must, then, produce sufficient evidence of the amount of defense costs sought, as well as the necessity and reasonableness thereof. It may not be essential to produce expert testimony, but something more than bare, sparse records is required. To date, Plaintiffs have produced only some of the billing records in discovery, and it is not even apparent from those records that they contain the requisite detail. Plaintiffs certainly have not produced the records for the remaining amounts sought; once they do, it will be possible to examine their completeness.
Plaintiffs contend that they "are not required . . . to show in the first instance that the defense costs they paid and [] for which they seek recovery from [Defendant] were `reasonable' or `necessary' to the defense of the Feld Litigation." (ECF No. 89, at 13). The cases cited by Plaintiffs, however, either concern legal issues distinct from those presented here or involve factual situations that make them inapposite. For example, Port E. Transfer, Inc. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 330 Md. 376 (1993), addresses the reasonableness of a settlement agreement negotiated by the insurer. There, after the insurer settled underlying claims against the insured, the insured refused to pay adjusted policy premiums — which had increased after the settlements — and the insurer brought suit for breach of contract. The insured denied liability, arguing that the insurer's settlements were unreasonable and not made in good faith. Id. at 378-80. In effect, the insured challenged the reasonableness of the settlement in order to defend against the insurer's breach of contract action. The Maryland Court of Appeals held:
Id. at 386.
Similarly, Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa. v. Porter Hayden Co., No. CCB-03-3408, 2014 WL 1320025, at *4 (D.Md. Mar. 31, 2014), concerns the reasonableness of settlement agreements negotiated by the insured after the insurers refused to defend. The insured resolved claims against it, and the insurers then challenged the reasonableness of the settlements. Judge Blake concluded:
Id. at *4 (citations omitted). Both cases cited heavily by Plaintiffs address affirmative defenses challenging the reasonableness of settlement agreements — not the recovery of defense costs.
This case is different. The issue of reasonableness is not a true affirmative defense here; rather, it is an assertion by Defendant that for at least some of the legal defense costs sought, Plaintiffs will not be able to carry their burden as outlined above. See 61A Am.Jur.2d Pleading § 300 (2016) ("[A] matter that merely negates an element of the plaintiff's prima facie case is not an affirmative defense."). Discovery will allow the parties to explore the other side's factual positions, and Plaintiffs will have to produce evidence of the amount of the legal costs, as well as their necessity and reasonableness. Defendant will be free to challenge that evidence, and the ultimate burden of proof will remain with Plaintiffs.
For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiffs' motion for leave to amend will be denied. The parties will have 60 days to conduct follow-up discovery regarding defense costs. A separate order will follow.
