PAUL W. GRIMM, District Judge.
Pending are Ndokey Enow's verified complaint, ECF No. 1, and verified supplement to the complaint, ECF No. 20, filed pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
Defendants have filed a Motion to Dismiss or, in the Alternative, for Summary Judgment ECF No. 22, with a memorandum, ECF No. 22-1, and verified exhibits, ECF Nos. 22-2, 22-3, and declarations, ECF Nos. 22-4 — 22-11, in response to the Complaint. Enow has filed a verified opposition with exhibits, ECF No. 25, 25-1 — 25-6, and he later supplemented the opposition. ECF Nos. 26, 26-1, 27, 27-1, 31-1.
Enow is an inmate in the custody of the Maryland Division of Correction and presently incarcerated at the Eastern Correctional Institution ("ECI"). He filed this Complaint on April 22, 2015, alleging that Defendants were negligent
Enow alleges that Defendants assigned him to live in cells with dangerous inmates who assaulted him. Compl. 6; Supp. Compl. 4. Specifically, he alleges that he was attacked on November 19, 2015 and November 25, 2015. Compl. 6; Supp. Compl. 4.
Enow alleges that on November 19, 2015, his cellmate Rawl Johnson attacked him. Enow alleges that he suffered a concussion, and Defendants Petrie and Cunningham left him alone while he was unconscious and failed to obtain medical treatment for him. Compl. 6; Supp. Compl. 4. Enow claims that Defendants Cunningham, Jackson, Butts, Younker, Colliflower, and Petrie failed to intervene to stop the assault. Compl. 15; Supp. Compl. 13. Further, Enow alleges that Defendants Covington, Thomas, Bryan, and Younker knew that Johnson was violent and had deteriorating mental health, but failed to transfer Enow to another cell. Compl. 14-15; Supp. Compl. 12-13. Enow alleges that Covington failed to come to his aid because Enow was suing the prosecutor and judge who convicted him. Compl. 15. Enow states that he was removed from the cell after the attack, and he alleges that Cunningham then stole his personal property, including photographs and legal reference books. Compl. 7.
Next, Enow claims that on November 25, 2015, his cellmate Christian Thomas attempted to murder him by tying a rope around his neck while he was asleep. Compl. 8, Supp. Compl. 6. Thomas then stabbed Enow's finger. Enow alleges that Cunningham, Jackson, Butts, Younker, Colliflower, and Petrie acted with deliberate indifference to his safety by failing to intervene during the attack. Compl. 15; Supp. Compl. 13. Thomas allegedly told Enow that officers had instructed him to kill Enow and make it look like a suicide. Compl. 9, Supp. Compl. 7. Enow claims that Thomas is a member of the Bloods, which Enow described as a gang that targets inmates identified as government informants or "snitches" for attack. Compl. 9, Supp. Compl. 7.
Enow alleges that Defendants knew there was frequent violence at MCI-H but failed to use available classification information to assign compatible inmates as cellmates and to prevent housing him with gang members. Compl. 16; Supp. Compl. 13. He claims that he has filed a copy of an informal inmate complaint dated November 15, 2015, expressing safety concerns about his cellmate Rawl Johnson, whom he alleged suffers "from psychosis or delusional disorder" and had threatened him with violence. Pl.'s Compl. Exs. 56, ECF No. 1-3; Defs.' Exs. 68, ECF No. 22-2. Enow requested that Johnson be placed in a separate cell. Pl.'s Compl. Exs. 56. The informal complaint does not bear a date stamp or signature to show that it was received by correctional staff. Id.
Enow claims that, as a result of the assaults alleged, he suffered loss of vision in his right eye, a concussion, deep cuts in his mouth, facial lacerations that required stitches, bruises on his face and body, severe pain, migraine headaches, chest pain, ear infection, dizziness, posttraumatic stress disorder ("PTSD"), and depression. Compl. 6; Supp. Compl. 4.
Defendants have filed verified exhibits and declarations to refute Enow's allegations. Enow was incarcerated at the Maryland Correctional Institution in Hagerstown, Maryland ("MCI-H") from May 19, 2015 to December 3, 2015. Traffic History, Med. Recs. 10, 12. Review of MCI-H records failed to produce any Serious Incident or Use of Force Reports. McNamee Decl., ECF No. 22-2.
Upon arriving at MCI-H on May 19, 2015, Enow was assigned to Housing Unit 5, the intake unit where Defendant Bryant is manager. Bryant Decl. 1, ECF No. 22-9. Defendant Colliflower also works in Housing Unit 5.
Enow's medical records do not reflect any sick call requests from November 19, 2015 until December 2, 2015, other than a November 21, 2015 sick call request in which Enow complained of food poisoning but did not mention the concussion he alleges to have suffered two days earlier. Med. Recs. 178. On December 2, 2015, Enow filed a sick call slip, complaining that he had suffered a concussion on November 19, 2015, when he was assaulted by Rawl Johnson, passed out, bled from his nose and mouth. Id. at 177. He asserted that, as a result, he suffers from migraines and headaches. Id. The sick call slip was stamped as received on December 3, 2015. Id.
The medical records show that following the November 25, 2015 incident, Enow was taken to the medical unit for a laceration to a finger on his right hand. Id. at 120-26; 203-10. Enow was transported to an emergency room outside the prison where he received an x-ray and sutures. Id.
Defendants have filed copies of correctional staff work assignment sheets for November 19, 2015 and November 25, 2015. Id. at 16-56. Those assignment sheets establish that Defendants Covington and Steven Thomas were not on the work schedule for either day. Id. Defendants Butts and Cunningham were not on the schedule for November 25, 2015. Id. Enow does not dispute this assertion.
Additionally, Defendant Covington states that he was not at work on November 19, 2015 or November 25, 2015. Covington Decl., ECF No. 22-4; see also Work Assignments, Defs.' Exs. 16, 17. Covington states:
Covington Decl. 2-4.
Covington notes that Enow was on administrative segregation at least twice for his protection after he instigated altercations. Id. at 3. Covington explains that in October 2015, Enow "was assigned to share a cell with Rawl Johnson . . . specifically because Johnson was passive and non-threatening." Id. Covington denies that he "knew that Mr. Johnson was violent and of deteriorating mental health, but refused to transfer Mr. Enow" to a different cell. Id. Covington states that Johnson was "not dangerous." Id. Covington states that he "had no knowledge of [Enow's] ongoing legal actions" and denies that he "failed to help Mr. Enow because he was suing the prosecutor and judge who convicted him." Id. Further, Covington declares that he never intentionally acted to place Enow in danger or assigned him to share a cell with a known dangerous inmate. Id. Covington notes that "[c]orrectional officers are not in a position to assess the mental health status of an inmate," and there was no evaluation by a medical provider indicating that Johnson was dangerous. Id.
Defendant Christopher Petrie states that Enow "had difficulty with other inmates." Petrie Decl. 1, ECF No. 22-5. According to Petrie, Enow "was better educated and said things that angered other inmates, and then he would exaggerate the resulting incidents." Id. Petrie was working as an administrative segregation escort on November 19, 2015 and November 25, 2015. Id. at 2. Petrie denies that he and other officers failed to intervene during the alleged attack on November 19, 2015. Id. Petrie declares that Enow "had a verbal altercation with his cell mate Rawl Johnson" about a food tray. Id. Petrie recalls that he and Sergeant Cunningham, who were "the only correctional officers in the area," separated the cellmates. Id. Sergeant Cunningham moved Enow to the recreation room across the hallway. "After feed up, Mr. Enow threatened to fight Mr. Johnson, so [Petrie and Cunningham] relocated him to a different cell." Id.
Petrie explains that because the altercation was verbal and there was no indication of physical assault, there was no need to file a serious incident report or escort either inmate to the medical unit for evaluation. Id. at 2-3. Petrie states that, as the escort officer, he "remember[s] taking Mr. Enow for a medical evaluation for a cut finger," but cannot remember "any details or whether there was an actual assault." Id. at 3. Petrie recalls that "Thomas was there and was relocated," and "to the best of [his] knowledge, there is no record of an assault." Id. Petrie attests that he never intentionally acted to endanger Enow and "never assigned him to share a cell with a known dangerous inmate." Id. Petrie attests that he has "never asked an inmate to assault Mr. Enow and [has] no knowledge of any other correctional officer asking any inmate to assault Mr. Enow." Id.
Defendant Charles Butts denies Enow's allegations against him. Butts Decl., ECF No. 22-6. On November 19, 2015, Butts was a timekeeper working out of an operations center in the main building, which is separate from the administrative segregation unit. Butts was not on the tier and had no interaction with Enow or his cellmate. Id. Butts was not at work on November 25, 2015. Butts attests that he has never intentionally acted to endanger Enow, "never assigned him to share a cell with a known dangerous inmate[,] . . . never asked an inmate to assault Mr. Enow, and [has] no knowledge of any other correctional officer asking an inmate to assault Mr. Enow." Id.
Defendant James Younker is a shift commander. Younker Decl. 1, ECF No. 22-7. He works in an office adjacent to the operations center in the main building at MCI-H, which is separate from the administrative segregation housing unit. Id. Younker asserts that on November 19, 2015, he was not on the tier and had no interaction with Enow or his cell mate. Id. at 1-2. Younker was not at work on November 25, 2015. Id. at 2. Younker denies that he knew Rawl Johnson was violent or that his mental health was deteriorating, and states that correctional officers do not assess inmate mental health status and that no medical professional had assessed Johnson to present any danger. Id. Younker states that when he assigns cell mates, he "evaluate[s] safety issues, including gang affiliation." Id. Members of different gangs are not assigned together, but non-gang members are assigned "to share cells with gang members because there is no gang conflict." Id. He attests that he never intentionally acted to endanger Enow, "never assigned him to share a cell with a known dangerous inmate[,] . . . never asked an inmate to assault Mr. Enow, and [has] no knowledge of any other correctional officer asking an inmate to assault Mr. Enow." Id.
Defendant Steven Thomas denies Enow's allegations and states he was not at work on November 19, 2015 or November 25, 2015. Thomas Decl. 1, ECF No. 22-8. Thomas attests he has "no recollection of any interaction with him." Id. at 2. Thomas denies that he and other officers knew Rawl Johnson was dangerous and had deteriorating mental health, and states that he has never intentionally endangered Enow, assigned him to share a cell with a known dangerous inmate, asked an inmate to assault Enow, and has no knowledge of any officer asking an inmate to assault Enow. Id. Thomas states that correctional officers do not assess inmate mental health status and no medical professional had assessed Johnson to present any danger. Id.
Defendant Michael Cunningham denies that he and other officers failed to intervene when Enow was allegedly attacked on November 19, 2015. Cunningham Decl. 1, ECF No. 22-10. Cunningham states "Enow had a verbal altercation with his cell mate, Rawl Johnson . . . over who would get which food tray." Id. at 2. Cunningham recalls that he and Officer Petrie "were the only correctional officers in the area." Id. The officers separated Enow and Johnson, and Cunningham moved Enow to the recreation area. Id. Cunningham states that he "did not see Mr. Johnson assault Mr. Enow, and there was no indication that he had been assaulted." Id. Moreover, "[h]e could not have been speaking to another inmate in the hallway, as he alleges, because movement in the segregation unit is strictly controlled." Id. According to Cunningham, Enow "was not unconscious as alleged, and he willingly cuffed up." Id.
Cunningham "den[ies] depriving Mr. Enow of access to medical treatment needed for the alleged physical assault by Mr. Johnson upon Mr. Enow." Id. at 2. He states that, "[b]ecause this was a verbal altercation and no indication of an assault, there was no need to file a serious incident report or take either inmate for a medical evaluation." Id.
Cunningham was off work on November 25, 2015, and therefore denies that he failed to intervene in the November 25, 2015 incident involving Enow and Christian Thomas. Id. Cunningham states that he has never intentionally endangered Enow, "assigned him to share a cell with a known dangerous inmate[,] . . . asked an inmate to assault Mr. Enow, and [has] no knowledge of any other correctional officer asking an inmate to assault Mr. Enow." Id. at 2-3.
Enow alleges that unnamed prison guards purposely failed to provide him administrative remedy procedure ("ARP") forms to prevent him from reporting officer misconduct. Compl. 11. Enow claims that he filed ARP requests on November 20, 2015,
On November 20, 2015, Enow filed ARP MCI-H 722-15, alleging that Officer Cunningham had stolen two legal reference books and personal items during the cell move on November 19, 2015. Defs.' Exs. 3-4. The ARP, however, contains no mention of the November 19, 2015 assault. On November 20, 2015, the ARP coordinator dismissed the ARP for insufficient information pending resubmission by December 15, 2015. Id. The records do not contain a resubmission of this ARP request.
In ARP MCI-H 760-15, dated November 26, 2015, Enow alleged that since his arrival at MCI-H on May 19, 2015, he had been placed in cells with "very violent inmates, gang members, and have constantly been abused and assaulted by these inmates." Id. at 5-8. Enow stated that he was attacked by Rawl Johnson on November 19, 2015 and by Christian Thomas on November 25, 2015. Enow described Thomas's attack as occurring during the course of a conversation during which Enow threatened to write a report against Thomas. Id. at 7. "That was when Christian jump [sic] up from his seating [sic] position, put on his sneakers, grab a rope (piece of cloth) to try to tie around my neck in order to choke me." Id. Enow explains that while he was talking and pointing his finger, Thomas grabbed the finger and tried to fracture it and caused it to bleed. Id. The ARP was received in the Warden's Office on December 2, 2015. On December 7, 2017, the ARP coordinator dismissed it for procedural reasons, because "[i]nmates may not seek relief through the Administrative Remedy Procedure on Case Management recommendations and decisions," and "Administrative Segregation is Case Management." Id. at 5-8.
On November 30, 2015, Enow filed ARP MCI-H 765-15, complaining that he had been denied access to the medical unit on that day, and that on November 19, 2015, he had been denied access to his seized property. He provided no other details. Id. at 2; see also Pl.'s Compl. Exs. 26. On December 8, 2015, ARP MCI-H 765-15 was dismissed for failing to contain sufficient information pending resubmission by December 23, 2015. Id. The records do not contain a resubmission of this ARP request.
Enow filed the pending Motion for Leave to File an Amended Complaint after Defendants filed their dispositive motion. Enow states generally that he wants to amend the Complaint to raise claims under the Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1201 et seq., section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 794, and the Protection and Advocacy for Individuals with Mental Illness Act ("PAIMI Act"), 42 U.S.C. § 10802, although he provides no further explanation. Rule 15(a)(2) provides that a party may amend its pleading only with the opposing party's written consent or the court's permission. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). The rule specifies that the court should freely give leave when justice requires. However, "a district court may deny leave if amending the complaint would be futile-that is, if the proposed amended complaint fails to satisfy the requirements of the federal rules." Katyle v. Penn Nat. Gaming, Inc., 637 F.3d 462, 471 (4th Cir. 2011) (citing United States ex re. Wilson v. Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc., 525 F.3d 370, 376 (4th Cir. 2008)). The proposed amendment is futile; Enow simply attempts to reframe his allegations by citing without explanation various federal statutes. He has not provided an explanation regarding how those statutes were violated or otherwise stated a claim under those statutes.
Summary judgment is proper when the moving party demonstrates, through "particular parts of materials in the record, including depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations, stipulations. . ., admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials," that "there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a), (c)(1)(A); see Baldwin v. City of Greensboro, 714 F.3d 828, 833 (4th Cir. 2013). If the party seeking summary judgment demonstrates that there is no evidence to support the nonmoving party's case, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to identify evidence that shows that a genuine dispute exists as to material facts. See Celotex v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317 (1986). The existence of only a "scintilla of evidence" is not enough to defeat a motion for summary judgment. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 251-52 (1986). Instead, the evidentiary materials submitted must show facts from which the finder of fact reasonably could find for the party opposing summary judgment. Id.
If this initial burden is met, the opposing party may not rest on the mere allegations in the complaint. Id. at 247-48. The opposing party "must come forward with specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986). Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party, summary judgment is appropriate. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248-49.
The argued existence of a factual dispute does not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion. Id. "If the evidence is merely colorable or is not significantly probative," summary judgment is appropriate. Id. at 249-50 (citations omitted). "When opposing parties tell two different stories, one of which is blatantly contradicted by the record, so that no reasonable jury could believe it, a court should not adopt [the moving party's] version of the facts for purposes of ruling on a motion for summary judgment." Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007).
On a motion for summary judgment, I consider the facts in the light most favorable to Enow as the non-moving party, drawing all justifiable inferences in his favor. Ricci v. DeStefano, 557 U.S. 557, 585-86 (2009).
Defendants argue that they are entitled to summary judgment based on Enow's failure to exhaust administrative remedies, Eleventh Amendment immunity, and respondeat superior, and because his allegations fail to support a constitutional claim. Defs.' Opp'n.
While Enow has flooded the docket with filings in reply to Defendants' dispositive motion and exhibits, he does not refute Defendants' declarations and verified work assignment records concerning their whereabouts during the November 19, 2015 and November 25, 2015 incidents. Of all the defendants whom Enow claims were present at the November 19, 2015 incident and/or failed to intervene (Cunningham, Jackson, Butts, Younker, Colliflower, and Petrie), only Petrie and Cunningham actually were present. Of all the defendants Enow claims were involved in or failed to intervene in the November 25, 2015 incident (Cunningham, Jackson, Butts, Younker, Colliflower, and Petrie), only Petrie was present. Accordingly, Jackson, Butts, Younker, and Colliflower are entitled to summary judgment in their favor, and Cunningham is entitled to summary judgment in his favor with regard to the November 25, 2015 incident.
Defendants argue that Enow has not properly presented his claims through the administrative remedy procedure, and therefore the claims must be dismissed pursuant to the Prison Litigation Reform Act ("PLRA"), 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). Section 1997 of the Prisoner Litigation Reform Act ("PLRA") provides that "[n]o action shall be brought with respect to prison conditions under section 1983. . . , or any other Federal law, by a prisoner confined in any jail, prison, or other correctional facility until such administrative remedies as are available are exhausted." 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). For purposes of the PLRA, "the term `prisoner' means any person incarcerated or detained in any facility who is accused of, convicted of, sentenced for, or adjudicated delinquent for, violations of criminal law or the terms and conditions of parole, probation, pretrial release, or diversionary program." 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(h). The phrase "prison conditions" encompasses "all inmate suits about prison life, whether they involve general circumstances or particular episodes, and whether they allege excessive force or some other wrong." Porter v. Nussle, 534 U.S. 516, 532 (2002).
The PLRA's exhaustion requirement serves several purposes. These include "allowing a prison to address complaints about the program it administers before being subjected to suit, reducing litigation to the extent complaints are satisfactorily resolved, and improving litigation that does occur by leading to the preparation of a useful record." Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 219 (2007); see Moore v. Bennette, 517 F.3d 717, 725 (4th Cir. 2008) (noting that exhaustion means providing prison officials with the opportunity to respond to a complaint through proper use of administrative remedies). It is designed so that prisoners "pursue administrative grievances until they receive a final denial of their claim, appealing through all available stages in the administrative process." Chase v. Peay, 286 F.Supp.2d 523, 530 (D. Md. 2003); see also Booth v. Churner, 532 U.S. 731, 735 (2001) (affirming dismissal of prisoner's claim for failure to exhaust where he "never sought intermediate or full administrative review after prison authority denied relief").
Exhaustion is mandatory and therefore, a court ordinarily may not excuse a failure to exhaust. Ross v. Blake, ___ U.S. ____, 136 S.Ct. 1850, 1856-57 (2016) (citing Miller v. French, 530 U.S. 327, 337 (2000) (explaining that "[t]he mandatory `shall'. . . normally creates an obligation impervious to judicial discretion")); see Jones, 549 U.S. at 220. And, typically, an inmate must follow the required procedural steps in order to exhaust his administrative remedies. Moore, 517 F.3d at 725, 729. Yet, the court is "obligated to ensure that any defects in administrative exhaustion were not procured from the action or inaction of prison officials." Aquilar-Avellaveda v. Terrell, 478 F.3d 1223, 1225 (10th Cir. 2007); see Kaba v. Stepp, 458 F.3d 678, 684 (7th Cir. 2006).
An inmate need only exhaust "available" remedies. 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). For example, "housing assignments involve case management decisions that are not addressed through the ARP; rather, case management decisions are to be addressed directly to the IGO [Inmate Grievance Office]," and therefore administrative remedies need not be exhausted for complaints about housing assignments. Gabriel v. DeVore, No. JKB-16-471, 2017 WL 371801, at *8 (D. Md. Jan. 26, 2017); see also Hurt v. White, No. DKC-14-1315, 2015 WL 1522944, at *10 (D. Md. Apr. 1, 2015) ("To the extent this claim raised a case management issue regarding Plaintiff's enemies list and his housing assignment, it was not addressable through the ARP process and the claim is exhausted."), appeal dismissed (June 12, 2015).
In Ross, the Supreme Court reiterated that "[a] prisoner need not exhaust remedies if they are not `available.'" 136 S. Ct. at 1855. The Fourth Circuit addressed the meaning of "available" remedies in Moore, 517 F. 3d at 725, stating:
In Ross, the Supreme Court explained that an administrative remedy is available if it is "`capable of use' to obtain `some relief for the action complained of.'" 136 S. Ct. at 1859 (quoting Booth, 532 U.S. at 738). Thus, an inmate must complete the prison's internal appeals process, if possible, before bringing suit. See Chase, 286 F. Supp. 2d at 529-30. As a prisoner, Enow is subject to the strict requirements of the exhaustion provisions. See Porter v. Nussle, 534 U.S. at 528 (no distinction is made with respect to exhaustion requirement between suits alleging unconstitutional conditions and suits alleging unconstitutional conduct). Exhaustion is also required even though the relief sought is not attainable through resort to the administrative remedy procedure. See Booth, 532 U.S. at 741.
Exhaustion requires completion of "the administrative review process in accordance with the applicable procedural rules, including deadlines." Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 88, 93 (2006). The Supreme Court has outlined three circumstances when an administrative remedy is unavailable and an inmate's duty to exhaust available remedies "does not come into play." Ross, 136 S. Ct. at 1859. These are: (1) when the remedy operates as a "simple dead end-with officers unable or consistently unwilling to provide any relief to aggrieved inmates"; (2) when the administrative scheme is so "opaque" as to be "practically speaking, incapable of use"; and (3) when prison administrators "thwart inmates from taking advantage of a grievance process through machination, misrepresentation, or intimidation." Id. at 1859-60.
The Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services ("DPSCS") has made an "administrative remedy procedure" ("ARP") available to Maryland State prisoners for "inmate complaint resolution." See generally Md. Code Ann., Corr. Servs. §§ 10-201 et seq.; Code Md. Regs. 12.07.01.01B(1) (defining ARP). The grievance procedure applies to the submission of "grievance[s] against . . . official[s] or employee[s] of the Division of Correction." Corr. Servs. § 10-206(a).
Judge Hollander provided a thorough description of the process in Aurel v. Mailroom North Branch, noting that "[a]n inmate `must exhaust' the ARP process as a condition precedent to further review of the inmate's grievance." No. ELH-14-2813, 2016 WL 3957647, at *7-9 (D. Md. July 21, 2016) (quoting Corr. Servs. § 10-206(b); citing Code Md. Regs. 12.07.01.02.D; DCD 185-002 (effective Aug. 27, 2008)). To exhaust the ARP process, the inmate must "complet[e] . . . `the administrative review process in accordance with the applicable procedural rules, including deadlines.'" Id. at *7 (quoting Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 88, 93 (2006)).
In DOC facilities, such as WCI, a prisoner must follow a three-step institutional ARP process.
Id. The administrative exhaustion requirement then is satisfied, even though the prisoner may choose to (but need not) appeal to Maryland state court. Id.
Relevant to the claims he presented in this case, Enow filed ARP MCI-H 722-15, alleging that Cunningham took two legal reference books and personal items during the cell move on November 19, 2015, although it contained no mention of a November 19, 2015 assault. Defs.' Exs. 3-4. In ARP MCI-H 765-15, he alleged that he had been denied access to the medical unit and to his seized property. Id. at 2. These ARPs were dismissed because Enow provided insufficient information, and the records do not contain a resubmission of either form with additional information as Enow was instructed to do. Nor is there any evidence that he availed himself of the other levels of administrative review. Thus, Enow has not provided any evidence that he attempted to exhaust his administrative remedies beyond the preliminary steps demonstrated here. Additionally, he has not provided a factual or legal basis for his assertion that these ARPs became "moot" upon his December 3, 2015 transfer to ECI or that his transfer was intended to thwart his efforts to exhaust his administrative remedies. Notably, Enow does not claim the process was no longer available to him. Therefore, the claims presented in these ARPs must be dismissed because he failed to exhaust them. See 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a); Ross, 136 S. Ct. at 1855-57; Aurel, 2016 WL 3957647, at *8.
In ARP MCI-H 760-15, Enow alleged that since his arrival at MCI-H, he had been placed in cells with "very violent inmates, gang members, and ha[d] constantly been abused and assaulted by these inmates"; he also alleged that he was attacked by Rawl Johnson on November 19, 2015 and by Christian Thomas on November 25, 2015. Id. at 5-8. Unlike his other claims, relief was not available through the administrative remedy procedure for this claim, and therefore this claim is not subject to dismissal for failure to exhaust. See Gabriel, 2017 WL 371801, at *8; Hurt, 2015 WL 1522944, at *10. But, all of his claims are unavailing nevertheless for reasons to follow.
Enow is suing Defendants in their official and individual capacities. Compl.; Supp. Compl. "[A] suit against a state official in his or her official capacity is not a suit against the official but rather is a suit against the official's office. As such, it is no different from a suit against the State itself." Will v. Michigan Dep't of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71 (1989) (internal citations omitted). Defendants argue that they are protected from suit in their official capacities under the Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution, which provides: "The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or subjects of any Foreign State." In effect, the Eleventh Amendment bars suits for damages against a state in federal court unless the state has waived its sovereign immunity or Congress has abrogated its immunity. See Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 101-02 (1984) ("It is clear, of course, that in the absence of consent a suit in which the State or one of its agencies or departments is named as the defendant is proscribed by the Eleventh Amendment."). States and their officers, sued in their official capacities, are not "persons" subject to suit for money damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Will, 491 U.S. at 71.
Although the State of Maryland has waived its sovereign immunity for certain types of cases brought in state courts, see Md. Code Ann., State Gov't § 12-202(a), it has not waived its immunity under the Eleventh Amendment to suit in federal court. Defendants were state employees during the time period at issue, and thus, Enow's claims for monetary damages against Defendants in their official capacities are barred by the Eleventh Amendment. See Will, 491 U.S. at 71; Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v, 465 U.S. at 101-02.
Liability is imposed under § 1983 on "any person who shall subject, or cause to be subjected, any person . . . to the deprivation of any rights . . . ." 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The statute requires a showing of personal fault, whether based upon the defendant's own conduct or another's conduct in executing the defendant's policies or customs. See Monell v. New York City Dep't of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 690 (1978); Vinnedge v. Gibbs, 550 F.2d 926, 928 (4th Cir. 1977) (stating that, for an individual defendant to be held liable pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, it must be "affirmatively shown that the official charged acted personally in the deprivation of the plaintiffs' rights") (quoting Bennett v. Gravelle, 323 F.Supp. 203, 214 (D. Md. 1971), aff'd, 451 F.2d 1011 (4th Cir. 1971)). Moreover, an individual cannot be held liable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 under a theory of respondeat superior. See Monell, 436 U.S. at 690; Love-Lane v. Martin, 355 F.3d 766, 782 (4th Cir. 2004) (noting that "there is no respondeat superior liability under § 1983"); Slakan v. Porter, 737 F.2d 368, 372 (4th Cir. 1984) (stating that liability of supervisory officials "is not premised on respondeat superior").
In a § 1983 action, liability of supervisory officials "is premised on `a recognition that supervisory indifference or tacit authorization of subordinates' misconduct may be a causative factor in the constitutional injuries they inflict on those committed to their care.'" Baynard v. Malone, 268 F.3d 228, 235 (4th Cir. 2001) (quoting Slakan, 737 F.2d at 372). Supervisory liability under § 1983 must be supported with evidence:
Shaw v. Stroud, 13 F.3d 791, 799 (4th Cir. 1994) (citations omitted).
Enow claims that Warden Dovey is liable for failing to adequately train and supervise MCI-H corrections officers and that he "knowingly and negligently removed plaintiff deliberately from protective custody status" even though he had been informed by psychology staff and senior corrections officers that Enow needed protective custody housing. Compl. 10-11, 14; Supp. Compl. 11-12. Apart from Enow's unsubstantiated allegations,
But, there is no evidence that Dovey, the warden of a large prison facility, was aware of Enow's purported housing needs. Nor is there evidence that Dovey's conduct was sufficient to confer supervisory liability. It also bears noting that when Enow's claims of danger were presented to prison authorities, they were investigated and he was placed in administrative segregation to ensure his safety. See, e.g., Admin. Seg. Notices, Defs.' Exs. 59-70; see also Bryant Decl. 2 (stating that Enow was "placed on Administrative Segregation 120, which means that he would have expressed fear for his safety"); Covington Decl. (describing investigation of chow hall incident). Warden Dovey is entitled to summary judgment on the claims against him. See Shaw, 13 F.3d at 799.
Even if a plaintiff "has been deprived of property under color of state law," there is no due process violation if "the deprivation did not occur as a result of some established state procedure" and "`an adequate state remedy'" exists to redress, post-deprivation, any "`property damage inflicted by state officers." Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527, 542-44 (1981) (quoting Bonner v. Coughlin, 517 F.2d 1311, 1319 (7th Cir. 1975)), overruled on other grounds by Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327 (1986); see also Juncker v. Tinney, 549 F.Supp. 574, 576 (D. Md. 1982) ("[I]f plaintiff has an adequate post-deprivation remedy in state court, that should satisfy the requirements of due process and plaintiff should not be permitted to bring a § 1983 claim in federal court."). The Supreme Court extended its Parratt holding to intentional deprivations of property. See Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 533 (1984).
Enow does not allege that the deprivation occurred due to an established state procedure. And, "Plaintiff may seek relief through the Maryland[ ] Tort Claims Act and the Inmate Grievance Office." Mcclain v. Shell, No. JFM-09-3053, 2010 WL 4485896, at *2 n.2 (D. Md. Nov. 9, 2010). This "right to seek damages and injunctive relief in Maryland courts constitutes an adequate post-deprivation remedy." Id. at *2. Thus, to the extent that Enow alleges that his personal property was improperly taken, he fails to state a constitutional claim. See Parratt, 451 U.S. at 542-44; Mcclain, 2010 WL 4485896, at *2 & n.2; Juncker, 549 F. Supp. at 576.
Regarding Enow's allegations concerning loss of legal reference materials, he does not allege injury sufficient to state a denial of access to the courts claim, because he fails to claim he suffered any actual injury. See O'Dell v. Netherland, 112 F.3d 773, 776 (4th Cir. 1997) (quoting Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 355 (1996)).
Defendants argue that they are entitled to summary judgment because there was no Eighth Amendment violation for failure to protect or to deny Enow medical care. The Eighth Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment. U.S. Const. amend. VIII. A prison official violates the Eighth Amendment when the official shows "deliberate indifference to serious medical needs of prisoners." Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104; see also Jackson v. Lightsey, 775 F.3d 170, 178 (4th Cir. 2014). An inmate also has an Eighth Amendment right to be protected from violence perpetrated by other prisoners. Danser v. Stansberry, 772 F.3d 340, 346 (4th Cir. 2014); Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 833-35 (1994). "Being violently assaulted in prison is simply not part of the penalty that criminal offenders pay for their offenses against society." Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834 (quoting Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 347 (1981)). To that end, "[p]rison officials are . . . obligated to take reasonable measures to guarantee inmate safety." Makdessi v. Fields, 789 F.3d 126, 132 (4th Cir. 2015).
For a prison official to be found liable under the Eighth Amendment, "the official [must know] of and disregard[ ] an excessive risk to inmate . . . safety; the official must both be aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, and he must also draw the inference." Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837; see also Rich v. Bruce, 129 F.3d 336, 338 (4th Cir. 1997). A two-part inquiry that includes both an objective and a subjective component must be satisfied before liability is established. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834, 837.
Objectively, the inmate "must establish a serious deprivation of his rights in the form of a `serious or significant physical or emotional injury' or substantial risk to either injury." Danser, 772 F.3d at 346-47 (quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834). Subjectively, the inmate must establish that the prison official involved had "a sufficiently culpable state of mind" amounting to "deliberate indifference to inmate health or safety." Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834 (citations omitted). Evidence establishing a culpable state of mind requires actual knowledge of an excessive risk to the prisoner's safety or proof that prison officials were aware of facts from which an inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists and that the inference was drawn. Id. at 837. Where prison officials responded reasonably to a risk, they may be found free of liability. Id. at 844. A prison official's subjective actual knowledge [of a risk] can be proven through circumstantial evidence. . . ." Makdessi, 789 F.3d at 133.
Despite both sides' production of extensive medical and prison records, there is no evidence beyond Enow's own assertions that he was assaulted by Rawl Johnson, knocked unconscious, and then denied medical care. The absence of a prison medical record or incident report when such records and reports regularly were kept is evidence that the altercation and injury did not occur. See Fed. R. Evid. 803(a)(7). As noted, although Enow claims Defendants Cunningham, Jackson, Butts, Younker, Colliflower, and Petrie failed to intervene to stop the assault, only Cunningham and Petrie were in the area, and they offered evidence that the altercation was verbal not physical. Cunningham states that Enow was not unconscious and "willingly cuffed up." Enow filed a sick call slip on November 21, 2015, two days after the purported assault concerning food poisoning, but tellingly made no mention of suffering a concussion or assault two days earlier. Defs.' Exs. 178. When Enow filed ARP MCI-H 722-15 on November 20, 2015, the day after the alleged assault, he made no mention of an assault, concussion, or denial of medical care.
Enow fails to show Defendants knew of and disregarded an excessive risk to him posed by either cellmate Rawl Johnson or Christian Thomas. In fact, most of the Defendants attest that they had little or no involvement with Enow. Of the Defendants who did, they have provided evidence of actions taken to ensure Enow's safety. Covington placed Enow in administrative segregation for much of the time he was housed at MCI-H for his safety, and placed him with Rawl Johnson who was known to have a passive demeanor. Once Petrie and Cunningham became aware that Enow and Johnson were arguing, they separated the cellmates and relocated Enow. Enow does not provide any evidence, apart from his assertion that Christian Thomas is a member of a gang, to show that Christian Thomas was known to pose a threat to him. And, Covington explains that non-gang members may be housed with members of gangs; it is only when two or more potential cellmates are members of different gangs that they are not housed together. Additionally, it is undisputed that, after Enow and Thomas fought, Enow was promptly escorted for medical attention. Defendants uniformly deny acting to endanger Enow, knowingly placing him with a dangerous inmate, and instructing Christian Thomas to attack Enow. Enow's Eight Amendment claims cannot withstand Defendants' summary judgment motion. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837.
Against this background, even when the facts are viewed in a light most favorable to Enow, his self-serving, unsubstantiated allegations are contradicted by the record. Enow fails to show that Defendants acted with the requisite deliberate indifference to his safety or health to premise a claim of Eighth Amendment violation for failure to protect or failure to provide medical care, and there are no genuine disputes of material fact whether a constitutional violation has occurred. Accordingly, Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment will be granted in a separate Order.
Id. at *9.
