PAUL W. GRIMM, District Judge.
On September 22, 2006, Plaintiff Kevin Betskoff refinanced his mortgage and obtained a $436,500.00 loan secured by the real property he owned at 3423 Nottingham Road, Westminster, Maryland 21157 (the "Property"). Compl. ¶ 9, ECF No. 1; Pl.'s State Ct. Countercl. ¶¶ 14, 17, 19, ECF No. 12-4.
Currently pending is the Substitute Trustees' Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 12, which the parties fully briefed, ECF Nos. 12-1, 14, 15. A hearing is not necessary. See Loc. R. 105.6. Because res judicata bars Betskoff's claims against the Substitute Trustees, I will dismiss the case without reaching the alternative grounds Defendants raise for dismissal.
The Substitute Trustees filed the Foreclosure Action against Betskoff in Carroll County Circuit Court on June 21, 2013. State Ct. Docket. In response, Betskoff filed a third-party complaint and counterclaims against them on August 19, 2013,
Betskoff filed another motion to dismiss the Foreclosure Action on May 22, 2017, which the court denied on July 12, 2017. Id. Then, on March 7, 2018, he removed the Foreclosure Action to this Court. Id.; see Rosenberg v. Betskoff, No. GLR-18-672 (D. Md.). Following the removal, the Substitute Trustees sold the Property and filed a Notice of Report of Sale in state court on March 27, 2018. State Ct. Docket. After this Court determined that it did not have jurisdiction over the Foreclosure Action and remanded the case to state court on April 25, 2018, ECF No. 29 in GLR-18-672, the state court issued a Final Order of Ratification on May 14, 2018, State Ct. Docket. Betskoff filed a petition to set aside the foreclosure sale in state court on May 23, 2018, which the court denied on July 2, 2018. State Ct. Docket.
At that point, when the state court had issued a Final Order of Ratification but the Foreclosure Action remained open, Betskoff filed his Complaint in this Court against the Substitute Trustees on July 12, 2018, alleging violations of the Fair Debt Collections Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1692 et seq. ("FDCPA"), as well as state law claims arising from the foreclosure of his Property. Compl.
Meanwhile, he continued to file motions in the Foreclosure Action. On July 23, 2018, he filed a motion for sanctions in state court, which the court denied on August 3, 2018. State Ct. Docket. On August 15, 2018, he filed both a motion for reconsideration in the state circuit court and an appeal to the Court of Special Appeals. Id. The state circuit court denied the motion for reconsideration on September 13, 2018, and Betskoff supplemented his appeal on October 4, 2018. Id. The state circuit court issued an order granting possession of property, and Betskoff filed a motion for reconsideration on October 31, 2018, which the court denied on November 30, 2018. Id. On April 4, 2019, the Court of Special Appeals dismissed his appeal. Id.
The Substitute Trustees move to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), under which Betskoff's pleadings are subject to dismissal if they "fail[ ] to state a claim upon which relief can be granted." Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). A pleading must contain "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief," Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2), and must state "a plausible claim for relief," Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678-79 (2009). "A claim has facial plausibility when the [claimant] pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the [opposing party] is liable for the misconduct alleged." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. "Although courts should construe pleadings of self-represented litigants liberally, Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007), legal conclusions or conclusory statements do not suffice, Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678." Moore v. Jordan, No. TDC-16-1741, 2017 WL 3671167, at *4 (D. Md. Aug. 23, 2017).
Rule 12(b)(6)'s purpose "is to test the sufficiency of a [claim] and not to resolve contests surrounding the facts, the merits of a claim, or the applicability of defenses." Velencia v. Drezhlo, No. RDB-12-237, 2012 WL 6562764, at *4 (D. Md. Dec. 13, 2012) (quoting Presley v. City of Charlottesville, 464 F.3d 480, 483 (4th Cir. 2006)). If an affirmative defense, such as res judicata, "clearly appears on the face of the [pleading]," however, the Court may rule on that defense when considering a motion to dismiss. Kalos v. Centennial Sur. Assocs., No. CCB-12-1532, 2012 WL 6210117, at *2 (D. Md. Dec. 12, 2012) (quoting Andrews v. Daw, 201 F.3d 521, 524 n.1 (4th Cir. 2000) (citation and quotation marks omitted)).
Betskoff brings a federal statutory claim under the FDCPA and state tort claims of fraud and negligence against the Substitute Trustees. Compl. ¶¶ 35-57. In response, Defendants raise the affirmative defense of res judicata, and they argue in the alternative that Betskoff fails to state a claim. Defs.' Mem. 1. When, as here, federal court litigants assert that a state court judgment has preclusive effect, "[the] federal court must give to [the] state court judgment the same preclusive effect as would be given that judgment under the law of the State in which the judgment was rendered." Migra v. Warren City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., 465 U.S. 75, 81 (1984). Under Maryland law, res judicata, or claim preclusion, provides grounds for dismissal if a defendant establishes that "(1) the present parties are the same or in privity with the parties to the earlier dispute, (2) the claim presented is identical to the one determined in the prior adjudication, and (3) there has been a final judgment on the merits." Capel v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., No. WDQ-09-2374, 2010 WL 457534, at *3 (D. Md. Feb. 3, 2010) (citing Anne Arundel County Bd. of Educ. v. Norville, 887 A.2d 1029, 1037 (Md. 2005)).
In the Foreclosure Action, Betskoff was a defendant and Diane S. Rosenberg was a plaintiff.
Under Maryland law, courts apply the transaction test to determine whether claims are identical. See Kent Cty. Bd. of Educ. v. Bilbrough, 525 A.2d 232, 238 (Md. 1987). "Under the transaction test, a `claim' includes all rights of the plaintiff to remedies against the defendant with respect to all or any part of the transaction, or series of connected transactions, out of which the claim arose." Boyd v. Bowen, 806 A.2d 314, 325 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2002) (citing FWB Bank v. Richman, 731 A.2d 916, 928 (Md. 1999)). Notably, res judicata bars not only claims from the original litigation, but also other claims that could have been brought in the original litigation. Id. (citing Gertz v. Anne Arundel Cty., 661 A.2d 1157, 1161 (Md. 1995)). This Court consistently has held that res judicata bars collateral attack on foreclosure judgments. See Prudencio v. Capital One, N.A., No. PWG-16-2693, 2016 WL 6947016, at *3 (D. Md. Nov. 28, 2016) (concluding that the second element was satisfied because "all of Plaintiffs' present claims" of violations of the FDCPA, the RESPA, and RICO; negligence; breach of fiduciary duties; fraud and misrepresentation; civil conspiracy; and intentional infliction of emotional distress "could have been raised in the foreclosure action"); Jones v. HSBC Bank USA, N.A., No. RWT 09CV2904, 2011 WL 382371, at *5 (D. Md. Feb. 3, 2011) (holding that claims for violations of the FDCPA, breach of fiduciary duty, and fraud could not be brought in this Court, as the claims could have been raised in the foreclosure proceeding), aff'd, 444 F. App'x 640 (4th Cir. 2011); Anyanwutaku, 85 F. Supp. 2d at 571 (concluding that plaintiff's claims for, inter alia, illegal foreclosure, fraud and misrepresentation, and conspiracy were barred by res judicata as the claims concern the same transaction).
As noted, Betskoff claims that Defendants violated the FDCPA and are liable for fraud and negligence. He contends that "[t]he state court is without jurisdiction to make a final judgment on the merits in this case involving the parties," as "[a] violation of the Fair Debt Collections Practices Act by its very nature is within the purview of the federal courts and if it were brought in a state court action it could easily be removed to the U.S. District Court as it is an issue of federal question." Pl.'s Opp'n 10. The FDCPA is indeed a federal statute that gives rise to this Court's federal question jurisdiction, but federal question jurisdiction is not exclusive unless the statute giving rise to jurisdiction explicitly so states (which the FDCPA does not). See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1441; 15 U.S.C. § 1692 et seq.; Mims v. Arrow Fin. Servs., LLC, 565 U.S. 368, 378 (2012) ("In cases `arising under' federal law, we note, there is a `deeply rooted presumption in favor of concurrent state court jurisdiction,' rebuttable if `Congress affirmatively ousts the state courts of jurisdiction over a particular federal claim.'" (quoting Tafflin v. Levitt, 493 U.S. 455, 458-459, (1990)). Therefore, state courts may decide claims for violations of the FDCPA, even though the claims are removable to federal court. See Mims, 565 U.S. at 378. Moreover, for a case to be properly removed to federal court, "the federal question must be presented by plaintiff's complaint as it stands at the time the petition for removal is filed . . . . It is insufficient that a federal question has been raised as a matter of defense or as a counterclaim." Herman v. Lincoln Nat'l Life Ins. Co., 842 F.Supp.2d 851, 853 (D. Md. 2012) (quoting Metro Ford Truck Sales, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 145 F.3d 320, 326-27 (5th Cir. 1998)).
Betskoff also argues that "nothing is conclusive between the parties and nothing in this case has been previously litigated." Pl.'s Opp'n 10. Yet, as noted, the question not whether he brought the same claims in state court but rather whether he could have done so. See Boyd, 806 A.2d at 325. Underlying all of Betskoff's claims is his allegation that the Substitute Trustees wrongfully foreclosed on his Property by using allegedly fraudulent documents to convince the state court that foreclosure was the proper result. Compl. ¶¶ 9-11, 17-20. Thus, the state court Foreclosure Action and the present case relate to the same transaction or occurrence: Betskoff's mortgage loan and subsequent loss of his Property through foreclosure. Therefore, all of Betskoff's present claims could have been raised in the foreclosure action. See Prudencio, 2016 WL 6947016, at *3 (FDCPA and RESPA claims and state tort claims could have been brought in foreclosure action); Bullock v. Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC, No. PJM-14-3836, 2015 WL 5008773, at *5 (D. Md. Aug. 20, 2015) (finding that plaintiff's FDCPA and RESPA "statutory claims [we]re premised on [plaintiff's] contention that the Defendants lacked the legal authority to enforce the note and deed of trust" and therefore "the statutory claims ar[o]se out of the same series of transactions" as the state foreclosure action and were barred under res judicata); McCreary v. Benificial Mortg. Co. of Md., No. AW-11-CV-01674, 2011 WL 4985437, at *4 (D. Md. Oct. 18, 2011) (dismissing on res judicata grounds plaintiff's claims, inter alia, for fraud, fraudulent misrepresentation, and intentional infliction of emotional distress, as "Plaintiff had a fair opportunity to present claims against Defendants during the prior foreclosure proceedings"); Jones, 2011 WL 382371, at *5 (FDCPA claim and state tort claims could have been brought in foreclosure action; Anyanwutaku, 85 F. Supp. 2d at 571 (illegal foreclosure claim and state tort claims could have been brought in state court foreclosure action).
Betskoff alleges that fraud prevented him from bringing these claims previously, claiming that he "recently found out that the deceptive and misleading misrepresentations in the collection actions against him consisted of the use of a uniform sworn statement by an unauthorized representative of Rosenberg and Associates LLC attesting to acts, under oath, which were untrue." Compl. ¶ 17. He asserts that the "uniform deceptive and misleading affidavits by supposed agents of JPMorgan Chase and by Rosenberg attorneys acting on their own behalf and on the purported behalf of JPMorgan Chase . . . were filed in support of an alleged default against Betskoff on June 21, 2013." Id. Additionally, he claims that he "had no reason to know of the true illegal nature of the Defendants' illegal collection activities until he recently became aware of the illegal actions." Id. ¶ 18.
It is true that "fraud and illegality" are exceptions to the rule that "a final ratification of sale is res judicata as to the validity of such sale." Bassoff v. Treanor, Pope & Hughes P.A., No. RDB-14-3753, 2015 WL 8757651, at *8 (D. Md. Dec. 15, 2015) (quoting Jones v. Rosenberg, 940 A.2d 1109, 1119 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2008)). Nevertheless, for fraud to prevent the application of res judicata under these circumstances, Betskoff would have to "show extrinsic fraud, not intrinsic fraud." Jones, 940 A.2d at 1119 (citing Manigan v. Burson, 862 A.2d 1037, 1041 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2004)).
Id. (emphasis added) (quoting Billingsley v. Lawson, 406 A.2d 946, 951 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1979)).
The Maryland Court of Special Appeals further explained that "[f]raud is extrinsic when `it actually prevents an adversarial trial but is intrinsic when it is employed during the course of the hearing which provides the forum for the truth to appear, albeit, the truth was distorted by the complained of fraud.'" Id. (quoting Manigan, 862 A.2d at 951).
Schwartz v. Merchants Mortg. Co., 322 A.2d 544, 547 (Md. 1974) (quoting United States v. Throckmorton, 98 U.S. 61, 95 (1878)). Thus, Betskoff's allegations of fraud in the documents offered to the state court during the Foreclosure Action do not prevent the doctrine of res judicata from barring relitigation of the final sale. See id.; Jones, 940 A.2d at 1119.
Moreover, even if the alleged fraud could have been a basis for setting aside the foreclosure sale, after Betskoff filed suit in this Court and alleged that he only recently learned about Defendants' allegedly fraudulent conduct, he continued to file motions in state court. See State Ct. Docket (motion for sanctions, motion for reconsideration, appeal, motion for reconsideration of order granting possession of property). Accordingly, as his challenge to the foreclosure sale continued, he could have brought the claims now pending in this Court. Thus, Defendants have satisfied the second element of claim preclusion. See Boyd, 806 A.2d at 325.
Betskoff argues that the foreclosure sale was improper because he had removed the Foreclosure Action to this Court prior to the sale. Pl.'s Opp'n 11-12. Yet, he did not seek an injunction barring the sale while the case proceeded in this Court. See Docket in GLR-18-672. Moreover, following remand, the state court ratified the sale on May 14, 2018. See State Ct. Docket. The ratification of sale constitutes a final judgment for preclusion purposes. See McGhee v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., No. DKC-12-3072, 2013 WL 4495797, at *6 (D. Md. Aug. 20, 2013) ("The important ruling in foreclosure cases is the circuit court's ratification of the foreclosure sale. `When a state court finalizes a foreclosure after the "plaintiff was given an opportunity to raise all objections to the foreclosure sale of [a] property,["] that adjudication is a final judgment on the merits.'" (quoting Capel v. Countrywide Home Loans, Nos. WDQ-09-2374, WDQ-09-2439, 2010 WL 457534, at *4 (D. Md. Feb. 3, 2010))); Graves v. OneWest Bank, FSB, No. PWG-14-1995, 2015 WL 2452418, at *6 (D. Md. May 20, 2015), recons. denied, 2015 WL 6769115 (D. Md. Nov. 2, 2015), aff'd, 653 F. App'x 788 (4th Cir. 2016). Therefore, there was a final judgment on the merits. See McGhee, 2013 WL 4495797, at *6.
Because all three elements of res judicata have been met, the claims pending in this Court against the Substitute Trustees are precluded and must be dismissed with prejudice.
For the reasons stated in this Memorandum Opinion and Order, it is, this 16th day of August, 2019, hereby ORDERED that
