GEORGE J. HAZEL, United States District Judge.
Plaintiff Dawn Jennings brings this consumer protection action on behalf of herself and all others similarly situated alleging that Defendant Dynamic Recovery Solutions LLC attempted to collect a debt in violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ("FDCPA"), 15 U.S.C. § 1692 et seq. ECF No. 5. Currently pending before the Court is Defendant's Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint. ECF No. 6. No hearing is necessary. See Loc. R. 105.6 (D. Md. 2016). For the following reasons, Defendant's Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint is granted, in part, and denied, in part.
At some point prior to March 2019, Plaintiff incurred a debt (the "Debt") to FIA Card Services, NA ("FIA Card Services"). ECF No. 5 ¶ 9. The agreement that created the Debt "states that it is governed by the laws of the State of Delaware (without regard to its conflict of laws principles) and by any applicable federal laws." Id. ¶ 10. FIA Card Services subsequently sold the Debt to Defendant or otherwise enlisted Defendant to collect the Debt on its behalf. Id. ¶ 12.
By March 2019, Plaintiff had an account balance of $9,715.18, but any attempt to collect the Debt through legal action was time-barred. Id. ¶ 14; ECF No. 6-2 at 2.
ECF No. 5 ¶ 15; ECF No. 6-2 at 2. The Letter separately stated, "The law limits how long [Plaintiff] can be sued on a debt. Because of the age of [Plaintiff's] debt, Cavalry and [Defendant] cannot sue you for it and Cavalry and [Defendant] cannot report it to any credit reporting agency." ECF No. 5 ¶ 16; ECF No. 6-2 at 2.
After receiving this letter, Plaintiff filed a Complaint against Defendant in this Court on June 27, 2019 on behalf of herself and a purported class of similarly situated individuals.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires only "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief." Hall v. DIRECTV, LLC, 846 F.3d 757, 765 (4th Cir. 2017). However, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) provides for "the dismissal of a complaint if it fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted." Velencia v. Drezhlo, Case No. RDB-12-237, 2012 WL 6562764, at *4 (D. Md. Dec. 13, 2012). A motion to dismiss under 12(b)(6) "test[s] the adequacy of a complaint." Prelich v. Med. Res., Inc., 813 F.Supp.2d 654, 660 (D. Md. 2011) (citing German v. Fox, 267 F. App'x 231, 233 (4th Cir. 2008)). Motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim do "not resolve contests surrounding the facts, the merits of a claim, or the applicability of defenses." Id. (citing Edwards v. City of Goldsboro, 178 F.3d 231, 243 (4th Cir. 1999)). To overcome a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a complaint must allege enough facts to state a plausible claim for relief. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009). A claim is plausible when "the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the Court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Id.
In evaluating the sufficiency of the plaintiff's claims, the Court accepts factual allegations in the complaint as true and construes them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See Albright v. Oliver, 510 U.S. 266, 268, 114 S.Ct. 807, 127 L.Ed.2d 114 (1994); Lambeth v. Bd. of Comm'rs of Davidson Cty., 407 F.3d 266, 268 (4th Cir. 2005). However, the complaint must contain more than "legal conclusions, elements of a cause of action, and bare assertions devoid of further factual enhancement." Nemet Chevrolet, Ltd. v. Consumeraffairs.com, Inc., 591 F.3d 250, 255 (4th Cir. 2009). The court should not grant a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim unless "it is clear that no relief could be granted under any set of facts that could be proved consistent with the allegations." GE Inv. Private Placement Partners II v. Parker, 247 F.3d 543, 548 (4th Cir. 2001) (citing H.J. Inc. v. Northwestern Bell Tel. Co., 492 U.S. 229, 249-50, 109 S.Ct. 2893, 106 L.Ed.2d 195 (1989)).
The FDCPA seeks "to eliminate abusive debt collection practices by debt collectors." 15 U.S.C. § 1692(e). "The Act `is a strict liability statute and a consumer only has to prove one violation to trigger liability.'" Long v. Pendrick Capital Partners II, LLC, 374 F.Supp.3d 515, 531 (D. Md. 2019) (quoting Akalwadi v. Risk Mgmt. Alts., Inc., 336 F.Supp.2d 492, 500 (D. Md. 2004)). "To succeed on a FDCPA claim, a plaintiff must demonstrate that `(1) the plaintiff has been the object of collection activity arising from consumer debt, (2) the defendant is a debt collector as defined by the FDCPA, and (3) the defendant has engaged in an act or omission prohibited by the FDCPA.'" Id. (quoting Stewart v. Bierman, 859 F.Supp.2d 754, 759-60 (D. Md. 2012)). There is no dispute that the Amended Complaint alleges that Plaintiff has been the object of collection activity arising from consumer debt and that Defendant is a debt collector. Thus, the only issue is whether the Amended Complaint sufficiently alleges conduct prohibited by §§ 1692d, 1692e, 1692e(2), 1692e(10), and 1692f of the FDCPA. For the reasons that follow, the Court finds that the Amended Complaint sufficiently alleges conduct prohibited by §§ 1692e, 1692e(2), and 1692e(10), but not §§ 1692d or 1692f.
Section 1692d of the FDCPA prohibits a "debt collector" from "engag[ing] in any conduct the natural consequence of which is to harass, oppress, or abuse any person in connection with the collection of a debt." 15 U.S.C. § 1692d. The statute provides a non-exhaustive list of prohibited conduct, including:
Id. §§ 1692d(1)-(6).
Here, Plaintiff does not allege that Defendant used or threatened violence, used obscene or profane language, published her name, advertised for sale of the Debt, or made any telephone calls related to the Debt. Rather, she alleges only that Defendant mailed a letter offering to resolve the time-barred Debt without disclosing that certain actions by Plaintiff could potentially result in Defendant's renewed ability to sue for the Debt, and she conclusively states that this is behavior "the natural consequence of which was to harass, oppress, or abuse the Plaintiff in connection with the collection of a debt." See ECF No. 5 ¶¶ 13-17, 42. Plaintiff makes no argument, however, as to how the Letter constitutes harassment, oppression, or abuse, and the Court can conceive of no theory under which a single letter that contains no threats or profane language could rise to the level of a § 1692d violation. See Jefferson v. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc., Case No. PWG-15-2031, 2016 WL 3551835, at *5 (D. Md. June 30, 2016) (finding that vague allegations of several dunning notices that misrepresented the status of the sender as a creditor did not violate § 1692(d)); Leahy-Fernandez v. Bayview Loan Servicing, LLC, 159 F.Supp.3d 1294, 1305 (M.D. Fla. 2016) (finding that allegations that debt collector sent "one piece of mail once a month" that did not contain abusive language and did not threaten debtor or contact debtor's friends, family, or co-workers were insufficient to state a claim for harassment under § 1692d of the FDCPA). Thus, Plaintiff's § 1692d claim is dismissed.
Section 1692e prohibits a "debt collector" from using "any false, deceptive, or misleading representation or means in connection with the collection of any debt." 15 U.S.C. § 1692e. This includes "[t]he false representation of ... the character, amount, or legal status of any debt," and "[t]he use of any false representation or deceptive means to collect or attempt to collect any debt or to obtain information concerning a consumer." Id. §§ 1692e(2), (10). "The Fourth Circuit has adopted the `least sophisticated consumer' standard to determine if a Section 1692e violation has occurred," meaning a misrepresentation is
Plaintiff contends that the Letter violates these provisions of the FDCPA because Defendant failed to disclose that accepting one of the Letter's three settlement offers or making a partial payment on the Debt could restart the statute of limitations under Delaware law, thus exposing Plaintiff to a potential lawsuit. In opposition, Defendant contends that Maryland law applies and because Maryland law provides that a consumer debt cannot be revived under any circumstances, it complied with its obligations under the FDCPA.
As a preliminary matter, the parties are correct in their respective interpretations of Delaware and Maryland law. Plaintiff is correct that under Delaware law, acknowledgment of a debt, a promise to pay a time-barred debt, or a partial payment toward a time-barred debt can remove the statute of limitations on that debt under certain circumstances. See Snyder v. Baltimore Trust Co., 532 A.2d 624, 626 (Del. Super. Ct. 1986) (stating that "a clear, distinct and unequivocal acknowledgement of a subsisting debt and a recognition of an obligation to pay it" can remove a case from the statute of limitations (quoting Kojro v. Sikorski, 267 A.2d 603, 607 (Del. Super. Ct. 1970) (internal quotation marks omitted))); Hart v. Deshong, 8 A.2d 85, 87 (Del. 1939) (stating that "when the acknowledgment or part payment is direct and unconditional and the surrounding circumstances are such that the law implies a promise to pay, then the bar of the Statute [of limitations] is lifted"). And Defendant is correct that under Maryland law, "[n]otwithstanding any other provision of law, any payment toward, written or oral affirmation of, or any other activity on the debt that occurs after the expiration of the statute of limitations applicable to the consumer debt collection action does not revive or extend the limitations period." MD. CODE ANN., CTS. & JUD. PROC. § 5-1202(b)(1).
The Court must determine the applicable law using the forum state's choice of law rules. See Baker v. Antwerpen Motorcars Ltd., 807 F.Supp.2d 386, 389 n.13 (D. Md. 2011). "Under Maryland choice of law rules, Maryland courts generally enforce choice of law provisions in contracts," Jos. A. Bank Clothiers, Inc. v. J.A.B.-Columbia, Inc., Case No. ELH-15-3075, 2017 WL 75746, at *2 (D. Md. Jan. 6, 2017), unless the application of the chosen law "is contrary to a fundamental policy of Maryland," Nat'l Glass, Inc. v. J.C. Penney Props., Inc., 336 Md. 606, 612, 650 A.2d 246 (1994). Thus, as dictated by the choice of law provision in the agreement covering the Debt, Delaware's substantive law will apply to the issues in this case.
Maryland courts, however, have also "followed the general rule that the statute of limitations of the forum state applies even when that state's choice of law rules require that another state's substantive law be applied." Sherwin-Williams Co. v. ARTRA Grp., Inc., 125 F.Supp.2d 739, 756 (D. Md. 2001) (citing Morley v. Cohen, 610 F.Supp. 798, 827 (D. Md. 1985)). "This is true even when, as here, the contract explicitly includes a choice of law provision specifying that out-of-forum law applies to the agreement, because the statute of limitations
This leaves the Court with the question of whether the effect of an acknowledgement or partial payment of a debt on the viability of a debt collection action is procedural because it implicates the statute of limitations, and is therefore subject to Maryland law, or substantive, and is therefore subject to Delaware law. "Undertaking that determination presupposes that a discernable purpose lies behind Maryland's substantive-procedural dichotomy, but one would be hard pressed to find a coherent statement of purpose in Maryland's choice of law cases." Standard Reserve Holdings, Ltd. v. Downey, Case No. 24-C-04-0661, 2004 WL 3316264, at *3 (Md. Cir. Ct. 2004); see Richard W. Bourne, Modem Maryland Conflicts: Backing into the Twentieth Century One Hauch at a Time, 23 U. Balt. L. Rev. 71, 81 (1993) ("Maryland's courts have failed to come up with a rational test for analyzing cases on the borderline between substance and procedure."). In the end, however, it appears that laws governing "real-world" activity are characterized as substantive, while laws governing access to a forum's courts are procedural. See Downey, 2004 WL 3316264, at *6 (citing Hauch v. Connor, 295 Md. 120, 125, 453 A.2d 1207 (1983) and Raleigh C. Minor, CONFLICT OF LAWS § 205 (1901)).
Here, the application of the procedural-substantive dichotomy is a difficult question that the parties largely gloss over. On one hand, revival of a debt collection action due to the acknowledgement or partial payment of a debt could be framed purely as a qualification of the statute of limitations for those actions, therefore warranting a procedural characterization. On the other hand, whether acknowledgement or partial payment of a debt would reopen a debtor to legal liability for that debt surely affects the real-world activity of debtors; indeed, if debtors knew that they were likely to make themselves vulnerable to suit by making a payment toward a debt, they would be less likely to make that payment than if they knew they would be protected from legal action. The Court determines that the latter characterization is a more accurate and honest characterization of the potential for revival of a debt collection action, and so it concludes that it is a substantive matter.
Having determined that an acknowledgment or partial payment of the Debt could have revived the statute of limitations on the Debt, the Court must now determine
Although none of these cases are binding, the Court finds their reasoning persuasive. "[A] debtor who accepts the offered terms of settlement [in a dunning letter] will, by doing so, waive his otherwise absolute defense under the statute of limitations. Only the rarest consumer-debtor will recognize this danger." Pantoja, 852 F.3d at 684. "[A]n unsophisticated consumer debtor who makes the first payment or who promises to make a partial payment is much worse off than he would have been without taking either step. If he then fails or refuses to pay further, he will face a potential lawsuit ... [either for] the original amount of the debt or just the smaller amount of the settlement offer. Either way, the debtor will be much worse off" than if he had not responded to the dunning letter and retained the absolute protection of the statute of limitations. Id. at 685. "Silence about that significant risk of losing the protection of the statute of limitations renders [a debt collector's]'s dunning letter misleading and deceptive," id., because it would certainly influence a debtor's decision about "how to respond to the efforts to collect the debt," see Powell, 782 F.3d at 127.
Here, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant sent a debt-collection letter offering options for settling a time-barred debt and stating that it could not sue for the Debt without also advising her that acknowledging the Debt or making a partial payment would effectively restart the statute of limitations. Thus, she has stated a plausible claim that Defendant violated §§ 1692e, 1692e(2), and 1692e(10) of the FDCPA because "[t]he least sophisticated consumer most certainly would not be aware that making a payment could make the debt judicially enforceable—particularly when the collector tells the consumer that the law limits how long she can be sued and that the collector will not sue." See Smothers, 2016 WL 7485686, at *5; see also Pantoja, 852 F.3d at 685-86; Pierre, 2018 WL 723278, at *7; Alston, 2018 WL 3309725, at *3. Accordingly, Defendant's Motion to Dismiss is denied as to Plaintiff's §§ 1692e, 1692e(2), and 1692e(10) claims.
Section 1692f prohibits a "debt collector" from using "unfair or unconscionable
Here, Plaintiff's § 1692f claim is identical to her §§ 1692e, 1692e(2), and 1692e(10) claims. Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant's Letter violated § 1692f by attempting to collect a time-barred debt without disclosing that agreeing to the settlement offers or making a partial payment would remove the statute of limitations protection. Aside from stating conclusively that this conduct constituted "unfair and unconscionable means to collect a debt," Plaintiff makes no argument as to how this conduct is "separate and distinct" from the conduct covered by her §§ 1692e, 1692e(2), and 1692e(10) claims. Accordingly, Plaintiff's § 1692f claim is dismissed.
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant's Motion to Dismiss is granted, in part, and denied in part. A separate Order shall issue.
