O'Connell, J.

In this original action, plaintiff, Protect MI Constitution (PMC), seeks a writ of mandamus against defendant Secretary of State (the Secretary). PMC asks this Court to direct the Secretary to reject a ballot question petition for a constitutional amendment filed by intervening defendant Citizens for More Michigan Jobs (CFMMJ). We grant the requested relief.

I. INTRODUCTION

CFMMJ is a ballot question committee that collected more than 500,000 petition signatures for a constitutional amendment proposal to be placed on the November 2012 general election ballot. The CFMMJ proposal would amend art. 4, § 41 of the Michigan Constitution and expand casino gaming throughout the state. The proposal would allow a fourth casino in Detroit and seven other casinos at specific locations. Additionally, the CFMMJ proposal addresses subjects related to casino gaming that are presently governed by the Michigan Gaming Control and Revenue Act (the Gaming Act), MCL 432.201 et seq., which was enacted by voter initiative in 1996. In some respects, the CFMMJ proposal directly contradicts provisions of the Gaming Act, and CFMMJ admits that its proposal would limit, suspend, or invalidate portions of the Gaming Act.

PMC is a ballot question committee, representing existing casinos, that was formed to oppose the CFMMJ proposal and challenge its eligibility for the ballot. PMC claims that the proposal would amend the Gaming Act without following the constitutional procedures in Const. 1963, art. 2, § 9 for amending a voter-initiated law, or the constitutional procedures in Const. 1963, art. 4, §§ 24 and 25, requiring a title and republication of the statute to alter, revise, or amend an existing law. PMC also asserts that the CFMMJ petition impermissibly advances more than one purpose, and that its purpose is incapable of expression in 100 or fewer words.

PMC seeks a writ of mandamus from this Court directing the Secretary to stop the canvass and to refrain from taking any action to place the CFMMJ proposal on the ballot. The Attorney General has filed an amicus brief supporting PMC's position.1

This case presents an issue of first impression. We are asked to examine the process that the constitution requires for placing before the voters a proposed constitutional amendment that would alter specific provisions of a voter-initiated law. Our constitution sets forth separate and distinct procedures for amending the constitution, amending a voter-initiated law, and revising or altering a law. Michigan case law has not addressed whether the constitutional requirements for altering or amending a voter-initiated law must be satisfied when a petition for a constitutional amendment proposes a change in that law. We hold that Const. 1963, art. 4, § 25, which provides that a law may not be altered, revised, or amended without a republishing of the affected statutory language, applies to the CFMMJ petition presently before us. We further hold that the CFMMJ petition fails to comply with the prerequisites of article 4, § 25. Accordingly, the Secretary has a clear legal duty to reject the petition.

II. BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

A. THE GAMING ACT AND CONST. 1963, ART. 4, § 41

In the November 1996 general election, Michigan voters approved ballot initiative "Proposal E," which allowed the establishment of three casinos in Detroit. Proposal E created the Michigan Gaming Control Board to regulate casino operations and imposed an 18% state wagering tax on gaming revenues. Of this tax revenue, 55% was allocated to Detroit for public safety and economic development, and 45% was allocated to the state for public education. The law became effective December 5, 1996.2 The Legislature codified Proposal E in the Gaming Act and subsequently amended the law in 1997 by a three-fourths vote of both houses of the state legislature, as provided by Const. 1963, art. 2, § 9 to amend a voter-initiated law.3

In 2004, Michigan voters adopted a constitutional amendment to restrict the expansion of legalized gaming by requiring voter approval for certain expansions. Article 4, § 41 of the Constitution presently provides:

B. THE CFMMJ BALLOT PROPOSAL

The CFMMJ proposal would amend Const. 1963, art. 4, § 41. The proposed constitutional amendment would strike all of the existing language of § 41 except the first sentence, "The Legislature may authorize lotteries and permit the sale of lottery tickets in any manner provided by law." The CFMMJ proposal4 would add language to § 41 to allow casino gaming in eight locations in the state, providing in part:

The proposed amendment provides the legal descriptions of parcels for the potential location of a new Detroit casino. It also authorizes seven new casinos outside Detroit and provides the legal descriptions of sites in Clam Lake Township in Wexford County, DeWitt Township in Clinton County, Pontiac in Oakland County, Clinton Township in Macomb County, Birch Run Township in Saginaw County, Grand Rapids in Kent County, and Romulus in Wayne County.

The Gaming Act allows only three casinos in Detroit. MCL 432.206(3). In addition to authorizing new casinos, the CFMMJ proposal contains several provisions that are different from, and in some places directly contrary to, various provisions in the Gaming Act. For example:

(1) The Gaming Act defines "casino" as "a building in which gaming is conducted." It defines "gaming" as "to deal, operate, carry on, conduct, maintain or expose or offer for play any gambling game or gambling operation." MCL 432.202(g) and (x).

The CFMMJ proposal uses the term "casino gaming," which it defines as "gambling in each and all forms now and hereafter authorized within the state of Michigan and by federal law. The term `casino' means the facility in which actual gaming activities are conducted."

(2) The Gaming Act imposes an 18% wagering tax on the adjusted gross receipts from casinos. MCL 432.212(1).

The CFMMJ proposal would impose a 23% wagering tax on the casinos' adjusted gross receipts.

(3) The Gaming Act allows a city to impose a municipal services fee on the casino operator (licensee) that is "equal to the greater of 1.25% of adjusted gross receipts or $4,000,000.00 in order to assist the city in defraying the cost of hosting casinos." MCL 432.213(1).

The CFMMJ proposal would eliminate the ability of cities to impose municipal services fees and other assessments related to gaming. The language of the proposed amendment to Const. 1963, art. 4, § 41 includes:

(4) The Gaming Act allocates 55% of the wagering tax revenues to specified uses within the city where a casino is located and 45% of the wagering tax revenues to fund state public education. MCL 432.212(3).

The CFMMJ proposal would reallocate the wagering tax revenues. The taxes from Detroit casinos would be allocated as follows: 60% of the wagering tax revenues would fund police and fire services in Detroit, 20% would fund K-12 schools throughout the state, and 20% would fund road repairs and construction throughout the state. For wagering tax revenues generated by casinos outside Detroit, 30% of the revenues would be distributed to the state to fund K-12 public schools, 20% of the revenues would be distributed directly to all municipalities throughout the state to fund police and fire services, 20% would be distributed directly to the municipality where the casino is located, 20% to the county where the casino is located, 5% to the state to fund road repair and construction, and 5% to the state to fund gambling-addiction programs.

(5) The Gaming Act requires casinos to pay for all the state's "regulatory and enforcement costs, compulsive gambling programs, casino-related programs and activities, casino-related legal services provided by the attorney general, and the casino-related expenses of the department of state police." MCL 432.212a(1).

As stated, the CFMMJ proposal would prohibit other taxes, fees, assessments or costs of any kind related directly to gaming or wagering from being imposed on a casino, "except for reasonable regulatory fees imposed by the State of Michigan for a license to operate the casino" and fines or penalties for wrongful conduct.

(6) The Gaming Act governs the application procedure for casino licenses. It requires certain disclosures, criminal background and financial information, and other information that must be provided to (and reviewed and investigated by) the Gaming Control Board. MCL 432.205; MCL 432.206.

The CFMMJ would authorize the Gaming Control Board to establish rules for casino licensing. The proposed amendment does not require disclosure of investors or background checks of employees.

(7) The Gaming Act provides that "[a]lcoholic beverages shall only be sold or distributed in a casino pursuant to the Michigan liquor control act." MCL 432.210.

The CFMMJ proposal entitles all casinos to liquor licenses: "All of the casinos authorized by this section shall be granted liquor licenses issued by the State of Michigan to serve alcoholic beverages on the premises."

(8) As a condition for eligibility to apply for a casino license, the Gaming Act requires an applicant to have "entered into a certified development agreement with the city where the local legislative body enacted an ordinance approving casino gaming." MCL 432.206(1)(b). Applicants must submit the required development agreements and documents with their applications. MCL 432.205(3).

The CFMMJ proposal does not require development agreements. To the extent that such agreements would impose fees or assessments by the city related to gaming, they would be prohibited.

C. PMC'S REQUEST TO THE SECRETARY TO REJECT THE CFMMJ PETITION

CFMMJ submitted its petition on June 26, 2012, to the Secretary for placement on the November ballot. In a July 17, 2012, letter to the Secretary, counsel for PMC urged the Secretary to determine that the CFMMJ proposal is ineligible for the ballot. PMC advanced three reasons in support of its position: (1) a single ballot proposal may not be used to amend both the constitution and an initiated law; (2) a ballot proposal that would amend an initiated law must comply with Const. 1963, art. 2, § 9; and (3) because the CFMMJ ballot proposal would amend the Gaming Act, the petition must have a title stating that objective and inform voters of the proposal's effect on the initiated law by republishing the Gaming Act, in accordance with Const. 1963, art. 4, §§ 24 and 25.

The Director of Elections responded that no clear legal duty exists on the part of the Secretary "to decide whether a ballot question is constitutional." The Secretary notified the Board of State Canvassers of the filing of the CFMMJ petition, and the Board began its canvass of the petition to determine the validity and sufficiency of the petition signatures pursuant to Const. 1963, art. 12, § 2.5

III. THE COMPLAINT FOR MANDAMUS

PMC asks this Court to direct the Secretary to reject the petition. PMC claims that although the CFMMJ petition purports only to amend art. 4, § 41 of the state constitution, the proposal also amends several provisions of the voter-initiated Gaming Act without complying with the constitutional procedures in art. 2, § 9 for doing so. Additionally, the petition is silent about the proposed constitutional amendment's effects on the Gaming Act. PMC contends that the proposal is ineligible for the ballot because the CFMMJ petition does not comply with the title and notice requirements of Const. 1963, art. 4, §§ 24 and 25 for altering, revising, or amending a law. PMC characterizes the CFMMJ proposal as an attempt to surreptitiously amend the Gaming Act by constitutional amendment, thereby circumventing the constitutional requirements for altering or amending a statute.

The Secretary answers that she has no legal duty to review the CFMMJ petition to determine whether it meets the constitutional prerequisites for acceptance and placement on the ballot. The Secretary maintains that determining the procedural constitutionality of the CFMMJ petition is a discretionary task that is outside the scope of her statutory responsibilities and authority. She also states that any such duty, if it exists, would not be ministerial in nature and therefore would not be a proper subject for mandamus relief.6

CFMMJ intervened.7 CFMMJ challenges PMC's standing to bring this mandamus action and the ripeness of this case for decision. With respect to the merits of the complaint, CFMMJ argues that its proposal seeks only to amend the constitution, and that CFMMJ has complied with the requirements of Const. 1963, art. 12, § 2 for doing so. CFMMJ concedes that the proposed constitutional amendment will limit or suspend some provisions of the Gaming Act and will impact the application and the enforcement of the Gaming Act. But CFMMJ maintains that the proposed constitutional amendment will not amend the Gaming Act in any way because the language of the Gaming Act will remain unchanged. CFMMJ argues that the procedural requirements for amending a statute are inapplicable because its proposal seeks to amend the constitution.

The Attorney General urges this Court to grant mandamus relief and to order the Secretary to refrain from placing the CFMMJ proposal on the ballot. The Attorney General maintains that a single ballot proposal cannot be used to amend both a voter-initiated law and the constitution. The Attorney General argues that CFMMJ's compliance only with Const. 1963, art. 12, § 2 regarding publication of the constitutional provision that would be changed by the proposed constitutional amendment leaves voters uninformed about the effect that the proposal would have on the voter-initiated Gaming Act. The Attorney General argues that alteration or revision of the Gaming Act, which the CFMMJ proposal would affect, requires a title and publication of the affected provisions under Const. 1963, art. 4, §§ 24 and 25.

IV. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

A. JURISDICTION

This Court has jurisdiction over an original action for mandamus against a state officer. MCR 7.203(C)(2); MCL 600.4401(1). The Secretary is a state officer for purposes of mandamus. Citizens Protecting Michigan's Constitution v. Secretary of State, 280 Mich.App. 273, 282, 761 N.W.2d 210, aff'd in part 482 Mich. 960, 755 N.W.2d 157 (2008). "Mandamus is the appropriate remedy for a party seeking to compel action by election officials." Id. at 283, 761 N.W.2d 210.

B. STANDARD FOR MANDAMUS

A writ of mandamus is an extraordinary remedy. Coalition for a Safer Detroit v. Detroit City Clerk, 295 Mich.App. 362, 366, 820 N.W.2d 208 (2012). The plaintiff must show that (1) the plaintiff has a clear legal right to the performance of the duty sought to be compelled, (2) the defendant has a clear legal duty to perform the requested act, (3) the act is ministerial, and (4) no other remedy exists that might achieve the same result. Id. at 366-367, 820 N.W.2d 208. See also White-Bey v. Dep't of Corrections, 239 Mich.App. 221, 223-224, 608 N.W.2d 833 (1999). An act is ministerial if it is "prescribed and defined by law with such precision and certainty as to leave nothing to the exercise of discretion or judgment." Citizens Protecting Michigan's Constitution, 280 Mich.App. at 286, 761 N.W.2d 210, quoting Carter v. Ann Arbor City Attorney, 271 Mich.App. 425, 439, 722 N.W.2d 243 (2006) (quotation marks omitted).

C. STANDING

We reject CFMMJ's challenge to PMC's standing to bring this action. Michigan jurisprudence recognizes the special nature of election cases and the standing of ordinary citizens to enforce the law in election cases. Deleeuw v. Bd. of State Canvassers, 263 Mich.App. 497, 505-506, 688 N.W.2d 847 (2004). See also Helmkamp v. Livonia City Council, 160 Mich.App. 442, 445, 408 N.W.2d 470 (1987) ("[I]n the absence of a statute to the contrary,... a private person ... may enforce by mandamus a public right or duty relating to elections without showing a special interest distinct from the interest of the public." [Quotation marks omitted.]). The general interest of ordinary citizens to enforce the law in election cases is sufficient to confer standing to seek mandamus relief. See Citizens Protecting Michigan's Constitution, 280 Mich.App. at 282, 761 N.W.2d 210 (permitting a ballot question committee to challenge a petition).

D. RIPENESS AND THE NEED FOR A THRESHOLD DETERMINATION

Our Supreme Court has recognized that a ballot issue controversy is ripe for review when "it is not dependent upon the Board of Canvassers' counting or consideration of the petitions but rather involves a threshold determination whether the petitions on their face meet the constitutional prerequisites for acceptance." Michigan United Conservation Clubs v. Secretary of State, 463 Mich. 1009, 625 N.W.2d 377 (2001). See also Citizens Protecting Michigan's Constitution, 280 Mich.App. at 282-283, 761 N.W.2d 210 (rejecting a ripeness challenge that was premised on the fact that the Board had not decided whether to certify an initiative petition). PMC's complaint for mandamus requires us to make a "threshold determination" whether the CFMMJ proposal qualifies for placement on the ballot according to constitutional prerequisites. In that context and on that issue, this case is ripe for adjudication.

We emphasize that the constitutional issue before us is limited to the procedure employed by CFMMJ to alter the Gaming Act by means of a constitutional amendment and the CFMMJ proposal's eligibility for the ballot. We do not consider the constitutionality of the proposed amendment itself, which would be premature before the voters adopt the proposal. See Leininger v. Secretary of State, 316 Mich. 644, 651, 26 N.W.2d 348 (1947) (noting that substance of initiative petition was not being questioned in writ of mandamus); Hamilton v. Secretary of State, 212 Mich. 31, 34, 179 N.W. 553 (1920) (holding that issue of constitutionality of initiative petition was not ripe for review). In Citizens Protecting Michigan's Constitution, we adopted Justice OSTRANDER'S articulation of this important distinction, first expressed in 1918 in Scott v. Secretary of State, 202 Mich. 629, 643, 168 N.W. 709 (1918), and reaffirmed in Leininger:

The same principle applies here, making PMC's request for mandamus a proper subject for this Court's consideration. Because the challenges in this case implicate this "threshold determination" whether the petition meets the constitutional prerequisites for acceptance, this case is ripe for this Court's consideration. Id. at 283, 761 N.W.2d 210.

E. MINISTERIAL DUTY OR DISCRETIONARY JUDGMENT

This Court clarified the nature of the Secretary's legal duty in this context in Citizens Protecting Michigan's Constitution. In that original action seeking mandamus relief to keep an initiative from the general election ballot, this Court explained that it was for this Court to examine the constitutional amendment initiative and determine its eligibility for the ballot in light of constitutional prerequisites for acceptance. Once that threshold determination was made, the Secretary's task of rejecting the petition was ministerial.

In Citizens Protecting Michigan's Constitution, the plaintiffs sought a writ of mandamus directing the Secretary and the Board of State Canvassers to reject an initiative petition filed by the intervening defendant Reform Michigan Government Now! (RMGN). The petition proposed a single constitutional amendment for the November 2008 general election ballot that would comprehensively restructure state government. Id. at 275, 761 N.W.2d 210.9 The plaintiffs argued that the RMGN proposal was ineligible for the ballot because its provisions amounted to a general revision of the constitution that could only be accomplished by a constitutional convention and because the proposal served more than a single purpose. Id. at 281-282, 761 N.W.2d 210. This Court recognized a clear legal duty of the Secretary that a writ of mandamus can enforce once the Court makes its threshold determination of constitutional compliance:

This Court concluded that the subsequent act of the Secretary in rejecting the challenged initiative petition after the Court made its threshold determination "would be ministerial in nature because it would not require the exercise of judgment or discretion." Id. at 291-292, 761 N.W.2d 210. Likewise, this Court must determine whether the CFMMJ petition satisfies the constitutional requirements for placement on the general election ballot. The Secretary will then have the ministerial task of rejecting the petition, or not, in accordance with this Court's decision.

F. RELEVANT CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS

Among the rights that the Michigan Constitution reserves to the people of this state are the right to amend their constitution, to enact laws by initiative, and to amend initiated laws. The constitution prescribes different procedures for exercising these rights.

Const. 1963, art. 12, § 2 allows voters to amend the constitution by voter initiative as follows:

Const. 1963, art. 2, § 9 protects the people's right to enact laws through initiative and prescribes the means for amending or repealing a voter-initiated law. Amendment or repeal of an initiated law can only be accomplished "by a vote of the electors unless otherwise provided in the initiative measure or by three-fourths of the members elected to and serving in each house of the legislature." Id. Article 2, § 9 provides in full:

The Gaming Act does not provide other means for its amendment. Therefore, either a vote of the electorate or a three-fourths vote in each house of the legislature is required to amend the Gaming Act. Const. 1963, art. 2, § 9.

Clearly, Const. 1963, art. 2, § 9 and art. 12, § 2 prescribe different procedures that must be satisfied before an initiative is submitted to the electorate, depending on the type of initiative. A legislative initiative requires petitions signed by 8% of registered electors; a constitutional amendment requires petitions signed by 10% of registered electors. Unlike a constitutional amendment proposal, a legislative initiative must be submitted to the legislature for adoption or rejection. These constitutional provisions both authorize amendment by a vote of the electors, but they set different procedures for accomplishing these different objectives.

Const. 1963, art. 4, § 24 mandates that a law can have only one object and must have a title that expresses its object: "No law shall embrace more than one object, which shall be expressed in its title."

The revision, alteration, or amendment of a law implicates the procedures of Const. 1963, art. 4, § 25. The law as it exists must be published to show the effect of the proposed changes. Const. 1963, art. 4, § 25 provides:

This publication requirement applies to the revision or the alteration of a law by the people through the initiative process. See Auto Club of Mich. Comm. for Lower Rates Now v. Secretary of State (On Remand), 195 Mich.App. 613, 622-624, 491 N.W.2d 269 (1992) (finding that the failure to republish at length certain statutory provisions in their proposed amended forms may not be considered before the initiative is submitted to the electorate for a vote).

G. APPLICATION OF THE PREREQUISITES OF CONST. 1963, ART. 2, § 9

Const. 1963, art. 2, § 9 and Const. 1963, art. 12, § 2 prescribe separate procedures for amending voter-initiated laws and for amending the constitution, respectively. They are not interchangeable alternatives. These distinct procedures for different objectives must be respected. Citizens Protecting Michigan's Constitution, 280 Mich. App. at 295, 761 N.W.2d 210. Accordingly, CFMMJ may not use a constitutional amendment under art. 2, § 12 to effect an amendment of the Gaming Act. If CFMMJ seeks to amend the Gaming Act, it must satisfy the dictates of art. 2, § 9.

On its face, the CFMMJ petition purports only to amend Const. 1963, article 4, § 41. As required by art. 12, § 2, the petition indicates the language that it proposes to strike from article 4, § 41, as well as the language that the proposed amendment would add. The petition contains no reference to the Gaming Act. Whether disclosure of the CFMMJ proposal's effects on the Gaming Act is required depends upon whether the CFMMJ proposal is properly deemed an amendment of the Gaming Act.

We need not decide whether the CFMMJ proposal constitutes an amendment of the Gaming Act, thereby requiring compliance with the procedures in Const. 1963, art. 2, § 9 for submission to the voters. The republication requirement of Const. 1963, art. 4, § 25 applies not only to efforts to amend an existing law, but also to proposals that would revise or alter a law. Although similar, principles of construction require us to give meaning to each term, "revise," "alter," and "amend," lest any one of them be rendered surplusage or nugatory. Apsey v. Mem. Hosp., 477 Mich. 120, 127, 730 N.W.2d 695 (2007). To the extent that the CFMMJ proposal revises or alters the Gaming Act, it must comply with Const. 1963, art. 4, § 25.

H. APPLICATION OF CONST. 1963, ART. 4, § 25

As set forth, Const. 1963, art. 4, § 25 provides that "[n]o law shall be revised, altered or amended by reference to its title only. The section or sections of the act altered or amended shall be re-enacted and published at length." This notice requirement has a long history and its significance is deeply rooted in this state's constitutional jurisprudence. Const. 1963, art. 4, § 25 was also article 4, § 25 of the 1850 Constitution,10 under which our Supreme Court decided Mok v. Detroit Bldg. & Savings Ass'n No. 4, 30 Mich. 511 (1875). Alan v. Wayne Co., 388 Mich. 210, 273, 200 N.W.2d 628 (1972). Justice COOLEY wrote of article 4, § 25 in Mok:

In Advisory Opinion re Constitutionality of 1972 PA 294, 389 Mich. 441, 208 N.W.2d 469 (1973), our Supreme Court reiterated the import of art. 4, § 25 in Constitution 1963. The Court interpreted art. 4, § 25 in the context of addressing the constitutionality of an amendment to the no-fault act. The Court recognized the significant purpose of § 25 to provide notice to the public of the full effects of a proposed amendment:

Looking to precedent, the Advisory Opinion Court quoted Justice COOLEY in People v. Mahaney, 13 Mich. 481 (1865):

The effects of the proposed constitutional amendment on the Gaming Act are not minor. If adopted, the CFMMJ proposal will significantly limit, suspend, or invalidate specific provisions of the statute. Among other changes to the Gaming Act, the constitutional amendment will authorize more casinos than the Gaming Act allows, increase the wagering tax rate, change the statute's allocation of tax revenues, remove the Gaming Act's requirement that casinos' liquor licenses be issued according to the liquor control act and instead mandate such licenses, and alter the duties of the Michigan Gaming Control Board. If Michigan voters are presented with and adopt the CFMMJ proposal, the constitutional amendment will supersede numerous provisions of the Gaming Act because the authority of a constitutional amendment is superior to statutory authority. See Dunn v. Dunn, 105 Mich.App. 793, 805, 307 N.W.2d 424 (1981) (noting that when statutes conflict with our constitution, the latter controls) (KALLMAN, J., concurring). Although the CFMMJ proposal does not amend the Gaming Act by changing its language, the proposal nonetheless thoroughly revises the Act.

If the CFMMJ proposal is allowed to be placed on the ballot, not only would it run afoul of the republication requirement of Const. 1963, art. 4, § 25, but it would foster the harm that § 25 seeks to prevent. The constitutional amendment would substantially change the Gaming Act, yet the public "would not be given notice and would not be able to observe readily the extent and effect of such revision, alteration, or amendment." Advisory Opinion, 389 Mich. at 470, 208 N.W.2d 469.

The CFMMJ petition does not publish at length the sections of the Gaming Act that the proposed constitutional amendment would alter as required by Const. 1963, art. 4, § 25. The petition contains no reference to the Gaming Act. The petition heading states only that it proposes a constitutional amendment; the petition discloses nothing about the substantial changes to the application and enforcement of the Gaming Act that would result from adoption of the proposal. Indeed, the petition gives no indication to voters that the CFMMJ proposal would alter parts of the voter-initiated Gaming Act in any way. Because the proposed amendment would directly alter provisions of the Gaming Act without republishing the affected provisions, the CFMMJ proposal fails to satisfy Const. 1963, art. 4, § 25. This failure makes it ineligible for placement on the ballot.11

We neither address nor consider the wisdom of the CFMMJ proposal. Whether the goals of the CFMMJ proposal are desirable, or whether its changes to the Gaming Act are sound policy, are not before us. We simply apply the procedural requirements that the constitution demands.

Our decision today gives effect to the publication requirement of Const. 1963, art. 4, § 25 and furthers its purpose of ensuring that the public is informed of the effects of proposed changes to existing law. By giving effect to article 4, § 25, the public will be assured of the opportunity to "mak[e] the necessary examination and comparison" and "to become apprised of the changes made in the laws." Advisory Opinion, 389 Mich. at 472-473, 208 N.W.2d 469. This constitutional safeguard is as crucial to the people's exercise of their right to amend their constitution, perhaps more so, as it is to their use of the initiative to enact or amend existing law.

We grant the relief requested in the complaint for a writ of mandamus, and we have concurrently issued an order directing the Secretary to reject the CFMMJ petition and to disallow the proposal from the ballot.

No costs, a public question being involved. We do not retain jurisdiction. This opinion is to have immediate effect, MCR 7.215(F)(2).

OWENS, P.J., concurred with O'CONNELL, J.

Opinion by RONAYNE KRAUSE, J.

RONAYNE KRAUSE, J. (concurring in part and dissenting in part).

This is another unfortunate case throwing into sharp relief two longstanding problems with the Michigan referendum process: first, poor drafting can preclude the people of this state from being able to express their will at the polls; and second, the Secretary of State needs clearer authority explicitly stating its duties, if any, to filter ballot proposals that do not conform to the requirements of our Constitution. I do not take issue with the majority's conclusion that the ballot initiative at issue in this matter does not, in fact, conform to the requirements of our Constitution for presentation to the voters. I also agree that the Secretary of State has a clear legal duty to evaluate ballot proposals for such compliance. To the extent the writ of mandamus issued by this Court directs the Secretary of State to perform her duty, I concur with it. However, because I believe that this Court lacks sufficiently clear authority granting it the power to make the Secretary of State's decision for her under these circumstances, I respectfully dissent to the extent that the writ of mandamus dictates the Secretary of State's ultimate decision.1

As the majority states in greater — and accurate — detail, this is an original mandamus action filed in this Court by Protect MI Constitution (PMI), an entity that seeks to preclude a ballot initiative from being put to the voters. The ballot initiative in question, sponsored by intervenor Citizens For More Michigan Jobs (CFMMJ), would in broad terms amend the Michigan Constitution to permit additional casinos to operate in this state. PMI asserts that the ballot initiative would not merely amend the Constitution, but would also have the effect of modifying significant portions of the Michigan Gaming Control and Revenue Act (the Gaming Act), MCL 432.201 et seq., which was passed by voter initiative in 1996.2 Defendant, the Secretary of State, argues that a writ of mandamus should not issue because she has no clear legal duty to examine ballot initiatives for compliance with Constitutional prerequisites.

As the majority states, a writ of mandamus "is the appropriate remedy for a party seeking to compel action by election officials," and the Secretary of State is a state officer subject to a writ of mandamus issued by this Court. Citizens Protecting Michigan's Constitution v. Secretary of State, 280 Mich.App. 273, 282-283, 761 N.W.2d 210 (2008). Indeed, it has long been established that while the Governor might be immune to mandamus, other executive officers, including department heads, are not. See People ex rel. Sutherland v. Governor, 29 Mich. 320, 326-331 (1874). However, issuance of mandamus is only proper if, among other things, "the defendant has the clear legal duty to perform the act requested," "the act is ministerial," and "no other remedy exists that might achieve the same result." Citizens Protecting Michigan's Constitution, 280 Mich.App. at 284, 761 N.W.2d 210. The Secretary of State argues that evaluating a ballot proposal for constitutionality entails a great deal of discretion, and she has no legal duty to make that analysis.

I am not convinced that the act to be performed — examining an initiative proposal for compliance with constitutional prerequisites — is not ministerial. This Court has explained that an act is ministerial if it is "prescribed and defined by law with such precision and certainty as to leave nothing to the exercise of discretion or judgment." Id. at 286, 761 N.W.2d 210, quoting Carter v. Ann Arbor City Attorney, 271 Mich.App. 425, 439, 722 N.W.2d 243 (2006) (quotation marks and citations omitted). However, I do not believe that to mean that the act must be so rote or devoid of personal thought that it could literally be performed by a computer. See Wayne Co. v. State Treasurer, 105 Mich.App. 249, 251, 306 N.W.2d 468 (1981) (noting that the legal duty to act must usually be a specific act of a ministerial nature, although mandamus may occasionally be granted when the act to be compelled is discretionary). So long as any discretion to be exercised is in the execution of the act, and the act itself is otherwise mandated, mandamus may lie. See Mich. State Dental Society v. Secretary of State, 294 Mich. 503, 516-517, 519-520, 293 N.W. 865 (1940) (holding that the Secretary of State's duties, which are only ministerial even though the performance thereof may entail some exercise of discretion and judgment, include the right to make a facial evaluation of obviously fake names on a petition). This Court will order mandamus when a state officer's action is so capricious and arbitrary that it evidences a total failure to exercise discretion. See Bischoff v. Wayne Co., 320 Mich. 376, 385-387, 31 N.W.2d 798 (1948).

The critical problem that I perceive with the instant action is that, as I understand the law, a writ of mandamus cannot issue unless there already exists a clear legal duty that a defendant is shirking. Obviously, the Secretary of State would be obligated to comply with any valid court order, including a writ of mandamus issued by this Court, and the Secretary of State does not in any way contest that. However, this Court cannot create a clear legal duty of the sort that would support issuance of mandamus by issuing mandamus. Doing so is bootstrapping of the kind our jurisprudence has always frowned upon. The Secretary of State poses a Catch-22: if, indeed, she has no clear legal duty in the first place to make the instant determination on her own, I do not believe this Court can create that duty out of thin air by issuing a writ of mandamus.

Unfortunately, I find no case law or other authority unambiguously setting forth a clear legal duty on the Secretary of State's part to evaluate a ballot proposal for compliance with the Constitutional provisions at issue here. In Citizens Protecting Michigan's Constitution, this Court issued a writ of mandamus directing the Secretary of State to reject a sweeping and grossly noncompliant rewrite of the Constitution that was masquerading as a mere amendment. However, this Court did not decide that the Secretary of State had a clear legal duty to do so, but rather assumed that the Secretary did. Citizens Protecting Michigan's Constitution, 280 Mich.App. at 286-292, 761 N.W.2d 210. Similarly, in MUCC v. Secretary of State (After Remand), 464 Mich. 359, 630 N.W.2d 297 (2001), our Supreme Court issued mandamus directing the Secretary of State to reject a petition for referendum but offered no analysis whatsoever as to the existence of a duty. Almost every justice in MUCC wrote a separate opinion, none of which discussed mandamus in any way.

It appears to me that this Court in Citizens Protecting Michigan's Constitution really determined that the Secretary of State would have a clear legal duty to comply with what was effectively a declaratory judgment. I believe that to be accurate, so far as it goes: if a court were to issue a declaratory judgment that a given ballot initiative is impermissible for presentation to the voters, for example because, as here, it does not comply with the constitutional prerequisites, then it is very nearly, if not actually, axiomatic that the Secretary of State would have a clear legal duty to refuse to present that initiative to the voters. However, this Court does not, as far as I am aware, have jurisdiction to entertain original actions for declaratory judgment. MCR 7.203(C).3 This Court could grant "any judgment ... as the case may require" pursuant to MCR 7.216(A)(7), which would impliedly include granting declaratory relief. However, that does not appear to have occurred. Mandamus and declaratory judgments are not exactly the same thing; and because this Court does not appear to have the jurisdiction to entertain an original action for declaratory relief, I would not consider one.

Our Supreme Court has, in the past, found a clear legal duty on the part of the Secretary of State, leading to writs of mandamus, to evaluate ballot proposals for facial compliance with constitutionally mandated technical requirements. In Leininger v. Secretary of State, 316 Mich. 644, 651-656, 26 N.W.2d 348 (1947), our Supreme Court explicitly established that the Secretary of State has a clear legal duty to determine whether petitions were in the proper constitutionally required form for transmittal to the Legislature. Leininger is of dubious direct validity today, however, because at the time, article V, § 1 of the 1908 Constitution, as amended by 1941 Joint Resolution 2, imposed an explicit duty on the Secretary to do so. Leininger, 316 Mich. at 655, 26 N.W.2d 348. However, Leininger relied primarily on another case that predated 1941 JR 2, and it noted that the Constitution merely "now makes express the duty which this Court had theretofore held rested upon the Secretary of State." Leininger, 316 Mich. at 655, 26 N.W.2d 348.

The prior case is Scott v. Secretary of State, 202 Mich. 629, 168 N.W. 709 (1918). Although Scott predates 1941 JR 2, it was decided after the 1908 Constitution was amended to provide for a referendum process by 1913 Concurrent Resolution 4.4 The 1913 to 1941 version of Const. 1908, art. V, § 1 did not provide the explicit directive to the Secretary to "determine[]that the petition is legal and in proper form and has been signed by the required number of qualified and registered electors," as it did after 1941 JR 2, as noted in Leininger. Rather, it specified only that "[u]pon receipt of any initiative petition, the Secretary of State shall canvass the same to ascertain if such petition has been signed by the requisite number of qualified electors" and transmit it to the Legislature if so. 1913 CR 4. Scott observed that the same constitutional provision required all petitions to contain "the full text of the amendment so proposed," and on that basis, it held that "such petition" had to be defined as one "conforming to the constitutional mandate." Scott, 202 Mich. at 644, 168 N.W. 709. If a petition did not satisfy the constitutional requirements, it was therefore the duty of the Secretary to reject it. Scott, 202 Mich. at 643-646, 168 N.W. 709; see also, Hamilton v. Secretary of State, 212 Mich. 31, 38-40, 179 N.W. 553 (1920) (discussing Scott).

I would find that, while Michigan has a new Constitution, the principles discussed in Scott and expounded upon in Leininger are still valid and binding. I would therefore explicitly hold that the Secretary of State has a clear, unambiguous, affirmative legal duty to evaluate ballot initiatives for facial compliance with the technical formalities dictated by the Constitution. However, I find authority only supporting the bare obligation by the Secretary of State to make that evaluation. Should the Secretary of State find that the ballot proposal is or is not compliant, and thereby decide whether to place it on the ballot, the Secretary of State's decision will then be reviewable by an appeal to the courts. See Leininger, 316 Mich. at 652, 26 N.W.2d 348, citing Hamilton, 212 Mich. at 38, 179 N.W. 553 and Thompson v. Secretary of State, 192 Mich. 512, 523-524, 159 N.W. 65 (1916). Alternatively, one or more of the parties should have commenced an action seeking declaratory relief.

I recognize that there are time constraints on the subject matter of this case. However, I do not believe that those time constraints change the law. I note that at oral argument, the Solicitor General agreed on the record that the Secretary of State is obligated to make this decision, but asked this Court to make that decision for the Secretary of State because of those time constraints. I do not believe that in the absence of any clear authority to the contrary, such as that from our Legislature or from our Supreme Court, this Court may do so until such time as the Secretary of State has made a decision.5 Indeed, at oral argument, the possibility of clarifying legislation was discussed, and I would very much like to have such clear authority on which to rely.6 However, in the absence thereof, I can only surmise the courts could address the issue through a complaint for declaratory judgment.

Where the majority and I part ways is that I would issue a writ of mandamus directing the Secretary of State to make this decision; the majority would relieve the Secretary of her duty and issue a writ of mandamus making this decision for her. I believe that the Secretary of State has a clear legal duty, independent of any decision or judgment from this Court, to evaluate ballot initiatives for facial compliance with the procedural requirements specified by the Constitution, and we can therefore issue a writ of mandamus requiring the Secretary of State to carry out that duty. If a court, such as this Court, issues a declaratory judgment that a ballot initiative is or is not constitutionally infirm, then the Secretary of State has a clear legal duty to take a particular action to accept or reject the initiative and present it to the voters. But I believe the majority's approach conflates the matter and impermissibly treats this case as not only an original action for mandamus, but also an original action for declaratory judgment. I appreciate the majority's concern, given the nature of the ballot initiative at issue, but in the absence of a clearer articulation of this Court's authority and the Secretary of State's duty from our Supreme Court or from the Legislature, I would only direct that the Secretary of State engage in the analysis that she was obligated to engage in from the outset.