OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO DISMISS FOR LACK OF PERSONAL JURISDICTION (DKT. 6)

TERRENCE G. BERG, District Judge.

This case arises from a dispute about the rightful possession of a "gaseous infusion machine." This machine, allegedly invented by Plaintiff Clifton Roe, is used in the oil and gas industry to dissolve gasses into liquids. Roe is currently an employee of Plaintiff Apollo Petroleum Solutions, LLC, but over the past few years he has also been associated with two other companies, Nano Gas Technologies, Inc. ("Nano Gas") and OilTrap Environmental Products, Inc. ("OilTrap"). According to the Complaint, Defendant Flowback Solutionz Canada ("Flowback-Canada or Defendant") has Plaintiff's proto-type machine in its possession. Plaintiff wants the machine back.

Defendant filed a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction (Dkt. 6). Plaintiff filed a response brief (Dkt. 8) and Defendant filed a reply (Dkt. 11). The Court heard oral argument on Defendant's motion on November 2, 2016. Upon review of the entire record and the legal arguments of the parties, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have not established that Defendant has had contacts with Michigan sufficient to subject Defendant to the jurisdiction of this Court. Therefore, for the reasons set forth below, Defendant's motion to dismiss (Dkt. 6) is GRANTED, and Plaintiff's Complaint is DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE.

I. BACKGROUND

Plaintiff Apollo Petroleum Solutions, LLC is a Louisiana corporation, organized under the laws of Louisiana, with a principal place of business in Lafayette, Louisiana. All of Apollo's members are citizens of Louisiana, thus it is a citizen of Louisiana (Dkt. 3, First Amended Complaint, ¶ 1). Plaintiff Clifton Roe is an individual who resides in Harrison Township, Macomb County, Michigan, and is a citizen of Michigan. Id. ¶ 2. Defendant Flowback Solutionz Canada (0984767 BC Ltd) (Flowback-Canada) is a Canadian corporation, organized and existing under the laws of Canada, and having its principal place of business in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Id. ¶ 3. There is another "Flowback" entity, not a party to this lawsuit, which claims to be a separate company but shares several key personnel with Flowback-Canada. That company is called Flowback Solutionz, LLC, a limited liability company, organized under the laws of the State of Washington (hereafter, "Flowback-USA").1 The record does not reflect the citizenship of Flowback-USA's members, but that information is not required to resolve the motion before the Court.

On or about March 21, 2013 Plaintiff Roe and non-party Nano Gas Technologies, Inc.2 ("Nano Gas") signed a joint venture agreement for the development and commercialization of gas infusion machines (Dkt. 8, Ex. D, Pg ID 111-114). Nano Gas is a Delaware corporation with offices in Deerfield, Illinois. Plaintiff Roe and Nano Gas established a joint laboratory in Clinton Township, Michigan in June 2013.

Plaintiff Roe states in his response to Defendant's motion to dismiss that, during this time-frame, he and Nano Gas were introduced to non-party OilTrap Environmental Products, Inc. and "Flowback"3 (Dkt. 8, Pg ID 56). Plaintiff avers that, beginning on or about June 26, 2014, James Warren, James Ward (employees and agents of Flowback — again, Plaintiff does not state which Flowback, USA or Canada) and Di Gao (consultant for Flowback) had telephone conferences and exchanged multiple emails with Plaintiff Roe, Len Bland and Jeff Hardin of Nano Gas regarding the gas infusion process. Plaintiff attaches these emails to his response to Defendant's motion to dismiss (Dkt. 8, Ex. E). It is clear from these emails that Flowback-USA, Nano Gas, and OilTrap were discussing the possible use of Roe's gas infusion machine as part of a large project that Flowback-USA was undertaking with Apache Oil Corporation in Canada. Plaintiff Roe is "cc'ed" on two of the emails (with an email address of croe@nanogastechnologies.com); he is not the primary sender or recipient on any of the attached emails. The bulk of the emails consist of correspondence between Mike Davis (OilTrap), Len Bland (Nano Gas), and James (Jim) Warren (Flowback-USA).4 Included in these emails in the signature page from what Plaintiff contends is a non-disclosure agreement (Pg ID 140). The signature page is signed by a Ty Hanna on behalf of Apache Oil Corporation (not a party to this lawsuit). It has a signature block for James Warren on behalf of Flowback Solutionz, LLC (a/k/a Flowback-USA), but the copy provided to the Court by Plaintiffs has not been signed by Mr. Warren.

Plaintiffs provided two additional non-disclosure agreements (Pg IDs 148-153). The first, between Nano Gas and Flowback-USA (identified as "Flowback Solutionz, LLC") is dated August 29, 2014. The copy provided to the Court does not list an address for Flowback Solutionz, LLC, but that is the company name of Flowback-USA (not Flowback-Canada). This non-disclosure agreement was not executed by Nano Gas; Mr. Di Gao ("Chair of Scientific Advisory Board") signed on behalf of Flowback-USA. Plaintiff Roe states in an affidavit that this non-disclosure agreement arose in conjunction with an in-person meeting at Plaintiff Roe's lab in Michigan attended by James Warren (Flowback-USA), Chris Witworth (Flowback-USA), Plaintiff Roe and Mike Davis (OilTrap) (Pg ID 69 ¶ 4). At this meeting, Plaintiff Roe claims that he demonstrated the gas infusion process to OilTrap and Flowback. Plaintiff Roe states that OilTrap and Flowback expressed interest in using his technology in the oil fields in Canada. Id. ¶ 5. For his part, Mr. Warren states that he never travelled to Michigan on behalf of Flowback-USA (Pg ID 169 ¶ 4). Mr. Warren admits, however, that Mr. Witworth (an employee of Flowback-USA, not Flowback-Canada) and Mr. Di Gao (an "advisor" for Flowback-USA) travelled to Michigan to meet with Nano Gas and Plaintiff Roe.

The second agreement was entered into about a week later, on September 8, 2014. This agreement is between Nano Gas, and Flowback Solutionz, LLC (that is, Flowback-USA). In this agreement, Flowback is explicitly listed as a "Washington" LLC (Pg ID 152). Unlike the other two agreements, this agreement was fully executed — Thomas DeDonato signed for Flowback-USA, and Len Bland signed for Nano Gas.

Plaintiff Roe states that he terminated the joint-venture with Nano Gas on September 15, 2014 (Pg ID 69 ¶ 6). Plaintiff Roe claims that he then began working directly with OilTrap in September 2014 to develop gas infusion machines, and he shipped his existing gas infusion machine to OilTrap in Olympia, Washington for research and development (Pg ID 70 ¶ 8). Around this time, Plaintiff claims that he received oil and water samples from Flowback for treatment and analysis. Mr. Warren states that Flowback sent these oil and water samples to OilTrap (in Washington), and then OilTrap then forwarded them to Plaintiff in Michigan (Pg ID 170 ¶ 5). Plaintiff claims to have analyzed these samples, and then shipped them "back to Flowback Canada." Id. ¶ 8. Plaintiff provided the Court with a "Water Sample Log" (Pg ID 154) that lists two samples for client "Flowback Solutionz" dated September 22, 2014. The chart contains a column labeled "testing completed." The first sample's "testing completed" column is left blank. The second sample's "testing completed" column reads "testing completed by OilTrap." Id.

Nearly a year then passes. Plaintiff Roe does not explain what happened during the intervening year, but instead picks up his narrative of events on or about September 2, 2015 when, unbeknownst to him, OilTrap and Flowback-Canada entered into an agreement whereby OilTrap would sell and deliver to Flowback-Canada a gaseous infusion machine (Pg ID 155). Under the purchase order between OilTrap and Flowback-Canada (explicitly identified in the purchase order as "Flowback Canada"), OilTrap was required to ship a gaseous infusion system from OilTrap in Tumwater, Washington to Flowback-Canada in Vancouver, British Columbia on November 3, 2015 (Pg ID 70 ¶ 9). Plaintiff believes that OilTrap missed the November 3, 2015 deadline to deliver the agreed gaseous infusion system, and Flowback-Canada demanded to receive the agreed gaseous infusion system or a full refund. Id. ¶ 10. Plaintiff believes that, in order to try to meet its commitment to deliver a machine to Flowback-Canada, OilTrap then "loaned" Plaintiff's machine to Defendant, shipping it to at a facility in Grand Prairie, Alberta, Canada. Id. ¶ 10-11.

To summarize, Plaintiff sent his machine to OilTrap, a company he was working with located in the State of Washington. OilTrap, without Plaintiff's knowledge or consent, shipped Plaintiff's machine to Flowback-Canada. Plaintiff is now suing Flowback-Canada to get his machine back. The question before the Court is whether this Canadian Defendant had sufficient contacts with Michigan to permit this Court to exercise jurisdiction over it.

According to Flowback-Canada, its only contact with Plaintiff relating to the gas infusion machine occurred in November 2015, when Plaintiff Roe participated in a conference call between James Ward, CEO of Defendant, and Dale Nelson, CEO of OilTrap. Defendant contends that Plaintiff Roe was presented as an employee of OilTrap during this call and Plaintiff Roe agreed in that telephone conversation to spare no effort in helping Flowback-Canada to get the machine working that Flowback-Canada had purchased from OilTrap.

II. ANALYSIS

A. Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction

On a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2), the plaintiff has the burden of proving jurisdiction over the defendant. See Neogen Corp. v. Neo Gen Screening, Inc., 282 F.3d 883, 887 (6th Cir. 2002); see also Children's Legal Services, PLLC v. Shor Levin and Derita, PC, 850 F.Supp.2d 673, 679 (E.D. Mich. 2012). In ruling upon a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, a district court has three procedural alternatives: "[it] may determine the motion on the basis of affidavits alone; or it may permit discovery in aid of the motion; or it may conduct an evidentiary hearing on the merits of the motion." Serras v. First Tennessee Bank Nat'l Ass'n, 875 F.2d 1212, 1214 (6th Cir. 1989). In this case, the Court will decide Defendant's motion on affidavits alone.

"[I]n the face of a properly supported motion for dismissal, the plaintiff may not stand on his pleadings but must, by affidavit or otherwise, set forth specific facts showing that the court has jurisdiction." Children's Legal Servs., 850 F. Supp. 2d at 679 (citing Theunissen v. Matthews, 935 F.2d 1454, 1458 (6th Cir. 1991)). An evidentiary hearing may be conducted "if the district court concludes that the written submissions have raised issues of credibility or disputed issues of fact which require resolution," in which case the plaintiff would be required to "show by a preponderance of the evidence that jurisdiction exists." American Greetings Corp. v. Cohn, 839 F.2d 1164, 1169 (6th Cir. 1988). However, where the district court finds no need for an evidentiary hearing, "the burden of the plaintiff is relatively slight, and the plaintiff must make only a prima facie showing that personal jurisdiction exists in order to defeat dismissal." Children's Legal Servs., 850 F.Supp.2d at 679 (quoting Air Prods. & Controls, Inc. v. Safetech Int'l, Inc., 503 F.3d 544, 549 (6th Cir. 2007) (internal quotations and citations omitted).

B. Minimum Contacts and Purposeful Availment

In a diversity case such as this one personal jurisdiction over a defendant is proper only if it comports with the requirements of Michigan's long-arm statute and federal constitutional due process. See Children's Legal Servs., 850 F. Supp. 2d at 679 (E.D. Mich. 2012); see also Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.715. The Sixth Circuit has held that "[w]here the state long-arm statute extends to the limits of the due process clause, the two inquiries are merged and the court need only determine whether exercising personal jurisdiction violates constitutional due process." Children's Legal Servs., 850 F. Supp. 2d at 679 (quoting Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. Still N The Water Publ'g, 327 F.3d 472, 477 (6th Cir. 2003)). "The Michigan Supreme Court has construed Michigan's long-arm statute to bestow the broadest possible grant of personal jurisdiction consistent with due process." Audi AG and Volkswagen of America, Inc. v. D'Amato, 341 F.Supp.2d 734, 741 (E.D. Mich. 2004).

In Michigan, personal jurisdiction over corporations may be general, see Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.711, or specific (also known as "limited"), see Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.715. In response to Defendant's motions to dismiss, Plaintiffs concede that there is no basis for the Court to exercise general personal jurisdiction over Defendant, and argue only for specific, or limited, personal jurisdiction over Defendant. The exercise of limited personal jurisdiction over an out-of-state defendant is proper where the defendant has "certain minimum contacts with [the forum] such that maintenance of the suit does not offend `traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.'" Int'l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S.Ct. 154, 90 L.Ed. 95 (1945) (quoting Milliken v. Meyer, 311 U.S. 457, 463, 61 S.Ct. 339, 85 L.Ed. 278 (1940)); accord Theunissen v. Matthews, 935 F.2d 1454, 1459-61 (6th Cir. 1991). Minimum-contacts are satisfied where a defendant has "purposely avail[ed] itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum State." Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253, 78 S.Ct. 1228, 2 L.Ed.2d 1283 (1958). "`Purposeful availment,' the `constitutional touchstone' of personal jurisdiction, is present where the defendant's contacts with the forum state `proximately result from actions by the defendant himself that create a `substantial connection' with the forum State.'" Neogen, 282 F.3d at 889 (quoting Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 475, 105 S.Ct. 2174, 85 L.Ed.2d 528 (1985) (emphasis omitted)). The defendant's conduct must be such that he should reasonably anticipate being haled into court. See World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 100 S.Ct. 559, 62 L.Ed.2d 490 (1980).

Under Michigan's long-arm statue, limited personal jurisdiction may be extended over a corporation if it does any of the following: (1) transacts any business within the state; (2) commits acts to be done, or consequences to occur, in the state resulting in an action for tort; (3) owns, uses, or possesses of any real or tangible personal property situated within the state; (4) contracts to insure any person, property, or risk located within this state at the time of contracting; or (5) enters into a contract for services to be performed or for materials to be furnished in the state. See Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.715. Plaintiffs must demonstrate that Defendant had one of the contacts set forth in the statute and that the contact "is directly and substantially related to the plaintiff's claim." Lafarge Corp. v. Altech Env't, U.S.A., 220 F.Supp.2d 823, 828 (E.D. Mich. 2002).

Plaintiffs make no allegations that Flowback-Canada owned, used, or possessed property in Michigan; contracted to insure a property or person in Michigan; or entered into a contract for services to be rendered or for materials to be furnished in Michigan. Plaintiffs focus instead on whether Flowback-Canada transacted business or committed acts resulting in a tort in Michigan. Plaintiff's Complaint (Dkt. 3) contains three counts — (1) replevin; (2) conversion; and (3) unfair trade practices (misappropriation of trade secrets).

The facts adduced by Plaintiffs are not sufficient for this Court to exercise personal jurisdiction over Defendant. As noted above, Plaintiff points to several alleged contacts with Michigan that Plaintiff contends establish personal jurisdiction over Flowback-Canada. First, Plaintiff Roe produces a series of emails between representatives of Flowback-USA, OilTrap and Nano Gas. Plaintiff Roe is "cc'ed" on two of these emails, but none of them show any direct communication to or from Plaintiff Roe. At best, these emails show business dealings between Flowback-USA and Nano Gas, which is located in Illinois. These emails are evidence of contacts with the forum by Flowback-USA, and therefore relate to whether there was purposeful availment by that entity. However, they do not prove any business dealings by Flowback-Canada with Michigan. Indeed, Plaintiff Roe's email address in these communications, croe@nanogastechnologies.com, suggests that he is acting on behalf of Nano Gas (again, located in Illinois) as opposed to writing from Michigan. Furthermore, these emails occurred in the summer of 2014, more than a year before OilTrap allegedly sold Plaintiff's gas infusion machine to Flowback-Canada in August 2015, and shipped it in November 2015. The emails relate to Nano Gas, OilTrap and Roe's attempts to negotiate a deal with Flowback-USA to use the gas infusion machine in a project with Apache Oil in Canada in 2014. They have no apparent connection with OilTrap's shipment of Plaintiff's machine from Washington State to Flowback-Canada in Vancouver, Canada in 2015. In sum, the emails produced by Plaintiff do not establish any minimum contacts to or purposeful availment of this jurisdiction by Flowback-Canada.

Second, Plaintiff points to an in-person meeting in Michigan with representatives of Flowback. However, Plaintiff has not produced any evidence that the meeting in Clinton Township, Michigan in September 2014 involved individuals acting on behalf of Flowback-Canada. Instead, the record shows that the parties who came to Michigan were representing of Flowback-USA. For example, the nondisclosure agreements (Pg ID 148-153) were drafted for, and one of them executed by, Flowback-USA. The first one is signed on behalf of "Flowback Solutionz, LLC" (Flowback USA). The second non-disclosure agreement also explicitly indicates that it is signed on behalf of Flowback-USA, a Washington Limited Liability Company. The evidence regarding contacts with Michigan during 2014 relates to activities of Flowback-USA, not of the Defendant, Flowback-Canada. Plaintiff has therefore failed to demonstrate sufficient evidence of contacts between Flowback-Canada and this forum to subject the Canadian corporation to the jurisdiction of this Court.

Finally, Plaintiff points to the water and oil samples that he received from Flowback-Canada. However, Plaintiff has not established that these water and oil samples were sent directly from Defendant to Plaintiff in Michigan. Rather, Defendant states (without dispute from Plaintiff) that it sent the water and oil samples to OilTrap in Washington State, who then forwarded them to Plaintiff in Michigan. This is not evidence of a direct contact of business relationship between Plaintiff and Defendant.

Plaintiff may well have a valid claim against Defendant5 to recover possession of his gas infusion machine. He just cannot bring it in this Court. Also, if Plaintiff could show that Flowback-USA is the alter ego of Flowback-Canada, and that Flowback-USA's contacts with Michigan should be lawfully imputed to Flowback-Canada, then this might be a closer case, because the evidence shows that during 2014 Flowback-USA was dealing with Nano Gas and Roe knowing that Roe and his joint facility with Nano Gas was in Michigan. But Plaintiff does not adduce any evidence in support of, nor does he make, this argument. Plaintiff has failed to make a prima facie showing that this Court can exercise limited personal jurisdiction over Defendant Flowback-Canada. As such, Defendant's motion to dismiss is well-taken, and must be granted. Plaintiff's Complaint is therefore dismissed, without prejudice to it being re-filed in a Court of proper jurisdiction.

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, Defendant's motions to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction (Dkt. 6) is GRANTED, and the Complaint is DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE.

IT IS SO ORDERED.