PAUL D. BORMAN, District Judge.
Michigan prisoner Augustus Robinson ("Petitioner") has filed a pro se petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 challenging his two first-degree criminal sexual conduct convictions which were imposed following a jury trial in the Kent County Circuit Court. Petitioner was sentenced, as a third habitual offender, to concurrent terms of six to 30 years imprisonment. In his pleadings, Petitioner raises claims concerning the late endorsement of two witnesses, the alleged absence of counsel during the pre-trial period, the effectiveness of trial counsel, the trial court's refusal to allow him to represent himself, the exclusion of certain evidence, his restraint in shackles before the jury, and the trial court's factual findings regarding the use of shackles. For the reasons stated herein, the Court finds that his claims lack merit and denies the habeas petition. The Court also denies a certificate of appealability and denies leave to proceed in forma pauperis on appeal.
Petitioner's convictions arise from his conduct in performing oral sex upon the 15-year-old daughter of his former girlfriend at the girl's residences in Grand Rapids, Kent County, Michigan in 2008 and 2009. Defense counsel on direct appeal summarized the trial testimony as follows:
Defense Counsel's App. Br. pp. 1-6 (footnotes omitted, edited to use minors' initials).
At the close of trial, the jury convicted Petitioner of two counts of first-degree criminal sexual conduct. The trial court subsequently sentenced him, as a third habitual offender, to concurrent terms of six to 30 years imprisonment on those convictions.
Following sentencing, Petitioner filed an appeal of right with the Michigan Court of Appeals raising the same claims presented in his habeas petition. The Michigan Court of Appeals remanded the case to the trial court to allow Petitioner to file a motion for a new trial and for the trial court to conduct an evidentiary hearing to determine whether Petitioner was in restraints while the jury was present in the courtroom and, if so, whether any of the deliberating jurors saw them. The trial court held the evidentiary hearing and denied the motion for a new trial because the testimony of Petitioner's counsel and court personnel did not support Petitioner's claim that he was restrained in shackles in front of the jury in the courtroom. People v. Robinson, No. 10-02818-FC (Kent Co. Cir. Ct. Oct. 15, 2012). The Michigan Court of Appeals thereafter ruled that Petitioner's claims lacked merit and affirmed his convictions. People v. Robinson, No. 304878, 2013 WL 3814352 (Mich. Ct. App. July 23, 2013) (unpublished). Petitioner filed an application for leave to appeal with the Michigan Supreme Court, which was denied, People v. Robinson, 495 Mich. 915, 840 N.W.2d 353 (2013), as was his motion for reconsideration. People v. Robinson, 495 Mich. 997, 845 N.W.2d 97 (2014). Petitioner also filed a petition for a writ of certiorari with the United States Supreme Court, which was denied. Robinson v. Michigan, ___ U.S. ____, 135 S.Ct. 272 (2014).
Petitioner thereafter filed his federal habeas petition raising the following claims:
Respondent has filed an answer to the petition contending that it should be denied because the claims lack merit and the shackles claim is procedurally defaulted. Petitioner has filed a reply to that answer.
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ("AEDPA"), codified at 28 U.S.C. § 2241 et seq., sets forth the standard of review that federal courts must use when considering habeas petitions brought by prisoners challenging their state court convictions. The AEDPA provides in relevant part:
28 U.S.C. §2254(d) (1996).
"A state court's decision is `contrary to' . . . clearly established law if it `applies a rule that contradicts the governing law set forth in [Supreme Court cases]' or if it `confronts a set of facts that are materially indistinguishable from a decision of [the Supreme] Court and nevertheless arrives at a result different from [that] precedent.'" Mitchell v. Esparza, 540 U.S. 12, 15-16 (2003) (per curiam) (quoting Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 405-06 (2000)); see also Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 694 (2002). "[T]he `unreasonable application' prong of § 2254(d)(1) permits a federal habeas court to `grant the writ if the state court identifies the correct governing legal principle from [the Supreme] Court but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of petitioner's case." Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 520 (2003) (quoting Williams, 529 U.S. at 413); see also Bell, 535 U.S. at 694. However, "[i]n order for a federal court find to a state court's application of [Supreme Court] precedent `unreasonable,' the state court's decision must have been more than incorrect or erroneous. The state court's application must have been `objectively unreasonable.'" Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 520-21 (citations omitted); see also Williams, 529 U.S. at 409. The "AEDPA thus imposes a `highly deferential standard for evaluating state-court rulings,' and `demands that state-court decisions be given the benefit of the doubt.'" Renico v. Lett, 559 U.S. 766, 773 (2010) (quoting Lindh, 521 U.S. at 333, n. 7); Woodford v. Viscotti, 537 U.S. 19, 24 (2002) (per curiam)).
A state court's determination that a claim lacks merit "precludes federal habeas relief so long as `fairminded jurists could disagree' on the correctness of the state court's decision." Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 101 (2011) (citing Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 664 (2004)). The Supreme Court has emphasized "that even a strong case for relief does not mean the state court's contrary conclusion was unreasonable." Id. (citing Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 75 (2003)). Pursuant to § 2254(d), "a habeas court must determine what arguments or theories supported or . . . could have supported, the state court's decision; and then it must ask whether it is possible fairminded jurists could disagree that those arguments or theories are inconsistent with the holding in a prior decision" of the Supreme Court. Id. Thus, in order to obtain habeas relief in federal court, a state prisoner must show that the state court's rejection of his claim "was so lacking in justification that there was an error well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement." Id.; see also White v. Woodall, ___ U.S. ____, 134 S.Ct. 1697, 1702 (2014). Federal judges "are required to afford state courts due respect by overturning their decisions only when there could be no reasonable dispute that they were wrong." Woods v. Donald, ___ U.S. ____, 135 S.Ct. 1372, 1376 (2015). A habeas petitioner cannot prevail as long as it is within the "realm of possibility" that fairminded jurists could find the state court decision to be reasonable. Woods v. Etherton, ___ U.S. ____, 136 S.Ct. 1149, 1152 (2016).
Section 2254(d)(1) limits a federal habeas court's review to a determination of whether the state court's decision comports with clearly established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court at the time the state court renders its decision. Williams, 529 U.S. at 412; see also Knowles v. Mirzayance, 556 U.S. 111, 122 (2009) (noting that the Supreme Court "has held on numerous occasions that it is not `an unreasonable application of clearly established Federal law' for a state court to decline to apply a specific legal rule that has not been squarely established by this Court") (quoting Wright v. Van Patten, 552 U.S. 120, 125-26 (2008) (per curiam)); Lockyer, 538 U.S. at 71-72. Section 2254(d) "does not require a state court to give reasons before its decision can be deemed to have been `adjudicated on the merits.'" Harrington, 562 U.S. at 100. Furthermore, it "does not require citation of [Supreme Court] cases-indeed, it does not even require awareness of [Supreme Court] cases, so long as neither the reasoning nor the result of the state-court decision contradicts them." Early v. Packer, 537 U.S. 3, 8 (2002); see also Mitchell, 540 U.S. at 16.
The requirements of clearly established law are to be determined solely by Supreme Court precedent. Thus, "circuit precedent does not constitute `clearly established Federal law as determined by the Supreme Court'" and it cannot provide the basis for federal habeas relief. Parker v. Matthews, 567 U.S. 37, 48-49 (2012) (per curiam); see also Lopez v. Smith, ___ U.S. ____ 135 S.Ct. 1, 2 (2014) (per curiam). The decisions of lower federal courts, however, may be useful in assessing the reasonableness of the state court's resolution of an issue. Stewart v. Erwin, 503 F.3d 488, 493 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing Williams v. Bowersox, 340 F.3d 667, 671 (8th Cir. 2003)); Dickens v. Jones, 203 F.Supp. 354, 359 (E.D. Mich. 2002).
A state court's factual determinations are presumed correct on federal habeas review. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). A habeas petitioner may rebut this presumption only with clear and convincing evidence. Warren v. Smith, 161 F.3d 358, 360-61 (6th Cir. 1998). Moreover, habeas review is "limited to the record that was before the state court." Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 181 (2011).
Petitioner first asserts that he is entitled to habeas relief because the trial court allowed the late addition of two witnesses, the expert Tom Cottrell and the victim's brother CJ. Respondent contends that this claim lacks merit.
There is no general constitutional right to discovery in a criminal case. See Weatherford v. Bursey, 429 U.S. 545, 559 (1977) (denying due process claim of a defendant who was convicted with aid of surprise testimony from an accomplice who was an undercover agent); United States v. Presser, 844 F.2d 1275, 1281 (6th Cir. 1988) (citing Weatherford). A decision regarding the endorsement of a witness generally constitutes a state law matter within the trial court's discretion. See Hence v. Smith, 37 F.Supp.2d 970, 982 (E.D. Mich. 1999) (citing cases); Whalen v. Johnson, 438 F.Supp. 1198 (E.D. Mich. 1977) (it is not a fundamental error to permit a prosecutor to endorse a witness during trial even though the prosecutor previously filed an affidavit stating that the witness was not material). A federal court may only grant habeas relief to a person who is "in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States." 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a). Alleged trial court errors in the application of state evidentiary law are generally not cognizable as grounds for federal habeas relief. See Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67-68 (1991) ("it is not the province of a federal habeas court to reexamine state-court determinations on state-law questions"); Serra v. Michigan Dep't of Corrections, 4 F.3d 1348, 1354 (6th Cir. 1993). "Trial court errors in state procedure or evidentiary law do not rise to the level of federal constitutional claims warranting relief in a habeas action, unless the error renders the proceeding so fundamentally unfair as to deprive the petitioner of due process under the Fourteenth Amendment." McAdoo v. Elo, 365 F.3d 487, 494 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting McGuire, 502 U.S. at 69-70); see also Wynne v. Renico, 606 F.3d 867, 871 (6th Cir. 2010) (citing Bey v. Bagley, 500 F.3d 514, 519-20 (6th Cir. 2007)); Bugh v. Mitchell, 329 F.3d 496, 512 (6th Cir. 2003).
The Michigan Court of Appeals denied relief on this claim concluding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding good cause for allowing the late endorsement of the witnesses and that Petitioner failed to establish that he was prejudiced by the court's ruling. See Robinson, 2013 WL 3814352 at *1.
The state court's denial of relief is neither contrary to Supreme Court precedent nor an unreasonable application of federal law or the facts.
Moreover, Petitioner fails to demonstrate that his trial was rendered fundamentally unfair by the late endorsement of the witnesses. The record indicates that the prosecution added expert witness Tom Cottrell as a witness to rebut a defense first raised by defense counsel during opening statements and that both he and the victim's brother CJ were known to the defense before trial. See 4/20/11 Trial Tr., pp. 4-6, 13-15. Additionally, Petitioner fails to show that he was prejudiced by the late addition of the witnesses. Defense counsel turned down the trial court's offer of an adjournment to allow her to interview the witnesses and said that she was aware of their potential testimony and prepared to proceed. Id. at 17. Petitioner was not deprived of exculpatory evidence nor denied the ability to prepare an adequate defense. The late addition of the two witnesses did not deprive Petitioner of a fundamentally fair trial. Habeas relief is not warranted on this claim.
Petitioner also asserts that he is entitled to habeas relief because the trial court refused to allow him to represent himself at trial after he expressed dissatisfaction with his appointed defense counsel. Respondent contends that this claim lacks merit.
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees a criminal defendant the right to the assistance of counsel, U.S. CONST. AMEND. VI; Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 53 (1932); see also Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 U.S. 25, 37 (1972); and gives an indigent criminal defendant the right to the assistance of court-appointed counsel. Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 343 (1963). The Sixth Amendment also grants a criminal defendant the right to self-representation if such a choice is voluntarily and intelligently made. Martinez v. Court of Appeal of California, 528 U.S. 152, 153 (2000); Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 819 (1975); Hill v. Curtin, 792, F.3d 670, 677 (6th Cir. 2015) (en banc). The right to counsel and the right to defend oneself are viewed as correlative rights in that waiver of one necessarily constitutes an assertion of the other. See King v. Bobby, 433 F.3d 483, 490 (6th Cir. 2006); United States v. Cromer, 389 F.3d 662, 680 (6th Cir. 2005).
A waiver of the right to counsel must be voluntary, knowing and intelligent. Iowa v. Tovar, 541 U.S. 77, 88 (2004); Faretta, 422 U.S. at 835; Jones v. Jamrog, 414 F.3d 585, 593 (6th Cir. 2005). "The determination of whether there has been an intelligent waiver of the right to counsel must depend, in each case, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused." Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464 (1938); see also Tovar, 541 U.S. at 92. A request for self-representation must be "clear and unequivocal" before the right to counsel may be deemed waived. United States v. Cromer, 389 F.3d 662, 683 (6th Cir. 2004). Additionally, a defendant who seeks to proceed pro se must generally be aware of the risks of self-representation so that "he knows what he is doing and his choice is made with eyes open." Faretta, 422 U.S. at 835.
The Michigan Court of Appeals denied relief on this claim finding that Petitioner told the trial court that he wanted to "fire" defense counsel, but "never requested, much less made an unequivocal request, to represent himself." Robinson, 2013 WL 3814352 at *2.
The state court's decision is neither contrary to Supreme Court precedent nor an unreasonable application of federal law or the facts. The record confirms that while Petitioner expressed some dissatisfaction with defense counsel prior to the start of trial, he never asked to represent himself. See 6/1/10 Status Conf. Tr., pp. 4-9. Petitioner fails to establish that he was denied his constitutional right to self-presentation. Habeas relief is not warranted on this claim.
Petitioner also asserts that he is entitled to habeas relief because trial counsel failed to sufficiently meet with him before trial and was ineffective during the course of trial. Respondent contends that these claims lack merit.
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees a criminal defendant the right to the effective assistance of counsel. U.S. Const. Am. VI. In Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), the United States Supreme Court set forth a two-prong test for determining whether a habeas petitioner has received ineffective assistance of counsel. First, a petitioner must prove that counsel's performance was deficient. This requires a showing that counsel made errors so serious that he or she was not functioning as counsel as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. Second, the petitioner must establish that counsel's deficient performance prejudiced the defense. Counsel's errors must have been so serious that they deprived the petitioner of a fair trial or appeal. Id.
To satisfy the performance prong, a petitioner must identify acts that were "outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance." Id. at 690. The reviewing court's scrutiny of counsel's performance is highly deferential. Id. at 689. There is a strong presumption that trial counsel rendered adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional judgment. Id. at 690. The petitioner bears the burden of overcoming the presumption that the challenged actions were sound trial strategy.
As to the prejudice prong, a petitioner must show that "there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different." Id. at 694. A reasonable probability is one that is sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome of the proceeding. Id. "On balance, the benchmark for judging any claim of ineffectiveness must be whether counsel's conduct so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the [proceeding] cannot be relied on as having produced a just result." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 686.
The Supreme Court has confirmed that a federal court's consideration of ineffective assistance of counsel claims arising from state criminal proceedings is quite limited on habeas review due to the deference accorded trial attorneys and state appellate courts reviewing their performance. "The standards created by Strickland and § 2254(d) are both `highly deferential,' and when the two apply in tandem, review is `doubly' so." Harrington, 562 U.S. at 105 (internal and end citations omitted). "When § 2254(d) applies, the question is not whether counsel's actions were reasonable. The question is whether there is any reasonable argument that counsel satisfied Strickland's deferential standard." Id.
With regard to the pre-trial period, Petitioner alleges that trial counsel failed to meet with him for several months before trial after she unsuccessfully moved to withdraw as counsel (due to Petitioner's threats) and that this amounted to the denial of counsel at a critical stage of the proceedings in violation of United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648 (1984).
Citing Cronic and Strickland, the Michigan Court of Appeals denied relief on this claim. The court explained:
Robinson, 2013 WL 3814352 at *2-3.
The state court's decision is neither contrary to Supreme Court precedent nor an unreasonable application of federal law or the facts. The Supreme Court has limited the presumed prejudice standard to three types of ineffective assistance claims: (1) complete denial of counsel; (2) government interference with the right to counsel; and (3) conflicts of interest. See Smith v. Robbins, 528 U.S. 259, 287 (2000) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 692; Cronic, 466 U.S. at 659 & n. 25). The first category, the complete denial of counsel, encompasses both actual and constructive denials of counsel, and a constructive denial of counsel can occur when "counsel entirely fails to subject the prosecution's case to meaningful adversarial testing." Cronic, 466 U.S. at 659. The Cronic presumption "applies only where defense counsel completely or entirely fails to oppose the prosecution throughout the guilt or penalty phase as a whole." Benge v. Johnson, 474 F.3d 236, 247 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 697 (2002)). In order for Cronic, rather than Strickland, to apply, "the attorney's failure must be complete." Bell, 535 U.S. at 697. The distinction is between "bad lawyering" and "no lawyering," Woodard v. Collins, 898 F.2d 1027, 1028 (5th Cir. 1990); see also Moss v. Hofbauer, 286 F.3d 851, 861 (6th Cir. 2002), and the difference is not one of degree, but one of kind. Bell, 535 U.S. at 697.
In this case, trial counsel's minimal meetings with Petitioner before trial did not amount to a complete failure to represent Petitioner during the pre-trial period or provide a defense. Rather, the record shows that counsel met with Petitioner in person before his threatening behavior, see Prison Visitation Record, Pet. Attach. J, then continued to correspond with him and work on his case during the pre-trial period, see Counsel's Withdrawal Mot., Pet. Attach. Y; Kent Co. Cir. Ct. Dkt. No. 10-02818-FC, and met with him briefly before trial. Pet. Br. p. 45. The presumption of prejudice does not apply. Petitioner must therefore show that he was actually prejudiced by counsel's minimal contacts with him during the pretrial period.
Petitioner fails to allege any facts indicating that he was prejudiced by the lack of personal visits with trial counsel (which arose from his own threatening behavior). Conclusory allegations, without evidentiary support, do not provide a basis for habeas relief. See, e.g., Cross v. Stovall, 238 F. App'x 32, 39-40 (6th Cir. 2007); Workman v. Bell, 178 F.3d 759, 771 (6th Cir. 1998) (conclusory allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel do not justify federal habeas relief); see also Washington v. Renico, 455 F.3d 722, 733 (6th Cir. 2006) (bald assertions and conclusory allegations do not provide sufficient basis for an evidentiary hearing in habeas proceedings).
Petitioner further asserts that trial counsel failed to sufficiently investigate his case and prepare for trial. Well-established federal law requires that defense counsel conduct a reasonable investigation into the facts of a defendant's case, or make a reasonable determination that such investigation is unnecessary. Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 522-23; Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691; Stewart v. Wolfenbarger, 468 F.3d 338, 356 (6th Cir. 2007); Towns v. Smith, 395 F.3d 251, 258 (6th Cir. 2005). The duty to investigate "includes the obligation to investigate all witnesses who may have information concerning . . . guilt or innocence." Towns, 395 F.3d at 258. That being said, decisions as to what evidence to present and whether to call certain witnesses are presumed to be matters of trial strategy. When making strategic decisions, counsel's conduct must be reasonable. Roe v. Flores-Ortega, 528 U.S. 470, 481 (2000); see also Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 522-23. The failure to call witnesses or present other evidence constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel only when it deprives a defendant of a substantial defense. Chegwidden v. Kapture, 92 F. App'x 309, 311 (6th Cir. 2004); Hutchison v. Bell, 303 F.3d 720, 749 (6th Cir. 2002). In this case, Petitioner fails to explain what counsel failed to investigate during the pre-trial period and/or how further investigation would have uncovered information which would have benefitted his defense and affected the outcome at trial. As noted, conclusory allegations are insufficient to warrant habeas relief.
Petitioner asserts that trial counsel was ineffective for eliciting character testimony from witness Chiquita Braggs which opened the door to the prosecutor eliciting testimony that he had been convicted of unarmed robbery. Citing the Strickland standard, the Michigan Court of Appeals denied relief on this claim. The court explained in relevant part:
Robinson, 2013 WL 3814352 at *2.
The state court's decision is neither contrary to Supreme Court precedent nor an unreasonable application of federal law or the facts. Trial counsel reasonably decided to elicit testimony from Braggs that she was comfortable leaving her daughters alone with Petitioner in an effort to support the defense claim that Petitioner was not a threat to underage girls and the victim was lying about the assaults. While such character testimony opened the door to the disclosure of Petitioner's unarmed robbery conviction, counsel may have reasonably decided that the benefit outweighed the cost, particularly since unarmed robbery is not akin to criminal sexual assault and the character testimony was strong and relevant to the charges in this case. This was a matter of trial strategy which will not be second-guessed on habeas review. The fact that trial counsel's strategy was ultimately unsuccessful does not mean that counsel was ineffective. See Moss v. Hofbauer, 286 F.3d 851, 859 (6th Cir. 2002) (an ineffective assistance of counsel claim "cannot survive so long as the decisions of a defendant's trial counsel were reasonable, even if mistaken"). Habeas relief is not warranted on this claim.
Petitioner also asserts that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to impeach the victim with her police statement and preliminary examination testimony, for failing to impeach the victim's friend with her police statement, and for failing to point out inconsistencies between the victim's and her brother's version of events. Citing the Strickland standard, the Michigan Court of Appeals denied relief on these claims finding that Petitioner failed to support his allegations and/or that counsel's actions were matters of trial strategy. The court explained in relevant part:
Robinson, 2013 WL 3814352 at *3-4.
The state court's decision is neither contrary to Supreme Court precedent nor an unreasonable application of federal law or the facts. The record indicates that counsel contested the testimony of the victim and the other prosecution witnesses at trial. While counsel did not point out some inconsistencies among those statements and testimony, she may have reasonably determined that they were minor and not worth pursuing in an effort to focus on larger credibility issues, such as TJ's troubles with her mother arising from her lies and improper behavior, see 4/19/11 Trial Tr., pp. 75-81, IT's inability to recall dates and times, id. at 47-48, whether IT might have been mistaken about seeing Petitioner (as opposed to the victim's brother or cousin) in the bedroom doorway, id. at 50-51, and the fact that TJ did not say anything about Petitioner that night or the next day. Id. at 55-56. Additionally, counsel may have reasonably decided not to impeach IT's testimony that she and TJ were in the same bed with IT's police statement that they were in separate beds because the jury might find it hard to believe that Petitioner would assault TJ while she was in the same bed as IT and that IT would not realize what was happening at the time. Counsel's strategy, in fact, is reflected in her closing argument. See 4/20/11 Trial Tr. pp. 97-99. Moreover, the cross-examination of witnesses is generally a matter of trial strategy left to the professional discretion of counsel. See Jackson v. Bradshaw, 681 F.3d 753, 765 (6th Cir. 2012) (stating that "most cross-examinations can be improved but if that were the standard of constitutional effectiveness, few would be the counsel whose performance pass muster" and citing cases).
Similarly, counsel may have reasonably decided not to discuss the discrepancy in TJ's and CJ's testimony over who opened the door to the locked apartment in an effort to focus on the fact that CJ did not notice anything unusual that day and that TJ was doing the same thing when he went outside and when he returned. See 4/20/11 Trial Tr., p. 99. Petitioner fails to overcome the presumption that counsel's conduct was sound trial strategy. He also fails to show that additional impeachment/argument as to these matters would have affected the outcome or that he was otherwise prejudiced by counsel's conduct. Petitioner fails to establish that counsel was ineffective.
Petitioner next asserts that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate whether the victim had a negative drug test during March or April, 2009 to refute her testimony that she smoked marijuana with Petitioner the day before he assaulted her in March, 2009. The Michigan Court of Appeals denied relief on this claim finding that Petitioner provided "no proof" that counsel failed to investigate such a test and failed to establish the factual predicate for this claim. Robinson, 2013 WL 3814352 at *4.
The state court's decision is neither contrary to Supreme Court precedent nor an unreasonable application of federal law or the facts. First, Petitioner fails to substantiate his claim that counsel did not investigate this issue. Second, and more importantly, he cannot establish prejudice by any failure to investigate. TJ testified that Petitioner's second assault occurred in March or May of 2009, see 4/19/11 Trial Tr., pp. 68-72, but the court order requiring TJ to submit to drug testing was not signed until July 20, 2009 (following the June 30, 2009 hearing). See Court Order, Pet. Attach. P. Consequently, any investigation by counsel into drug testing results would not have uncovered evidence relevant to the case. Petitioner provides no drug testing results in support of this claim. As noted, conclusory allegations are insufficient to warrant habeas relief. Petitioner fails to establish that counsel was ineffective in this regard.
Petitioner also asserts that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object when the prosecutor asked Calandra Jones an open-ended question about their living situation and she responded that Petitioner was incarcerated for a period of time. The Michigan Court of Appeals denied relief on this claim stating:
Robinson, 2013 WL 3814352 at *4.
The state court's decision is neither contrary to Supreme Court precedent nor an unreasonable application of federal law or the facts. First, the prosecutor's open-ended question was proper under state evidentiary rules and there was no reason to anticipate that the witness would volunteer the incarceration information such that counsel had no basis for objection. Counsel cannot be deemed deficient for failing to make a futile or meritless objection or motion. See Coley v. Bagley, 706 F.3d 741, 752 (6th Cir. 2014) ("Omitting meritless arguments is neither professionally unreasonable nor prejudicial."); United States v. Steverson, 230 F.3d 221, 225 (6th Cir. 2000). Second, once the witness answered, counsel may have decided not to object in order to avoid drawing additional attention to the matter. Such conduct was reasonable under the circumstances. Petitioner fails to establish that counsel was ineffective.
Lastly, Petitioner asserts that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate Rosa Robinson and then asking her whether Petitioner had been in legal trouble, which led her to mentioning an aggravated assault. The Michigan Court of Appeals denied relief on this claim finding that "there is no indication in the record" that counsel failed to investigate the witness such that Petitioner failed to establish the factual predicate for his claim and concluding that counsel was not ineffective for failing to object to the testimony. Robinson, 2013 WL 3814352 at *4.
The state court's decision is neither contrary to Supreme Court precedent nor an unreasonable application of federal law or the facts. Petitioner fails to offer any evidence detailing the extent of counsel's investigation of Rosa Robinson or to allege any facts to show what counsel did or did not investigate before trial. As noted, conclusory allegations are insufficient to warrant habeas relief. Additionally, as with the other reference to Petitioner's criminal history, counsel may have decided not to object to the testimony or request that it be stricken in order to avoid drawing attention to the matter. Such conduct was reasonable given that the reference was brief and involved a completely different and unrelated offense. Moreover, even if counsel erred in some fashion, Petitioner fails to establish that he was prejudiced by counsel's conduct. The references to Petitioner's criminal history were brief and did not involve any crimes similar to the charged offenses. The trial court also instructed the jury about the elements of the charged offenses and the proper consideration of the evidence. Jurors are presumed to follow the court's instructions. See Penry v. Johnson, 532 U.S. 782, 799 (2001) (citing Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200, 211 (1987)); United States v. Powell, 469 U.S. 57, 66 (1984) ("Jurors . . . take an oath to follow the law as charged, and they are expected to follow it."). Petitioner fails to establish that counsel was ineffective under the Strickland standard. Habeas relief is not warranted on these claims.
Petitioner next asserts that he is entitled to habeas relief because the trial court allowed the prosecution to present evidence that Calandra Jones and Petitioner discussed sending TJ to a juvenile boot camp, but then excluded evidence about why they considered doing so. Respondent contends that this claim lacks merit.
As noted, alleged trial court errors in the application of state evidentiary law are generally not cognizable as grounds for federal habeas relief. Estelle, 502 U.S. at 67-68; Serra, 4 F.3d at 1354. "Trial court errors in state procedure or evidentiary law do not rise to the level of federal constitutional claims warranting relief in a habeas action, unless the error renders the proceeding so fundamentally unfair as to deprive the petitioner of due process under the Fourteenth Amendment." McAdoo, 365 F.3d at 494 (quoting McGuire, 502 U.S. at 69-70); see also Wynne, 606 F.3d at 871) (citing Bey, 500 F.3d at 519-20); Bugh, 329 F.3d at 512.
The Michigan Court of Appeals denied relief on this claim. The court explained:
Robinson, 2013 WL 3814352 at *5.
The state court's denial of relief is neither contrary to Supreme Court precedent nor an unreasonable application of federal law or the facts. First, to the extent that Petitioner asserts that the trial court erred under Michigan law, he merely alleges a violation of state law which does not justify federal habeas relief. See, e.g., Bey, 500 F.3d at 519. As discussed, state courts are the final arbiters of state law and the federal courts will not intervene in such matters. Lewis, 497 U.S. at 780; Oviedo, 809 F.2d at 328; see also Bradshaw, 546 U.S. at 76; Sanford, 288 F.3d at 860. Habeas relief does not lie for perceived errors of state law. Estelle, 502 U.S. at 67-68.
Second, Petitioner fails to establish a federal due process violation. The evidence was not particularly relevant and the jury was well aware that TJ was upset about the threat of being sent to a juvenile boot camp regardless of the reason for it. Moreover, the jury was also well aware of the fact that TJ had smoked marijuana and had been in trouble for lying and skipping school based upon TJ's own testimony. See 4/19/11 Trial Tr., pp. 70-71, 75-76. The defense thus had a sufficient opportunity to challenge TJ's motivations and credibility based upon the evidence presented at trial. Petitioner was not denied the ability to present his defense. He fails to show that the trial court erred and/or that the trial court's ruling deprived him of a fundamentally fair trial. Habeas relief is not warranted on this claim.
Lastly, Petitioner asserts that he is entitled to habeas relief because the jury viewed him in handcuffs/shackles during the jury instructions at trial and, relatedly, that the trial court's factual findings concerning this issue were clearly erroneous and not in keeping with the appellate court remand. Respondent contends that the handcuffs/shackles claim is procedurally defaulted and that both claims lack merit.
It is well-settled that federal courts on habeas review "are not required to address a procedural-default issue before deciding against the petitioner on the merits." Hudson v. Jones, 351 F.3d 212, 215 (6th Cir. 2003) (citing Lambrix v. Singletary, 520 U.S. 518, 525 (1997)); see also Arias v. Hudson, 589 F.3d 315, 316 (6th Cir. 2009) (citing Lambrix, 520 U.S. at 525). The Supreme Court has explained the rationale behind such a policy: "Judicial economy might counsel giving the [other] question priority, for example, if it were easily resolvable against the habeas petitioner, whereas the procedural-bar issue involved complicated issues of state law." Lambrix, 520 U.S. at 525. In this case, the procedural default issue is intertwined with the substantive issues and the substantive issues are easier to resolve. Consequently, the interests of judicial economy are best served by addressing the merits of these claims.
Generally, a criminal defendant "should not be compelled to go to trial in prison or jail clothing because of the possible impairment" of the presumption of innocence guaranteed by the due process right to a fair trial. Estelle v. Williams, 425 U.S. 501, 504 (1976). This principle extends to a defendant's appearance in handcuffs and shackles. United States v. Waldon, 206 F.3d 597, 607 (6th Cir. 2000). Due process precludes the use of visible physical restraints upon a defendant "absent a trial court determination, in the exercise of its discretion, that they are justified by a state interest specific to a particular trial." Deck v. Missouri, 544 U.S. 622, 629 (2005) (citing Holbrook v. Flynn, 475 U.S. 560, 568-69 (1986); Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 343-44 (1970)). Handcuffs or shackles on a defendant are permitted to prevent the escape of the accused, to protect people in the courtroom, and to maintain order during the trial. See Kennedy v. Cardwell, 487 F.2d 101, 110-111 (6th Cir. 1973). Exposure of the jury to a defendant in handcuffs or shackles requires a mistrial only when the exposure is so "inherently prejudicial" as to deny the defendant's constitutional right to a fair trial. See Waldon, 206 F.3d at 607.
Citing Deck and relevant state law, the Michigan Court of Appeals denied relief on this claim. The court explained in relevant part:
Robinson, 2013 WL 3814352 at *5-6.
The state court's decision is neither contrary to Supreme Court precedent nor an unreasonable application of federal law or the facts. First, the use of the RACC belt was justified by Petitioner's threats to harm defense counsel and was worn under his clothes so as not to be visible to the jury during trial. Second, the testimony from defense counsel and the two courtroom deputies supported the trial court's determination that Petitioner was not in handcuffs in front of the jury. While Petitioner offered testimony from himself and his sisters in support of his claim, the trial court had reason to doubt their credibility given the inconsistencies in their accounts and the fact that nothing in the trial record supports Petitioner's assertion that defense counsel objected at trial. Moreover, it is the job of the state trial court, not this Court on habeas review, to resolve such conflicts. The state courts' factual determinations are presumed correct on habeas review, 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1), and Petitioner has not rebutted this presumption with clear and convincing evidence.
Additionally, to the extent that Petitioner asserts that the trial court failed to follow the dictates of the appellate court's remand order or otherwise erred in conducting the evidentiary hearing under state law, he fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. As previously discussed, perceived violations of state law do not provide a basis for federal habeas relief. Estelle, 502 U.S. at 67-68. State courts are the final arbiters of state law and the federal courts will not intervene in such matters. Lewis, 497 U.S. at 780; Oviedo, 809 F.2d at 328; see also Bradshaw, 546 U.S. at 76; Sanford, 288 F.3d at 860.
Furthermore, even assuming that an error occurred, such error was harmless. For purposes of federal habeas review, a constitutional error that implicates trial procedures is considered harmless if it did not have a "substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury's verdict." Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 637 (1993): see also Fry v. Pliler, 551 U.S. 112, 117-18 (2007) (confirming that the Brecht standard applies in "virtually all" habeas cases); Ruelas v. Wolfenbarger, 580 F.3d 403, 411 (6th Cir. 2009) (ruling that Brecht is "always the test" in the Sixth Circuit). Harmless error analysis has been applied to claims involving the use of prison clothing and shackles. See, e.g., Lakin v. Stine, 431 F.3d 959, 966 (6th Cir. 2005) (citing Supreme Court cases). While the use of the RACC belt was justified by Petitioner's threats to counsel, even if it was not, the record indicates that the belt was not visible to the jury such that it could not have affected the verdict. Even if the jury briefly viewed Petitioner in handcuffs during the jury instructions, such action did not have a substantial effect or influence on the jury's verdict. Petitioner concedes that the jury knew that he had a criminal history and had been incarcerated and that he wore prison greens during trial. See Pet. Br. p. 60 (citing the record). Seeing him in handcuffs for a brief period of time would not have been surprising under such circumstances. Moreover, the prosecution presented significant evidence of guilt, particularly the victim's testimony and the corroborating testimony from her friend and her brother. Habeas relief is not warranted on these claims.
For the reasons stated, the Court concludes that Petitioner is not entitled to federal habeas relief on his claims. Accordingly, the Court
Before Petitioner may appeal the Court's decision, a certificate of appealability must issue. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(a); Fed. R. App. P. 22(b). A certificate of appealability may issue "only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right." 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). When a court denies relief on the merits, the substantial showing threshold is met if the petitioner demonstrates that reasonable jurists would find the court's assessment of the constitutional claim debatable or wrong. Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484-85 (2000). "A petitioner satisfies this standard by demonstrating that . . . jurists could conclude the issues presented are adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further." Miller v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 327 (2003). Having considered the matter, the Court concludes that Petitioner fails to make a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right as to his habeas claims. Accordingly, the Court
Lastly, the Court also
