SEAN F. COX, District Judge.
On July 13, 2018, petitioner William Edward Dennis filed a pro se habeas corpus petition challenging his Michigan convictions for criminal sexual conduct. His sole ground for relief was that his trial attorney was ineffective for failing to present an adequate alibi defense. Petitioner subsequently asked the Court to hold his petition in abeyance, and after the Court denied Petitioner's requests for a stay, Petitioner moved to amend his petition to add more claims and to lift what he thought was a stay of the case. Respondent Sherry L. Burt then filed an answer to the petition in which she argued that Petitioner's claim about trial counsel was both time-barred and meritless and that Petitioner's proposed new claims also would be barred by the statute of limitations. The Court directed Respondent to file a supplemental brief, and after Respondent filed her supplemental brief, Petitioner filed another motion to amend his petition. The Court agrees with Respondent that Petitioner's initial claim and his proposed new claims are barred by the statute of limitations. Accordingly, the Court will dismiss the petition and deny Petitioner's pending motions to lift the stay and to amend the petition to add more claims.
Petitioner was charged in Wayne County, Michigan with three counts of first-degree criminal sexual conduct and three counts of third-degree criminal sexual conduct. The charges arose from allegations that he engaged in sexual activity with his niece from approximately June 14, 2001, when the girl became thirteen years old until sometime in 2003 when she was fifteen years old. The complainant did not disclose the abuse at the time because Petitioner intimidated her, and she was afraid of him. She ultimately told a boyfriend and a psychologist about the abuse and then went to the police in 2012. At Petitioner's trial in Wayne County Circuit Court,
People v. Dennis, No. 321191, 2015 WL 4990874, at *1 (Mich. Ct. App. Aug. 20, 2015) (footnotes in original).
The trial court dismissed one count of third-degree criminal sexual conduct during the trial, and on March 6, 2014, the jury found Petitioner found guilty of two counts of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.520b(1)(b), and one count of third-degree criminal sexual conduct, Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.520d(1). The jury acquitted Petitioner of the remaining counts (one count of first-degree criminal sexual conduct and one count of third-degree criminal sexual conduct). On March 20, 2014, the trial court sentenced Petitioner to concurrent terms of seventeen and a half to thirty years in prison for the first-degree convictions and seven to fifteen years for the third-degree conviction.
Petitioner appealed his convictions, raising two claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. In his first claim, he argued that trial counsel was ineffective for (a) failing to file a notice of alibi, (b) failing to request the alibi jury instruction, (c) ignoring critical alibi evidence, and (d) failing to properly cross-examine his daughter regarding his alibi of not being present in Michigan at the time of the alleged events. In his second claim, Petitioner argued that the trial court erred by not dismissing all the third-degree criminal-sexual-conduct charges on the basis that the ten-year statute of limitations had run on those claims. Petitioner also claimed that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to move for a directed verdict of acquittal on the third-degree charges. The Michigan Court of Appeals found no merit in Petitioner's claims and affirmed his convictions in an unpublished, per curiam opinion. See Dennis, 2015 WL 4990874. On March 8, 2016, the Michigan Supreme Court denied leave to appeal because it was not persuaded to review the issues. See People v. Dennis, 875 N.W.2d 214 (Mich. 2016) (table decision).
On March 9, 2017, Petitioner raised six issues in a motion for relief from judgment. He argued through counsel that: (1) the trial court improperly classified the complainant as a victim; (2-5) trial counsel was ineffective for (a) failing to conduct any pretrial investigative interviews of prosecution witnesses, (b) failing to investigate and introduce exculpatory records that he resided in Pennsylvania from September 2000 through at least May 2002, (c) failing to introduce a photograph on which the complainant expressed her love for him, and (d) admitting that "something must have happened;" and (6) appellate counsel was "cause" for failing to raise these constitutional violations on direct appeal.
The trial court denied Petitioner's motion after concluding that it was precluded from considering Petitioner's claims about trial counsel because he raised those issues on appeal and that Petitioner's claims about the trial court and appellate counsel lacked merit. The court also stated that Petitioner had not shown "good cause" under Michigan Court Rule 6.508(D)(3) for not raising all his claims on appeal and "actual prejudice" from the claimed errors. See Op. and Order, People v. Dennis, No. 13-009869-01 (Wayne Cty. Cir. Ct. Aug. 10, 2017).
On March 28, 2018, Petitioner filed a pro se delayed application for leave to appeal the trial court's decision. While the delayed application was pending in the Michigan Court of Appeals, Petitioner filed a habeas corpus petition that was assigned to another judge in this District. Petitioner signed that petition on April 15, 2018. In a subsequent letter to the Court, Petitioner asked the assigned judge to disregard his petition because his mother had mistakenly filed the petition before he could exhaust his state remedies. He also stated that he would be filing another petition once he exhausted all his state remedies. See Dennis v. Burt, No. 2:18-cv-11336, Letter from William E. Dennis, Dkt. #3 (E.D. Mich. May 3,2018). The case was summarily dismissed on May 10, 2018, at Petitioner's request. See id., Order, Dkt. #4, and Judgment, Dkt. #5.
On May 22, 2018, the Michigan Court of Appeals dismissed Petitioner's appeal because he failed to file his delayed application within the time required by Michigan Court Rule 7.205(G)(3). See People v. Dennis, No. 343697 (Mich. Ct. App. May 22, 2018). On June 5, 2018, the Michigan Court of Appeals filed a similar order dismissing the delayed application for leave to appeal the trial court's decision. See People v. Dennis, No. 343973 (Mich. Ct. App. June 5, 2018).
Petitioner did not appeal the June 5, 2018, order of the Michigan Court of Appeals. See Affidavit of Larry Royster, Clerk for the Michigan Supreme Court, Dkt. #15-13. He did appeal the May 22, 2018, order of the Michigan Court of Appeals, and while that appeal was pending in the Michigan Supreme Court, this Court received Petitioner's current habeas corpus petition. The petition was signed on April 15, 2018, but it was received and filed by the Clerk of Court on July 13, 2018.
Petitioner subsequently filed two applications to hold his habeas petition in abeyance while he continued to exhaust state remedies for the issues that he raised in his motion for relief from judgment. See Applications, Dkt. #7 and #9. While those applications remained pending, the Michigan Supreme Court denied Petitioner's application for leave to appeal the Michigan Court of Appeals decision dated May 22, 2018. See People v. Dennis, 919 N.W.2d 785 (Mich. 2018) (table decision). Accordingly, this Court declined to hold the habeas petition in abeyance. See Order, Dkt. #11.
Petitioner then moved to lift what he thought was a stay of this case. He also moved to amend his habeas petition to include the claims that he presented to the state court in his motion for relief from judgment. See Mot. to Lift Stay, Dkt. #12, and Mot. to Amend Pet., Dkt. #13.
Respondent subsequently filed an answer to the habeas petition in which she argues that consideration of Petitioner's habeas petition is barred by the statute of limitations and that the state appellate court's rejection of Petitioner's initial claim about trial counsel was objectively reasonable. Respondent also contends that the claims which Petitioner raised in his motion for relief from judgment would be barred by the statute of limitations if he were permitted to amend his petition to include those claims. See Dkt. #14. Petitioner filed a reply in which he asserted that his claims were meritorious and timely. See Dkt. #16.
The Court then asked Respondent to file a supplemental brief regarding application of the statute-of-limitations. See Dkt. #17. After Respondent filed a supplemental brief, see Dkt. #18, Petitioner moved to amend his petition. See Dkt. #19. He claimed that he was actually innocent and, therefore, the Court should excuse any failure to comply with the statute of limitations and review his claims on the merits.
The basis for Petitioner's claim of actual innocence is his contention that he was living and working in Pennsylvania from September 10, 2000, to at least March 1, 2002. He contends that this proves his innocence, because the complainant testified that Petitioner first assaulted her before or after her thirteenth birthday on June 14, 2001. Petitioner also contends that his trial and appellate attorneys were ineffective for failing to investigate and use documents that demonstrate he was residing in Pennsylvania in 2001 and that his daughter was also living there for most of that time.
The habeas petition is subject to the stringent provisions of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ("AEDPA") because Petitioner filed the petition after AEDPA became effective in 1996. Davis v. Bradshaw, 900 F.3d 315, 323 (6th Cir. 2018), cert. denied, 139 S.Ct. 1619 (2019). AEDPA established a one-year period of limitations for state prisoners to file their federal habeas corpus petitions. See 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1); see also Wall v. Kholi, 562 U.S. 545, 550 (2011); Davis, 900 F.3d at 323; Holbrook v. Curtin, 833 F.3d 612, 615 (6th Cir. 2016), cert. denied sub nom Woods v. Holbrook, 137 S.Ct. 1436 (2017). The limitations period runs from the latest of the following four dates:
28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). "AEDPA also contains a tolling provision, which specifies that `[t]he time during which a properly filed application for State post-conviction or other collateral review with respect to the pertinent judgment or claim is pending shall not be counted toward any period of limitation under this subsection.'" Holbrook, 833 F.3d at 615 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2)).
The relevant subsection here is § 2244(d)(1)(A), which states that a conviction becomes final at "the conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking such review." The Supreme Court has explained that,
Gonzalez v. Thaler, 565 U.S. 134, 150 (2012).
Petitioner did not apply for a writ of certiorari in the United States Supreme Court after the Michigan Supreme Court denied leave to appeal on direct review, and the deadline for doing so expired on June 6, 2016, ninety days after the Michigan Supreme Court's order dated March 8, 2016. See Sup. Ct. R. 13.1 (stating that a petition for writ of certiorari to review a judgment entered by a state court of last resort is timely if filed within ninety days after entry of the judgment). Thus, under Gonzalez, Petitioner's convictions became final on June 6, 2016.
The statute of limitations began to run on the following day, Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(a)(1)(A); Miller v. Collins, 305 F.3d 491, 495 n.4 (6th Cir. 2002), and it continued to run for nine months, that is, until March 9, 2017, when Petitioner filed his motion for relief from judgment in the state trial court. The limitation period was tolled from the time Petitioner filed his motion until August 10, 2017, when the state trial court denied the motion. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2). The limitation period also was tolled for the six months during which Petitioner could have appealed the trial court's decision, that is, until February 10, 2018. See Mich. Ct. R. 6.509(A) (establishing a six-month time limit for filing an appeal from the denial of a motion for relief from judgment); Holbrook, 833 F.3d at 619 (noting that AEDPA's one-year statute of limitations was tolled during the period in which the habeas petitioner could have, but did not, appeal the denial of his motion for post-conviction relief).
About a month and a half after the deadline expired for appealing the trial court's order on Petitioner's motion for relief from judgment, Petitioner filed a pro se delayed application for leave to appeal. On May 22, 2018, and again on June 5, 2018, the Michigan Court of Appeals dismissed Petitioner's appeal as untimely. See People v. Dennis, No. 343697 (Mich. Ct. App. May 22, 2018); People v. Dennis, No. 343973 (Mich. Ct. App. June 5, 2018).
Ordinarily, the limitations period is tolled during the entire time that a post-conviction motion and subsequent appeals are pending in state court. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2); Carey v. Saffold, 536 U.S. 214, 219-20 (2002) ("[A]n application is pending as long as the ordinary state collateral review process is `in continuance'— i.e., `until the completion of' that process. In other words, until the application has achieved final resolution through the State's post-conviction procedures, by definition it remains `pending.'"). Petitioner, therefore, maintains that the statute of limitations was tolled under § 2244(d)(2) until December 4, 2018, when the Michigan Supreme Court denied leave to appeal on collateral review of his convictions.
A motion for state post-conviction review, however, must be "properly filed" for it to toll the limitation period, 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2), "[a]nd an application is `properly filed' when its delivery and acceptance are in compliance with the applicable laws and rules governing filings." Artuz v. Bennett, 531 U.S. 4, 8 (2000) (emphasis in original). Such rules usually prescribe, among other things, "the time limits upon its delivery." Id. Thus, "only a timely appeal tolls AEDPA's 1-year limitations period for the time between the lower court's adverse decision and the filing of a notice of appeal in the higher court." Evans v. Chavis, 546 U.S. 189, 197, (2006) (emphasis in original). "When a postconviction petition is untimely under state law, `that [is] the end of the matter' for purposes of § 2244(d)." Pace v. DiGuglielmo, 544 U.S. 408, 414 (2005) (quoting Saffold, 536 U.S. at 226). In other words, "untimely state collateral attacks are not properly filed and do not toll the statute of limitations." Raglin v. Randle, 10 F. App'x 314, 315 (6th Cir. 2001).
On state collateral review in Petitioner's case, the Michigan Court of Appeals dismissed Petitioner's application for leave to appeal as untimely. The Michigan Supreme Court's subsequent denial of leave to appeal is presumed to rest on the same ground. Palmer v. Lavigne, 43 F. App'x 827, 829 (6th Cir. 2002). Therefore, the limitations period was not tolled after the expiration of the time for appealing the trial court's decision on Petitioner's motion for relief from judgment. Instead, the limitations period resumed running on February 11, 2018, the day after the period expired for appealing the state court's decision. Because the limitations period had already run nine months at that point, it expired three months later, on or about May 11, 2018. Petitioner filed his current habeas petition two months later on July 13, 2018.
AEDPA's statute of limitations "is subject to equitable tolling in appropriate cases." Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. 631, 645 (2010). However, a habeas petitioner "is `entitled to equitable tolling' only if he shows `(1) that he has been pursuing his rights diligently, and (2) that some extraordinary circumstance stood in his way' and prevented timely filing." Id. at 649 (quoting Pace, 544 U.S. at 418).
Petitioner alleges that his untimely appeal on state collateral review was due to his post-conviction attorney's failure to inform him that the state trial court had denied his motion for relief from judgment. The Supreme Court, however, has stated that, while an attorney's unprofessional conduct can be egregious and create an extraordinary circumstance warranting equitable tolling of a statute of limitations, "a garden variety claim of excusable neglect" that leads to missing a filing deadline does not warrant equitable tolling. Id. at 651-52; accord Martin v. Hurley, 150 F. App'x 513, 516 (6th Cir. 2005) ("[A]ttorney error is an inadequate justification for equitable tolling in this circuit."); Whalen v. Randle, 37 F. App'x 113, 120 (6th Cir. 2002) ("In general, . . . a lawyer's mistake is not a valid basis for equitable tolling."); Elliott v. Dewitt, 10 F. App'x 311, 313 (6th Cir. 2001) ("[A]n attorney's mistake which results in missing the filing deadline imposed by the AEDPA is not a basis for equitable tolling."); see also LaCava v. Kyler, 398 F.3d 271, 276 (3rd Cir. 2005) (concluding that an attorney's failure to timely notify the petitioner of the state court's disposition of his application for permission to appeal was not an extraordinary circumstance sufficient to warrant equitable tolling.). An attorney's negligence is "constructively attributable to the client and thus is not a circumstance beyond the litigant's control." Holland, 560 U.S. at 657. The Court, therefore, concludes that the post-conviction attorney's alleged negligence in failing to inform Petitioner of the trial court's decision on his post-conviction motion did not amount to egregious behavior entitling Petitioner to equitable tolling of the limitations period.
In his recent motion to amend, Petitioner urges the Court to address his claims on the merits because he is actually innocent of charges for which he is incarcerated. Actual innocence, if proved, serves as a gateway through which habeas petitioners may pass when the impediment to consideration of the merits of their constitutional claims is expiration of the statute of limitations. McQuiggin v. Perkins, 569 U.S. 383, 386 (2013). The Supreme Court has cautioned, however, "that tenable actual-innocence gateway pleas are rare: `[A] petitioner does not meet the threshold requirement unless he persuades the district court that, in light of . . . new evidence, no juror, acting reasonably, would have voted to find him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.'" Id. (quoting Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 329 (1995)). "To be credible, [a claim of actual innocence] requires [the] petitioner to support his allegations of constitutional error with new reliable evidence—whether it be exculpatory scientific evidence, trustworthy eyewitness accounts, or critical physical evidence—that was not presented at trial." Schlup, 513 U.S. at 324.
Petitioner has presented the Court with employment and financial records that his mother supposedly discovered after Petitioner's trial. The records show that Petitioner was working, residing, and paying bills in Pennsylvania during 2001 when, according to the complainant, Petitioner first assaulted her. The complainant, however, testified that the abuse continued until sometime in 2003 when she was fifteen years old, see 3/4/14 Trial Tr. at 67-68, and her grandmother testified that the complainant was still visiting her and Petitioner occasionally in 2003, id. at 228. Petitioner himself testified that he moved back to his mother's home in August or September of 2003. See 3/5/14 Trial Tr. at 29. Thus, Petitioner's employment and financial records from 2001 and early 2002 are not a complete alibi, and a reasonable juror could have voted to find Petitioner guilty beyond a reasonable doubt despite the new evidence. Petitioner is not entitled to pass through the actual-innocence gateway and have his claims heard on the merits.
For the reasons set forth above, Petitioner's habeas petition and his proposed new claims are untimely. Petitioner is not entitled to equitable tolling of the limitations period, and his claim of actual innocence is not tenable.
Accordingly,
Brand v. Motley, 526 F.3d 921, 925 (6th Cir. 2008).
In the present case, however, Petitioner alleges that his mother mailed his first petition to the Court. See Petitioner's Reply to Respondent's Supplemental Brief, Dkt. 20. It appears that Petitioner's mother also mailed the current petition to the Court, because it was sent in the same manner (by priority mail) from his mother's zip code area (48164), not the zip code area for Petitioner's current address (49442). Cf. Dennis v. Burt, No. 18-11336, Pet. for Writ of Habeas Corpus, Dkt. #1, PageID. 69 (E.D. Mich. Apr. 27, 2018), with Dennis v. Burt, No. 18-12197, Pet. for Writ of Habeas Corpus, Dkt. #1, PageID. 69 (E.D. Mich. July 13, 2018). "[T]he common law mailbox rule is inapplicable to the filing of habeas petitions to third parties, as intermediaries, who then mail them to the court for filing." Cook v. Stegall, 295 F.3d 517, 521 (6th Cir. 2002). Consequently, the Court is treating the current petition as filed on July 13, 2018.
