OPINION AND ORDER DISMISSING WITHOUT PREJUDICE PLAINTIFF'S STATE LAW CLAIMS

ROBERT H. CLELAND, District Judge.

Plaintiff Joe Louis Foulks filed a complaint alleging the following counts against Defendant City of Detroit and four individual City of Detroit Police officers:

See 28 U.S.C. § 1331. The remaining claims are state law causes of action. Since Plaintiff's federal and state law claims arise out of the same incident and share common operative facts, the court is permitted to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the state law claims. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367. However, for the reasons explained below, exercising supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff's state law claims would not promote judicial economy, the convenience of the parties, fairness, or comity. Therefore, the court will dismiss Counts IV-VII of the complaint without prejudice.

I. BACKGROUND

The court draws the following factual allegations from the complaint. Plaintiff alleges that on December 25, 2017, he was shoveling snow when his neighbor asked him to assist her in cashing a fraudulent check. Plaintiff refused, and his neighbor attempted to run him over with her vehicle and then called the police. Defendant officers arrived on the scene and arrested Plaintiff for felonious assault. Plaintiff asserts that the officers lacked probable cause for the arrest and further asserts that the officers used excessive force during the arrest. Additionally, he alleges that the officer maliciously initiated criminal proceedings against him based on this incident.

II. DISCUSSION

A federal court may exercise supplemental jurisdiction over each claim in an action that shares a common nucleus of operative facts with a claim that invokes the court's original jurisdiction. See United Mine Workers of Am. v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715 (1966). However, the federal court need not exercise its authority to invoke supplemental jurisdiction in every case in which it is possible to do so. Id. at 726. Supplemental jurisdiction "is a doctrine of discretion, not of plaintiff's right." Id. Justification for this doctrine "lies in considerations of judicial economy, convenience, and fairness to litigants." Id. Therefore, "[i]n deciding whether to exercise supplemental jurisdiction . . . a judge must take into account concerns of comity, judicial economy, convenience, fairness, and the like." Senra v. Smithfield, 715 F.3d 34, 41 (1st Cir. 2013). If these considerations are not present, "a federal court should hesitate to exercise jurisdiction over state claims." Gibbs, 383 U.S. at 726. Additionally, supplemental jurisdiction may be denied "if the federal claims are dismissed before trial," if "it appears that the state issues subsequently predominate," or "if the likelihood of jury confusion" would be strong without separation of the claims. Id. at 726-27.

Title 28 U.S.C. § 1367 authorizes federal courts to exercise supplemental jurisdiction. A court has the discretion to decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c) if:

Subsections two and four are relevant to the present action.

A. Dismissal Under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(2)

A district court may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction pursuant to § 1367(c)(2) if "the [state] claim substantially predominates over the claim or claims over which the district court has original jurisdiction." 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(2). Where "the state issues substantially predominate, whether in terms of proof, of the scope of the issues raised, or of the comprehensiveness of the remedy sought, the state claims may be dismissed without prejudice and left for resolution to state tribunals." Gibbs, 383 U.S. at 726-27. The state law claims presented here—false arrest and imprisonment, gross negligence, assault and battery, and malicious prosecution—raise problems, including the need to introduce evidence inapplicable to the evidence relevant to the federal claims, the presence of disparate legal theories on both claims and defenses, and the need to create expanded and contradictory jury instructions. For these reasons, the state claims would predominate over the § 1983 federal claims over which the court has original jurisdiction. Therefore, under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(2), the court will not exercise supplemental jurisdiction and will dismiss without prejudice the state claims.

B. Dismissal Under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(4)

A district court may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(4) if, "in exceptional circumstances, there are other compelling reasons for declining jurisdiction." "Congress's use of the word `other' to modify `compelling reasons' indicates that what ought to qualify as `compelling reasons' for declining jurisdiction under subsection (c)(4) should be of the same nature as the reasons that gave rise to the categories listed in subsections (c)(1)-(3)." Exec. Software N. Am., Inc. v. U.S. Dist. Court, 24 F.3d 1545, 1557 (9th Cir. 1994), overruled on other grounds by Cal. Dep't of Water Res v. Powerex Corp., 533 F.3d 1087 (9th. Cir. 2008).

1. "Compelling Reasons" for Dismissing Plaintiff's State Law Claims

For the purposes of § 1367(c)(4), compelling reasons "should be those that lead a court to conclude that declining jurisdiction best accommodates the values of economy, convenience, fairness, and comity." Id. at 1557. The circumstances of the particular case, the nature of the state law claims, the character of the governing state law, and the relationship between the state and federal claims (including the possibility of jury confusion) inform the decision to exercise or decline supplemental jurisdiction. Gibbs, 383 U.S. at 726-27.

Even where, as in the present case, the federal and state claims arise out of the same factual background, the simultaneous litigation of such claims may prolong pretrial practice; complicate the trial; lengthen and make more complex the jury instructions; potentially confuse the jury; result in inconsistent verdicts, and cause posttrial problems with respect to judgment interest and the availability of prevailing-party attorney fees. Consequently, the potential judicial economy and convenience to the parties of the court exercising supplemental jurisdiction over a state claims may be substantially offset by problems simultaneously created.

a. Immunity

The standards of immunity differ for state and federal law. If applied jointly, issues such as jury confusion may arise. Under federal law, the doctrine of qualified immunity protects government officials from liability for civil damages so long as "their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known." Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). Additionally, federal qualified immunity is "an immunity from suit rather than a mere defense to liability." Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 526 (1985). However, under Michigan law, a government employee must raise governmental immunity as an affirmative defense and establish three factors: "(1) the employee's challenged acts were undertaken during the course of the employment and that the employee was acting, or reasonably believed he was acting, within the scope of his authority, (2) the acts were undertaken in good faith, and (3) the acts were discretionary, rather than ministerial, in nature." Odom v. Wayne Cty., 760 N.W.2d 217, 218 (Mich. 2008).

State and federal standards of immunity differ in several ways. They differ in terms of their requirements and how they are classified, state immunity being an affirmative defense and federal immunity being an immunity from suit rather than a mere defense to liability. Applying these differing standards of immunity could lead to jury confusion, inconvenience to parties, and other trial complications. A jury, while considering a single event, would be required to switch between two different standards, resulting in multiple analyses in deciding whether a defendant is entitled to federal or state immunity. This could create a risk that the jury will apply the wrong legal standard to the claims.

b. Recoverable Damages

The damages available to Plaintiff for the federal claims and state claims are different. A plaintiff may recover punitive damages from a defendant (in his individual capacity) under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. City of Newport v. Fact Concerts, Inc., 453 U.S. 247, 267, 271 (1981). A plaintiff may recover exemplary damages, but not punitive damages, for a tort claim under Michigan state law. Kewin v. Mass Mut. Life Ins. Co., 295 N.W.2d 50, 55 (Mich. 1980).

"Punitive" and "exemplary" damages differ:

7 Mich. Civ. Jur. Damages § 161 (2013) (footnotes omitted); see also City of Newport, 453 U.S. at 266-67; Ass'n Research & Dev. Corp v. CNA Financial Corp., 333 N.W.2d 206, 211 (Mich. Ct. App. 1983).

Given the distinction between available damages for the different claims, allowing both state and federal claims to be brought in a single action, as is the present case, may result in jury confusion and an unfair verdict because punitive damages would be allowed for some claims but not others. Consequently, a jury would be instructed that they may "punish" for an egregious § 1983 violation, but they may not "punish" for obvious violations of state law. This difference could lead a jury to award more for a proven § 1983 claim merely to "compensate" for the jury's inability to award punitive damages for the state law claims. On the other hand, a jury may reduce an award if it incorrectly concluded that, since Michigan law does not permit punitive damages, a plaintiff does not deserve punitive damages on his or her federal claims, either. Such differences in the available damages may cause an unfair outcome and may result in an inconsistent judgment.

Compelling reasons exist for the court to not exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff's state claims given the disparity between the state and federal claims, namely the differences in state and federal law regarding immunity and recoverable damages. Exercising supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff's state claims would result in confusion, inconvenience, and potentially unfair results.

2. "Exceptional Circumstances" For Dismissing Plaintiff's State Law Claim

The phrase "exceptional circumstances" in 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(4) limits the broad discretion to deny supplemental jurisdiction, which district courts once had under Gibbs. See, e.g., Itar-Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc., 140 F.3d 422, 448 (2d Cir. 1998); Exec. Software, 24 F.3d at 1558. However, the statute does not limit dismissal to cases that are "ridiculous" or "impractical." Exec. Software, 24 F.3d at 1558, 1560 (citing Hays Cnty. Guardian v. Supple, 969 F.2d 111 (5th Cir. 1992) (holding that exceptional circumstances were present when parallel state proceedings were underway, and therefore the adjudication of state claim would be a "waste of judicial resources")).

Exceptional circumstances are present in this case because of the likelihood of jury confusion, judicial inefficiency, substantial inconvenience to the parties, and potential unfairness in an outcome that could result if Plaintiff's state law claims were tried together with his federal claims. Though there will be some duplication of effort required by Plaintiff and Defendants if Plaintiff decides to pursue the state claims in state court, any advantages to be gained by trying all the claims together here are outweighed by the potential for confusion about the issues, legal theories, defenses, and possible relief.

III. CONCLUSION

The inclusion of Plaintiff's state claims with his federal claims brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 could lead to jury confusion, judicial inefficiency, inconvenience to the parties, and an unfair outcome. Additionally, the state claims would likely predominate over Plaintiff's federal claims. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1367(c)(2) and (4), the court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff's state law claims. Accordingly,

IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiff's state law claims Count IV (false arrest and imprisonment); Count V (gross negligence); Count VI (assault and battery); and Count VII (malicious prosecution) are DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE.