GRIFFIS, P.J., for the Court:

¶ 1. On April 14, 2009, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company filed a complaint against Richard Shoemake seeking reimbursement for workers' compensation benefits paid on his behalf. Shoemake filed a motion for summary judgment, and Liberty Mutual filed a response and a cross-motion for summary judgment. The Newton County Circuit Court granted Shoemake's motion for summary judgment and denied Liberty Mutual's motion for summary judgment. Liberty Mutual appeals.

¶ 2. We find that the circuit court erred in applying Alabama law to Liberty Mutual's subrogation rights. Thus, we find that the circuit court erred in granting Shoemake's motion for summary judgment and in denying Liberty Mutual's motion for summary judgment. The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and this case is remanded for the circuit court to determine the exact amount of Liberty Mutual's subrogation interest for the workers' compensation benefits paid.

FACTS

¶ 3. On September 18, 2003, Shoemake was injured when his truck collided with a CSX train in Tuskegee, Alabama. At the time of the accident, Shoemake, a Mississippi resident, was employed by Simmons Wrecker Service (Simmons), a Mississippi company. The accident occurred in the course and scope of Shoemake's employment.

¶ 4. Simmons maintained a workers' compensation policy with Liberty Mutual. Following his accident, Liberty Mutual paid Shoemake $132,402.65 in workers' compensation benefits. Shoemake also filed a personal-injury lawsuit in Alabama against CSX and its engineer. Shoemake settled his claim against CSX and received $315,000 in settlement proceeds. Following the settlement, Shoemake reimbursed Liberty Mutual $82,226.84. Liberty Mutual then filed suit against Shoemake in Mississippi seeking reimbursement for the remaining $50,175.81 in workers' compensation benefits paid on Shoemake's behalf.

¶ 5. The circuit court reasoned that because Liberty Mutual's subrogation claim was derived from Shoemake's personal-injury claim in Alabama, Alabama law should also govern Liberty Mutual's subrogation rights. Applying Alabama's "common fund doctrine," the circuit court found that Liberty Mutual was only entitled to reimbursement for $82,226.84. Alternatively, the circuit court reasoned that Liberty Mutual had waived its right to subrogation by failing to intervene in Shoemake's personal-injury lawsuit.

¶ 6. Additional facts, as necessary, will be related during our analysis and discussion of the issue.

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE ISSUE

¶ 7. Liberty Mutual argues that the circuit court erred in granting Shoemake's motion for summary judgment and in denying its motion for summary judgment. Specifically, Liberty Mutual takes issue with the circuit court's application of Alabama law to Liberty Mutual's subrogation rights. Shoemake contends that even if Mississippi law applies, Liberty Mutual waived its right to subrogation by failing to intervene in Shoemake's personal-injury lawsuit.

¶ 8. An appellate court reviews a circuit court's decision to grant or deny summary judgment de novo. Patterson v. Tibbs, 60 So.3d 742, 753 (¶ 41) (Miss.2011). Summary judgment is appropriate "if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." M.R.C.P. 56(c). Such evidence is reviewed "in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party." Patterson, 60 So.3d at 753 (¶ 41) (citing Chisolm v. Miss. Dep't of Transp., 942 So.2d 136, 140 (¶ 60) (Miss.2006)).

1. Conflict of Laws

¶ 9. Shoemake contends that Alabama law governs Liberty Mutual's subrogation rights and that under Alabama's "common fund doctrine," Liberty Mutual is only entitled to reimbursement for $82,226.84. "The general rule in Alabama is that attorney fees can be awarded only when `authorized by statute, when provided in a contract, or by special equity, such as in a proceeding where the efforts of an attorney created a fund out of which fees may be paid.'" Int'l Underwriters/Brokers, Inc. v. Liao, 548 So.2d 163, 166 (Ala. 1989) (quoting Shelby County Comm'n v. Smith, 372 So.2d 1092, 1096-97 (Ala.1979)).

¶ 10. The common-fund doctrine rests on the reasoning that "where one litigant has borne the burden of expense of the litigation that has inured to the benefit of others as well as himself, those who have shared in the benefits should contribute to the expense." Id. (quoting Kimbrough v. Dickinson, 251 Ala. 677, 39 So.2d 241, 246 (1949)). Shoemake contends that Alabama's common-fund doctrine applies to his case; therefore, Liberty Mutual's subrogation interest should be reduced by its proportionate share of attorney's fees, which equal $50,175.81.

¶ 11. Under the Mississippi's Workers' Compensation Act, an employee who obtains a judgment against a third-party tortfeasor may recover the "reasonable costs of collection." Miss.Code Ann. § 71-3-71 (Rev. 2011). Attorney's fees are considered a cost of collection. Owen & Galloway v. Travelers Ins. Co., 499 So.2d 776, 778 (Miss.1986). However, the Mississippi Supreme Court has consistently held that "the compensation insurance carrier cannot be charged with a portion of the employee's cost of recovery." Id. at 780. Therefore, under Mississippi law, the "compensation insurance carrier [is] entitled to full reimbursement out of the proceeds of the employee's third[-]party recovery for the compensation benefits paid to the employee with no deduction for a share of the employee's cost of the recovery." Id.

¶ 12. Because a conflict exists between the substantive laws of Alabama and Mississippi, we must first determine which state's law governs this case. Mississippi resolves conflict-of-laws questions using the "significant relationship" test found in the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws (1971). Ellis v. Trustmark Builders, Inc., 625 F.3d 222, 226 (5th Cir.2010). The Restatement sets forth seven general factors for courts to consider when analyzing choice-of-law questions:

Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 6(2).

¶ 13. Courts are instructed to consider the following additional factors where the action involved sounds in tort: "(a) the place where the injury occurred, (b) the place where the conduct causing the injury occurred, (c) the domicile, residence, nationality, place of incorporation and place of business of the parties, and (d) the place where the relationship, if any, between the parties is centered." Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 145(2). "These [factors] are to be evaluated according to their relative importance with respect to the particular issue." Id.

¶ 14. Shoemake relies on O'Neal v. Kennamer, 958 F.2d 1044 (11th Cir.1992), to argue Alabama law should apply to Liberty Mutual's subrogation rights. Kevin O'Neal, a Tennessee resident, worked for Clopay Corp., a Tennessee employer. Id. at 1045. While working in Alabama, O'Neal sustained injuries from a collision with a truck. Id. He received both disability and medical benefits under Tennessee's workers' compensation laws. Id. O'Neal later filed suit in an Alabama federal court against the other truck driver involved in the collision and the driver's employer. Id. Clopay and Liberty Mutual, its workers' compensation carrier/plan administrator, intervened in the suit. Id. O'Neal ultimately settled his personal-injury lawsuit. Id. Clopay and Liberty Mutual sought to exercise their subrogation rights according to Tennessee's workers' compensation law, under which they "would be subrogated for both compensation payments and medical benefits." Id. The defendants in O'Neal's personal-injury lawsuit argued that Alabama law controlled and that, under Alabama law, Liberty Mutual and Clopay were entitled to recover "compensation payments but not medical benefits paid." Id. at 1046.

¶ 15. Applying Alabama's conflict-of-laws rules,1 the O'Neal court determined that Alabama law controlled because "the substantive rights of an injured party in a tort case are determined according to the law of the state in which the accident occurred." Id. Consequently, Alabama's workers' compensation law applied to an employer or insurer claim for workers' compensation benefits paid on behalf of an injured employee. Id. This was true even though the employee invoked the law of a different state, Tennessee, to obtain workers' compensation benefits. Id. at 1047. Because the court determined that Alabama's workers' compensation law applied, Clopay and Liberty Mutual were entitled to subrogation for compensation paid but not medical benefits. Id.

¶ 16. In support of its argument that Mississippi law controls, Liberty Mutual points to McDonald v. E.J. Lavino Co., 430 F.2d 1065 (5th Cir.1970). In McDonald, Curtis McDonald, an employee of a Mississippi company, sustained injuries in Alabama during the course of his employment. Id. at 1066. McDonald received benefits under Mississippi's workers' compensation law. Id. McDonald later filed a personal-injury suit in Alabama against the owner of the premises where he sustained his injuries. Id. McDonald ultimately settled his claim. Id. at 1067. The workers' compensation insurance carrier did not seek to intervene in the third-party suit until after the settlement. Id.

¶ 17. On appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit considered only the issue of whether the district court erred in denying the carrier's motion to intervene. Id. at 1068. However, the court made a point of noting its "agreement with the trial court's conclusion that the applicable substantive law determinative of [the carrier's] subrogation rights is the Mississippi law under which compensation was paid." Id. at 1069.

¶ 18. While the Fifth Circuit's statement in McDonald was arguably dictum, the court continued to emphasize the importance of where workers' compensation benefits were paid in analyzing conflict-of-laws questions. In Ellis, the Fifth Circuit applied Mississippi's significant-relationship test in determining whether Mississippi's or Alabama's workers' compensation law applied. Ellis, 625 F.3d at 225. Robert Ellis sustained injuries in Mississippi while working on a construction site for an Alabama employer who was a sub-subcontractor for Trustmark Builders, Inc. (Trustmark), an Alabama company. Id. at 223. Ellis recovered workers' compensation benefits under Alabama's workers' compensation law. Id. Ellis then filed a personal-injury action against Trustmark. Id. Under Mississippi's workers' compensation law, injured employees were precluded from filing suit against co-employees or the general contractor. Id. at 225. However, Alabama's workers' compensation law permits a subcontractor's injured employee to sue co-employees or the general contractor. Id. The district court determined that Mississippi law applied, thus barring Ellis's personal-injury claim. Id. at 223.

¶ 19. The Fifth Circuit reversed the district court and determined that Alabama law applied. Id. at 229. The court noted that while the negligent conduct that resulted in Ellis's injuries occurred in Mississippi, "[t]he Restatement makes clear that for personal injury actions `the local law of the state where the injury occurred determines the rights and liabilities of the parties, unless some other state has a more significant relationship....'" Id. at 226 (emphasis added).

¶ 20. In support of its conclusion that Alabama had a more significant relationship to the action, the court considered the fact that Ellis's relationship with his employer was centered in Alabama. Id. at 227. Additionally, aside from Ellis, all other parties were Alabama corporations and residents. Id. Finally, the court concluded that "Alabama has a more significant relationship to this case than does Mississippi, in large part because the parties have already engaged Alabama's workers['] compensation scheme." Id.

¶ 21. We find the Fifth Circuit's more recent decision in Ellis persuasive and decline to follow O'Neal. In this case, both the injury and the negligent conduct causing the injury occurred in Alabama. Thus, the first two factors under section 145(2) favor Alabama. See Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 145(2). However, "the site of the injury does not `invariably' determine choice of law when `the most substantial relationships of the parties and the dominant interest of the forum require application of another state's law.'" Ellis, 625 F.3d at n. 17 (quoting Mitchell v. Craft, 211 So.2d 509, 510 (Miss. 1968)).

¶ 22. Given that Shoemake is a Mississippi resident, and his employer, Simmons, is a Mississippi company, the next two factors under section 145(2) favor Mississippi. Furthermore, under Ellis, the fact that Shoemake received benefits in accordance with Mississippi's workers' compensation law also strongly favors Mississippi. Finally, applying Alabama law to an insurer's subrogation rights even though the insurer paid benefits under Mississippi's workers' compensation law would not protect "justified expectations" or provide a predictable and unified result. Based on these facts, Mississippi has a more significant relationship to the case than Alabama.

¶ 23. Accordingly, we find that the circuit court erred in applying Alabama law to Liberty Mutual's subrogation rights.

2. Intervention

¶ 24. Under Mississippi law, Liberty Mutual is entitled to reimbursement for benefits paid on Shoemake's behalf. However, Shoemake contends that Liberty Mutual waived its subrogation rights because it never sought to intervene in Shoemake's third-party lawsuit. But Mississippi case law "has never required the insurance carrier to join or intervene in an employee's third-party litigation to validate or enforce its subrogated claim to the proceeds recovered in that litigation." Federated Mut. Ins. Co. v. McNeal, 943 So.2d 658, 662 (¶ 17) (Miss.2006) (citations omitted).

¶ 25. Kevin McNeal was injured while he was on the job. Id. at 659 (¶ 2). His employer had a workers' compensation insurance policy with Federated. Id. at (¶ 3). Federated paid McNeal workers' compensation benefits. Id. McNeal then sued a third party for negligence and sought to recover damages for his injuries. Id. at (¶ 4). After a jury trial, McNeal obtained a judgment of $1.6 million dollars. Id. The case was eventually settled. Federated asserted its subrogation rights to the settlement funds, which McNeal disputed. The judge "directed the parties to deposit the disputed portion of the settlement funds in an interest bearing account maintained by McNeal's attorney." Id. at (¶ 5).

¶ 26. At that point, Federated filed a "Motion to Compel Compliance with [s]ection 71-3-71 requesting the circuit court order McNeal to reimburse it for all workers' compensation benefits paid to him." Id. at (¶ 6). The circuit court denied the motion. The court held that McNeal had not been "made whole" by the settlement, and Federated was not entitled to the reimbursement under its subrogation lien. Federated appealed this decision. Id. at 660 (¶ 6).

¶ 27. The supreme court considered section 71-3-71. McNeal, 943 So.2d at 660 (¶ 8). The court held:

Id. at (¶ 9).2 The court concluded that McNeal was required to reimburse Federated. Id. The court then noted that Federated's subrogation rights were statutory, not contractual, and the "made whole" doctrine was not applicable. See id. at 661 (¶ 13).

¶ 28. The court then considered the fact that Federated did not intervene in the underlying lawsuit against a third party tortfeasor. Id. at 662 (¶ 17). The court then stated the law applicable to this case:

Id. (emphasis added and citations omitted). As the supreme court said, there is absolutely no requirement that the workers' compensation carrier intervene to enforce its statutory subrogation claim.

¶ 29. In McNeal, the question considered by the court was "not whether Federated is entitled to subrogation without intervention, but rather whether Federated may appeal the circuit court's decision without intervention." Id. On this question, the court held: "However, we stress that the better practice for insurers who anticipate the possible need for judicial assistance in enforcing their liens is to file a formal intervention in accordance with the provisions of Rule 24 of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure." McNeal, 943 So.2d at 663 (¶ 20).

¶ 30. Liberty Mutual is entitled to statutory reimbursement. The supreme court "has never required the insurance carrier to join or intervene in an employee's third-party litigation to validate or enforce its subrogated claim to the proceeds recovered in that litigation." Id. at 662 (¶ 17).

¶ 31. Accordingly, we find that the circuit court erred in granting Shoemake's motion for summary judgment and in denying Liberty Mutual's motion for summary judgment. The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and this case is remanded for the circuit court to determine the exact amount of Liberty Mutual's subrogation interest for the workers' compensation benefits paid.

¶ 32. THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF NEWTON COUNTY IS REVERSED, AND THIS CASE IS REMANDED. ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED TO THE APPELLEE.

LEE, C.J., BARNES, ISHEE, ROBERTS, CARLTON AND FAIR, JJ., CONCUR. IRVING, P.J., CONCURS IN PART AND DISSENTS IN PART WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION, JOINED BY RUSSELL, J. MAXWELL, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.

IRVING, P.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part:

¶ 33. I agree with the majority that Mississippi's workers' compensation law governs this case. However, I disagree with the majority that Liberty Mutual should be reimbursed the full amount of the workers' compensation benefits that it paid Shoemake. I believe that Liberty Mutual should be reimbursed the amount that it paid minus a pro rata share of the costs of the prosecution of the civil case against the third-party tortfeasor. Therefore, I dissent. In my judgment, the circuit court reached the right result, even though it erred in finding that Alabama's workers' compensation law applied.

¶ 34. Mississippi Code Annotated section 71-3-71 (Rev. 2011) provides in pertinent part:

¶ 35. The question presented here is whether Liberty Mutual, which paid workers' compensation benefits to Shoemake, is entitled to full reimbursement, without a deduction for a pro rata share of the costs of collection, from the proceeds recovered by Shoemake in a civil action against the third-party tortfeasor, since Liberty Mutual did not exercise its statutory right of intervention in the civil action. Stated another way, does section 71-3-71 require the injured worker, who has successfully sued the third-party tortfeasor, to bear all the costs of collection? I do not believe that the Mississippi Supreme Court has ever spoken directly to this issue. However, I readily admit that there is dictum in McNeal suggesting that an employer or insurer that has paid benefits to an injured worker may recoup those benefits even where the employer or insurer has failed to intervene in the injured worker's third-party civil action. However, McNeal does not even speak indirectly to the question of shared costs.

¶ 36. In McNeal, the issue on appeal was not whether the insurer was entitled to be reimbursed for workers' compensation benefits paid to an injured worker without intervention in the injured worker's third-party civil action, but whether it could appeal, without intervention, the judgment of the circuit court denying subrogation because the injured employee had not been made whole. McNeal, 943 So.2d at 662 (¶ 17). In answering that question affirmatively, the supreme court observed: "Indeed, Federated is correct, as this Court has never required the insurance carrier to join or intervene in an employee's third-party litigation to validate or enforce its subrogated claim to the proceeds recovered in that litigation." Id. As stated, this statement is clear dictictum, and the McNeal court recognized it as such, noting: "The dissent correctly points out that Federated failed to strictly comply with the mandates of Rule 24 [of Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure]. If this case involved Federated's failure to comply with statutory requirements, the dissent's arguments would be well-taken." Id. at 662 n. 5 (¶ 17).

¶ 37. Unlike McNeal, today's case involves compliance with statutory requirements. Section 71-3-71 is clear that joining in the employee's third-party civil action is a prerequisite to the employer's or insurer's right to repayment of the amounts paid by them. As noted, section 71-3-71 states: "If such employer or insurer join in such action, they shall be entitled to repayment of the amount paid by them...." It seems to me that a proper reading and analysis of this language requires the employer or insurer to intervene in the third-party action to be absolutely entitled to repayment. This conclusion is compelled by the statute's use of the words "if" and "shall." My view that intervention is required is supported by a leading authority on workers' compensation law who argues that Rule 17(b) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure3 makes intervention mandatory for "the employer or carrier claiming statutory reimbursement rights in a civil action in state court." John R. Bradley & Linda R. Thompson, MISSISSIPPI WORKERS' COMPENSATION § 10:2 (Thompson-West 2008).

¶ 38. Granted, it is less clear whether the employer or insurer may, as opposed to shall, be entitled to repayment if the employer or insurer does not join in the third-party action. What is clear, however, is that section 71-3-71's intent is to provide a procedure that will guarantee to an employer or insurer the opportunity to be repaid — by the third party or from the recovery obtained against the third party by the injured worker — the amount that the employer or insurer has paid to the injured worker. That procedure allows either the injured worker, employer, or insurer to pursue recovery against the third party.4 However, if suit is brought by the employer or insurer and reasonable notice is given to the injured worker to be represented in the lawsuit, the injured worker cannot bring a separate action against the third party, as all claims that he may have had will be settled in the employer or insurer's lawsuit. Conversely, it also seems that the right of the employer or insurer to bring a separate lawsuit against the third party would be foreclosed where a lawsuit is brought by the injured worker and reasonable notice is given by the injured worker to the employer or insurer.

¶ 39. So what useful principles can be derived from the statutory scheme discussed in the preceding paragraph? First, an employer or insurer that pays workers' compensation benefits to an injured employee is entitled to full reimbursement from the third-party tortfeasor for the benefits paid if the employer or insurer sues the third-party tortfeasor and recovers an amount, minus the costs of collection, that is greater than or equal to the benefits paid by the employer or insurer. Second, if the employer or insurer joins in the injured worker's lawsuit against the third-party tortfeasor after being given the statutory notice by the injured worker, the employer or insurer is also entitled to full repayment for the amount of benefits paid if the amount of recovery, minus the costs of collection, is greater than or equal to the amount of benefits paid. Third, if the employer or insurer neither files a lawsuit against the third-party tortfeasor nor joins in the injured worker's lawsuit against the third-party, the employer or insurer's claim for repayment may be barred or waived, or the employer or insurer may be entitled to some repayment, the exact amount to be determined by principles of equity since the employer or insurer did not share in the costs of collection of the recovery against the third party. The statute, by its plain wording, does not adjudicate or address the employer or insurer's entitlement to repayment of benefits if the employer or insurer does not join in the injured worker's lawsuit against the third-party tortfeasor.

¶ 40. Although the majority reverses the circuit court's judgment and remands this case to the circuit court "to determine the exact amount of Liberty Mutual's subrogation interest for the workers' compensation benefits paid," it fails to give any further guidance. Maj. Op. (¶ 31). I can only assume that the "subrogation interest" that the circuit court is to determine is the full amount of benefits paid, which Liberty Mutual claims is $132,402.65.

¶ 41. I cannot agree that Liberty Mutual should be reimbursed the full amount that it paid to Shoemake without being charged anything for the cost of collection. While section 71-3-71 does not define costs of collection, our supreme court has stated that costs of collection includes attorney's fees. Owen v. Travelers Ins. Co., 499 So.2d 776, 777 (Miss.1986). It is grossly unfair and inequitable for Liberty Mutual to reap the benefits of Shoemake's hard work in obtaining a judgment against the third-party tortfeasor without having to share in the costs of collection. For sure, it is not the purpose of section 71-3-71 to give a free ride to the employer or insurer, or impose on the injured worker the burden of bearing the entire cost of recovery against the third-party tortfeasor. Rather, the purpose is to allow the employer or insurer to be fully compensated if they take the necessary steps and bear the necessary costs, whether alone or in conjunction with the injured worker, of obtaining a judgment against the third-party tortfeasor.

¶ 42. For the reasons discussed, I dissent from that portion of the majority opinion that apparently directs the circuit court to enter judgment for Liberty Mutual in the full amount of the benefits paid without a pro rata deduction for the costs of collection.

RUSSELL, J., JOINS THIS OPINION.