PATRICK J. SCHILTZ, District Judge.
Plaintiffs Patricia Gearin and her two businesses — Wipers Recycling, LLC ("Wipers") and Gearin, LLC
This matter is before the Court on defendants' motion for summary judgment. For the reasons stated below, defendants' motion is granted in part and denied in part.
Gearin resides in the City. In 2001, the Ramsey-Washington Watershed District
Gearin is the owner of Wipers and Gearin, LLC. Wipers is in the business of recycling used footwear and clothing. Second Clark Decl. Ex. 25. Reusable items are sold; the remaining items are ground into granules that are used for absorbing toxins and toxic spills. Gearin Decl. ¶ 6, Nov. 24, 2008 [Docket No. 20] (hereinafter "First Gearin Decl."); Gervais Aff., Dec. 15, 2008 [Docket No. 26] Ex. B; Second Clark Decl. Ex. 25.
Wipers operated in the city of St. Paul Park for a number of years. First Gearin Decl. ¶ 3. In July 2007, Gearin purchased a commercial building ("the Building") in the City with the intent of relocating and expanding Wipers. First Gearin Decl. ¶ 6. The Building was previously occupied by Northern Hydraulics (now known as Northern Tool + Equipment), which sold tools and other home-improvement products.
Second Wolpert Aff. [Docket No. 165] Ex. K at 4 (citation omitted; alterations and emphasis in Ex. K).
To be lawful, then, Gearin's use of the Building had to be within both the B-2 occupancy classification (which applied to the Building) and the M1 zoning classification (which applied to the geographical area in which the Building was located). And, as is true of any owner of any building, Gearin had to comply with the building and fire codes.
On July 26, 2007, Gearin was at her newly purchased Building along with Rebecca Cave, a friend of Gearin's who served on the City council. First Gearin Decl. ¶ 8. Fisher, the City's building official, happened to drive by and noticed that the Building was being occupied by a new owner. Second Clark Decl. Ex. 16; Fisher Aff. ¶ 2, Dec. 15, 2008 [Docket No. 25] (hereinafter "First Fisher Aff."). Fisher sent a building inspector to investigate. Second Clark Decl. Ex. 16. The building inspector spoke to Gearin and Cave. Among other things, Gearin told the inspector that she hated the City. Second Clark Decl. Ex. 16.
The next day, Fisher and Butch Gervais (the fire marshal) inspected the Building. Second Clark Decl. Ex. 16; First Fisher Aff. ¶ 2. During the inspection, Gearin told Fisher that she planned to install an industrial grinder in the Building. Fisher I Dep. 116-18;
After inspecting the Building and speaking with Gearin, Fisher determined that, although Gearin did not need a new COO to run the retail portion of her business, she did need a new COO to run the grinder. First Fisher Aff. ¶ 3; Fisher I Dep. 102. Gearin's attorney disputes that Fisher cared about the grinder and contends that Fisher originally thought that he could require a new COO merely because
Gearin makes much of the fact that Fisher's contemporaneous documents do not mention the grinder. That is literally true, but misleading. The documents clearly reflect Fisher's opinion that the Building's proposed use was a change from retail to factory, see, e.g., First Fisher Aff. Ex. A (review dated August 6, 2007), and it is clear, in context, that the only possible basis for Fisher's conclusion is the installation of the grinder. Nothing in the record or in the parties' briefs even hints at another explanation for Fisher's opinion that Gearin was going to change the use of the building from retail to factory.
Fisher advised Gearin to apply for a new COO. First Gearin Decl. ¶ 10. Gearin did not agree that she needed a new COO, but she submitted an application on July 30. First Clark Decl. Ex. K. On August 1, the City issued an occupancy permit for Wipers. Second Clark Decl. Ex. 1b at 7 [Docket No. 182 at 7]. The permit provided, in relevant part, as follows:
Second Clark Decl. Ex. 1b at 7 (emphasis added).
A few days later, Fisher (the building official) and Gervais (the fire marshal) again inspected the Building. First Fisher Aff. ¶ 4(a). After the inspection, Fisher and Gervais each sent Gearin a document. Gervais sent Gearin a punch list of items that needed to be completed "in order to continue operating the business." Gervais Aff. Ex. A. Fisher sent Gearin a "certificate of occupancy review" that contained a much longer punch list that needed to be completed to obtain a new COO. First Fisher Aff. Ex. A.
Fisher and Gervais attempted a follow-up inspection on September 27, but Gearin was not ready. First Fisher Aff. ¶ 4(b). Fisher and Gervais granted Gearin a 30-day extension, but then, for reasons that are not clear from the record, Fisher and Gervais went ahead and inspected the Building on October 9. First Fisher Aff. ¶ 4(b), (c). Fisher then sent Gearin another letter. First Fisher Aff. Ex. B. The letter (dated October 11, 2007) does not explicitly state that Gearin had failed to correct the deficiencies noted in Fisher's punch list. Instead, the letter is essentially a summary of Fisher and Gearin's previous interactions. The letter describes Fisher's inspections (although, oddly, does not mention the October 9 inspection); quotes the punch list required by the "certificate of occupancy review"; notes that, on September 27, Gearin asked for more
During the next few months, Fisher and Gervais conducted several more inspections. First Fisher Aff. ¶ 4(d), (f), (g). Each time, Fisher found code violations. First Fisher Aff. ¶ 4(d), (f), (g). At some point, Gearin hired an attorney to assist her in dealing with the City. In November, Fisher met with Gearin's attorney, who proposed a schedule for compliance. First Fisher Aff. Ex. 4(e) & Ex. C. After much back-and-forth, Fisher sent a letter dated December 17 in which he ordered Gearin to comply with certain "life safety" requirements by 10:00 a.m. on December 24, 2007. First Fisher Aff. Ex. D. The letter states:
First Fisher Aff. Ex. D.
On December 24, Fisher and Gervais met with a representative of Olsen Fire Protection, a contractor retained by Gearin to evaluate the Building's sprinkler system. Second Clark Decl. Ex. 16 at 3. Olsen provided a letter to Gervais in which Olsen opined that Gearin's sprinkler system was sufficient to permit storage up to ten feet. Gervais Aff. Ex. B. Based on this letter, Gervais agreed to permit Gearin to store materials up to a height of ten feet. Gervais Aff. ¶ 3. Gervais asserts, however, that on December 24 Gearin's materials were still stored too high (presumably he means that the height of the stacks exceeded ten feet) and were also blocking some of the aisles in the Building. Gervais Aff. ¶ 2(f).
It is not clear from the record exactly when Gearin installed the grinder in the Building, but there is no doubt that it was in the Building by late December 2007. Gearin Decl. ¶ 8, July 15, 2010 [Docket No. 174] (hereinafter "Second Gearin Decl."). In early January 2008, Gearin tested the grinder and was dissatisfied with the size of the granules. Second Gearin Decl. ¶ 8. Gearin also thought that the grinder was running "hot." Second Gearin Decl. ¶ 8. Gearin complained to Vecoplan, which had manufactured the grinder, and Vecoplan sent technicians to investigate the problem. Second Gearin Decl. ¶ 8. On the evening of January 9, the Vecoplan technicians ran the grinder. Gervais Aff. Ex. C at 2. The next morning, Wipers employees arrived at work and found heavy smoke in
Gervais was the first person to arrive at the scene in response to the 911 call, but he did not enter the Building until the fire had been extinguished. Gervais Dep. 98-99. After the fire was extinguished, Gervais advised Gearin that it was dangerous for her employees to be inside the Building and that no employees could work in the Building until the smoke damage had been cleaned up. Gervais Aff. ¶ 5. During the course of the morning, Gervais spoke with two Vecoplan technicians in the parking lot. They told him that they had entered the Building to look at the grinder but had to leave because the smoke and the fumes were too strong. Gervais Dep. 111.
Gervais apparently left the site after speaking with Gearin. He returned in the afternoon, though, because he wanted to ask the Vecoplan technicians whether they had determined the cause of the fire. Gervais Dep. 114, 117. When Gervais arrived, the Vecoplan technicians were working inside the Building. Gervais Dep. 112, 117. At some point that same afternoon, Gervais saw Wipers employees working inside the Building to clean up the smoke damage. Gervais Aff. ¶ 5. After seeing Wipers employees in the Building, Gervais spoke to Fisher, and the two men decided to post a "stop-work" order on the Building. First Fisher Aff. ¶ 5; Gervais Aff. ¶ 6. The stop-work order stated, in relevant part:
First Fisher Aff. Ex. E.
The next day (January 11), Fisher and Gervais learned that the stop-work order had been removed from the Building. First Fisher Aff. ¶ 6. Fisher and Gervais posted another stop-work order. First Fisher Aff. ¶ 6 & Ex. F. The record contains only a photocopy of this order, and the photocopy is of very poor quality. The second stop-work order appears to have a slightly different handwritten message, but still appears to refer to "no occupancy," a certificate of occupancy, and the need to contact someone. First Fisher Aff. Ex. F. In addition to the second stop-work order, Fisher and Gervais posted yet another document, entitled "Notice." The Notice states, in relevant part, as follows:
Date: January 10, 2008
First Fisher Aff. Ex. G.
Taken together, Gervais's oral order, the first stop-work order, the second stop-work order, and the Notice are confusing about whether Gearin and her employees were barred from entering the building at all.
At his deposition, Fisher repeatedly evaded the question of whether the stop-work orders prohibited Gearin from entering the Building — a simple question that Fisher should have been able to answer "yes" or "no." See Fisher II Dep. 79-83. After Gearin's attorney persisted, Fisher eventually relented and testified that Gearin was "apparently" allowed to enter the Building, because otherwise he would have locked it. Fisher II Dep. 82. But then, just a few questions later, Fisher reversed course and testified that Gearin violated the orders by entering the Building. Fisher II Dep. 83. But then, just a few more questions later, Fisher again reversed course and denied that the stop-work orders prohibited Gearin from entering the Building. Fisher II Dep. 84. Fisher's testimony about the meaning of the stop-work orders is incomprehensible, leaving the Court to wonder how Gearin and her employees were supposed to understand the meaning of the stop-work orders when the City's building official — the guy who posted the stop-work orders — cannot explain them.
In addition to Fisher's contradictory testimony, Gervais's actions with respect to
At oral argument, defendants' attorney contended that Gervais told Gearin to keep everyone out of the Building — including the Vecoplan technicians — and that it was Gearin's responsibility to enforce Gervais's order. Hr'g Tr. 174-75, Sept. 22, 2010 [Docket No. 293] (hereinafter "Tr."). This assertion not only seems odd, but it is contradicted by the record. Gervais testified that it was fine for the Vecoplan technicians to be in the Building even after he posted the stop-work order, and that those technicians were not "red-tagged" out of the Building. Gervais Dep. 126-27, 147-48. He also testified that the grinder "is [the Vecoplan technicians'] piece of equipment and I treat them like the insurance investigators and insurance people. They would have to go in and look at the equipment to see what the cause is." Gervais Dep. 114. According to Gervais, he thought the Vecoplan technicians would know how to protect themselves from the smoke and fumes in the Building. He also admitted, however, that he had no factual basis for his assumption that technicians trained to fix a grinder would know how to protect themselves from smoke and fumes caused by a fire.
Assuming that defendants' attorney is correct and that the stop-work orders initially prohibited Gearin from being in the Building altogether — something, as noted, that Fisher both admitted and denied in the course of the same deposition — the record is extremely murky concerning when this prohibition was lifted. Gearin (or her insurance company) hired Giertsen Company to clean up the smoke damage. Second Clark Aff. Ex. 23. On January 18, Giertsen obtained a permit to clean the Building. First Fisher Aff. ¶ 8 & Ex. I. There is very little in the record about Giertsen's activities between January and April.
This timeline would suggest that the stop-work orders prohibited Gearin from
In sum, defendants have utterly failed to explain (1) what, exactly, Gearin was prohibited from doing, and (2) when, exactly, that prohibition was lifted.
The fact that no one — including defendants themselves — can explain the meaning of their orders did not prevent defendants from pursuing a criminal prosecution against Gearin for violating those orders.
According to Fisher, at some point in January or February (or both) he repeatedly saw a "large number" of cars in the Building's parking lot. First Fisher Aff. ¶ 9. As a result, Fisher became concerned that Gearin's employees were working in the Building under hazardous conditions. First Fisher Aff. ¶ 9. On February 12, Fisher and Gervais attempted to inspect the Building, but Gearin refused to let them enter the Building. First Fisher Aff. ¶ 9. Gervais then issued a citation to Gearin on Fisher's behalf. First Gearin Decl. Ex. III. The citation lists two alleged offenses: "certificate of occupancy" under City Ordinance 12-40 and "State code certificate occupancy" under Minn. R. 1300.0220. (Both City Ordinance 12-40 and Minn. R. 1300.0220 concern when a COO is required before a building may be used or occupied.)
Under the heading "probable cause statement," the citation states: "Citation was issue on behave [sic] of the building official David Fisher. Occupying without city approval after notice not to occupy was issued." First Gearin Decl. Ex. III. According to Gervais, he lacks authority to issue citations for building-code violations, but he issued the citation on Fisher's behalf because Fisher forgot to bring his citation book. Gervais Dep. 164. Although the citation lists two "certificate of occupancy" violations, Gervais testified that the citation "had nothing to do with the certificate of occupancy." Gervais Dep. 165. Instead, Gervais said, the citation
Fisher again tried to inspect the Building on February 13, and Gearin again denied him access. First Fisher Aff. ¶ 10. On February 15, Fisher applied to the Ramsey County District Court for an "administrative warrant." First Fisher Aff. ¶ 11 & Ex. J. In his supporting affidavit, Fisher asserted that, on February 12, he saw seven vehicles in the Building's parking lot, none of which had signage consistent with the contractors working pursuant to the cleaning permit. First Fisher Aff. Ex. J ¶ 17. Fisher further asserted that, on February 13, he saw eight vehicles in the parking lot. First Fisher Aff. Ex. J ¶ 18.
The Ramsey County District Court issued an "Administrative Search Warrant" on February 15. First Fisher Aff. Ex. J at 1. Fisher, along with several City police officers, went to the Building to execute the warrant. First Fisher Aff. ¶ 12. Although the warrant permitted entry without knocking, First Fisher Aff. Ex. J at 1, Fisher called Gearin and advised her that he was outside the Building and had a warrant, First Gearin Decl. ¶ 39. The police officers broke a window to get into the Building. First Fisher Aff. ¶ 12. What happened during the search is hotly disputed between the parties, but, for purposes of defendants' motion, the actual facts are largely irrelevant.
The two February citations were the beginning of a criminal prosecution of Gearin, the precise procedural history of which is, like so much in this case, murky. Because the Court could not discern the procedural history from the record submitted by the parties, the Court asked the parties to file a timeline of events. That timeline identifies four criminal complaints: one dated October 30, 2008, one dated November 5, 2008, and two dated December 9, 2008.
According to the parties, there is no indication that the October complaint or the two December 9 complaints were ever filed with the state criminal court. Docket No. 279 at 3. Thus, although the parties do not say so explicitly, it appears that the November complaint was, for at least a time, the operative criminal complaint. The November complaint is not in the record.
At a December 10, 2008 hearing, a state-court judge dismissed the two misdemeanor "certificate of occupancy" charges in the November complaint on a technicality — specifically, because the prosecutor had failed to provide certified copies of the relevant City ordinance. Second Clark Decl. Ex. 9 at 40-41. Shortly afterwards, on December 18, the prosecutor filed an amended complaint charging Gearin with one count of obstructing legal process, two counts of fifth-degree assault, and one count of disorderly conduct.
In March 2009, the state-court judge found that there was no probable cause for the February 15 "Administrative Search Warrant" because, in the affidavit supporting the warrant, Fisher falsely asserted that no COO had ever been in place for the Building. Second Wolpert Aff. Ex. F at 6-9. As a result, the judge suppressed evidence of building-code violations allegedly found during the search. Second Wolpert Aff. Ex. F at 9. The judge also dismissed three of the four charges in the amended complaint (including obstructing legal process, disorderly conduct, and one of the two assault charges) for pleading defects unrelated to the suppression order or the propriety of the February 15 search. Second Wolpert Aff. Ex. F at 11-13.
The State appealed the suppression order and the dismissal of the obstructing-legal-process and assault charges. The Minnesota Court of Appeals declined to review the suppression order, holding that, because the order would not have a "critical impact" on the State's ability to prosecute the charges in the amended complaint, the court would not address the merits of the State's appeal of the suppression order.
In February 2009, Gearin filed an action in state court against Fisher, the City, and others. Second Wolpert Aff. Ex. G. Among other things, Gearin sought a declaratory judgment that she did not need a new COO to operate the grinder, and Gearin sought a writ of mandamus directing Fisher to comply with the procedural requirements of Chapter 326B of the Minnesota Statutes. Second Wolpert Aff. Ex. G at 18-19. At a summary-judgment hearing sometime in the fall of 2009, Gearin voluntarily dismissed her mandamus and declaratory judgment claims. Second Wolpert Aff. ¶ 10.
Gearin filed a petition with the Minnesota Court of Appeals for review of the ALJ's decision in June 2010. Second Wolpert Aff. Ex. N. Although the status of that review is not in the record, the public filings in that case indicate that Gearin withdrew her petition on October 1, 2010. See In re the Decision of the State Board of Appeals dated Sept. 30, 2009, No. A10-1083 (Minn. Ct.App. filed June 22, 2010); see also Stutzka v. McCarville, 420 F.3d 757, 760 n.2 (8th Cir.2005) ("we may take judicial notice of judicial opinions and public records"). Thus, the State's ruling is final: The City has acted properly in preventing Gearin from running her grinder until she obtains a new COO.
Summary judgment is appropriate "if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). A dispute over a fact is "material" only if its resolution might affect the outcome of the lawsuit under the substantive law. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). A dispute over a fact is "genuine" only if "the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Id. "The evidence of the non-movant is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in [her] favor." Id. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
To prevail on a First Amendment retaliation claim, a plaintiff must show protected activity, adverse action, and causation — specifically: (1) that she engaged in activity protected by the First Amendment; (2) that the defendant took action against her that was sufficiently serious to chill a person of ordinary firmness from engaging in protected activity; and (3) that the defendant took the adverse action in retaliation for the protected activity. See Zutz v. Nelson, 601 F.3d 842, 848-49 (8th Cir.2010). The defendant's retaliatory motive must be a but-for cause of the retaliation; a plaintiff cannot recover if the defendant would have taken the same adverse action even in the absence of the improper motive. Osborne v. Grussing, 477 F.3d 1002, 1006 (8th Cir.2007).
Gearin claims that Fisher's and the City's treatment of her and her business was in retaliation for her exercise of her First Amendment rights — in particular, her criticisms of the City's actions with respect to the toxic dump near her home,
Defendants do not dispute that Gearin engaged in protected activity. Nor, at least for purposes of their summary-judgment motion, do defendants dispute that they took adverse action against Gearin that would chill a person of ordinary firmness from engaging in protected activity. Instead, defendants move for summary judgment on Gearin's First Amendment retaliation claim on one ground and one ground only: because, defendants say, Gearin cannot prove that the City lacked probable cause for the adverse actions. Unless Gearin can prove an absence of probable cause, defendants argue, Gearin cannot prevail on her First Amendment retaliation claim.
Defendants are only partially correct in characterizing the law. Gearin has alleged two types of retaliatory actions. First, she has alleged that defendants retaliated against her by initiating criminal prosecutions (the February 12 citation and the February 15 citation). Second, she has alleged that defendants retaliated against her by initiating regulatory actions (the order that she obtain a new COO and the stop-work orders). This distinction is critical because, as a close reading of recent Supreme Court and Eighth Circuit decisions will demonstrate, a plaintiff needs to prove an absence of probable cause only when she is complaining of retaliatory criminal prosecutions, and not when she is complaining of retaliatory regulatory actions.
The relevant case law begins with the recent decision of the United States Supreme Court in Hartman v. Moore, 547 U.S. 250, 126 S.Ct. 1695, 164 L.Ed.2d 441 (2006). In Hartman, the Supreme Court held that, to prevail on a First Amendment claim of retaliatory criminal prosecution, a plaintiff must prove lack of probable cause for the underlying criminal charge. Id. at 252, 126 S.Ct. 1695. The Court based its decision on "the need to prove a chain of causation from animus to injury, with details specific to retaliatory-prosecution cases...." Id. at 259, 126 S.Ct. 1695.
Ordinarily, the Court explained, no specific type of evidence is necessary to prove a connection between the activity protected by the First Amendment and the adverse action allegedly taken in retaliation for that protected activity. Instead, the type of proof "will depend on the circumstances." Id. at 260, 126 S.Ct. 1695. But, the Court reasoned, retaliatory-prosecution cases are different:
Id. at 261, 126 S.Ct. 1695. Thus, said the Court, even if plaintiffs were not required to prove a lack of probable cause for prosecutions, "litigating probable cause [would] be highly likely in any retaliatory-prosecution
Retaliatory-prosecution cases are different in a second respect, the Court said. "[T]he difference is that the requisite causation between the defendant's retaliatory animus and the plaintiff's injury is usually more complex than it is in other retaliation cases...." Id. In a typical retaliation case, the government official who had the retaliatory animus and the government official who took the adverse action are one and the same. But in a retaliatory-prosecution case, the defendant is not the prosecutor who initiated the allegedly retaliatory prosecution, because the prosecutor enjoys absolute immunity. "Instead, the defendant will be a nonprosecutor, an official... who may have influenced the prosecutorial decision but did not himself make it...." Id. at 262, 126 S.Ct. 1695. According to the Court, "the need to show this more complex connection" — that is, the connection between the animus of the defendant (who did not prosecute the plaintiff) and the prosecution of the plaintiff — "supports a requirement that no probable cause be alleged and proven." Id. at 261, 126 S.Ct. 1695. The Court concluded:
Id. at 263, 126 S.Ct. 1695.
The Court recognized that its holding could, at least in theory, shield some unlawful retaliation from judicial review. Id. at 265, 126 S.Ct. 1695. But the Court made what was essentially a policy choice that, to bridge the gap between the defendant who allegedly harbored the retaliatory animus and the prosecutor who actually decided to bring the charge, the plaintiff must prove lack of probable cause. Id. at 263, 126 S.Ct. 1695.
Courts have struggled to decide how far to extend the reasoning of Hartman. Three recent cases from the Eighth Circuit — Williams v. City of Carl Junction, 480 F.3d 871 (8th Cir.2007), Osborne v. Grussing, 477 F.3d 1002 (8th Cir.2007), and Cross v. Mokwa, 547 F.3d 890 (8th Cir.2008) — are highly instructive and control the outcome of this case.
In Williams, the plaintiff was cited dozens of times for violating municipal ordinances. 480 F.3d at 877. There was, however, no intervening action by a prosecutor, which distinguished Williams from Hartman. The Eighth Circuit nevertheless applied Hartman and held that the plaintiff had to prove lack of probable cause for the citations in order to prevail on his First Amendment retaliation claim. Id. at 876. The Eighth Circuit reasoned that, under the facts of the case, there was a similar break in the chain of causation because the government official who allegedly harbored the retaliatory animus (the town's mayor) did not himself issue the citations. Id.
The Williams court hinted that it might apply Hartman even more broadly by favorably citing the decision of the Sixth Circuit in Barnes v. Wright, 449 F.3d 709 (6th Cir.2006). See Williams, 480 F.3d at 876. In Barnes, the plaintiff sued police officers who both harbored allegedly retaliatory animus toward the plaintiff and initiated allegedly retaliatory grand-jury proceedings against the plaintiff. Barnes, 449 F.3d at 720. Applying Hartman, the Sixth Circuit held that the plaintiff had to prove a lack of probable cause. Barnes acknowledged that "[t]he concerns regarding the
By relying on Barnes, then, Williams implied that the Eighth Circuit might likewise apply Hartman to all retaliatory-prosecution cases, whether or not the official initiating the prosecution was the same as the official harboring the retaliatory animus. And this would be consistent with pre-Hartman Eighth Circuit case law, which held that probable cause for an allegedly retaliatory arrest defeats a claim of First Amendment retaliation. Smithson v. Aldrich, 235 F.3d 1058, 1063 (8th Cir.2000) (pre-Hartman case holding that probable cause for arrest defeated plaintiff's claim of retaliatory arrest brought against arresting officers); see also Cross, 547 F.3d at 896-97 (because there was probable cause to enforce the housing ordinance, the plaintiffs could not succeed on a First Amendment "selective enforcement" claim against arresting officers).
The second highly relevant Eighth Circuit case is Osborne v. Grussing, 477 F.3d 1002 (8th Cir.2007). In Osborne, the plaintiffs had publicly criticized county officials for failing to enforce environmental and zoning regulations against two developers. Id. at 1004. The developers, in turn, had complained that the plaintiffs had also violated environmental regulations and county ordinances when they made improvements to their own properties. Id. The officials eventually approved the plaintiffs' applications for after-the-fact permits, but made the approval subject to numerous onerous conditions. Id. at 1004-05. The plaintiffs sued, alleging that the onerous conditions were imposed in retaliation for their earlier criticisms of the officials. Id. at 1005.
There was no dispute that the plaintiffs had violated the relevant regulations. Id. at 1006 ("We deal here with retaliation claims by citizens seeking to avoid the consequences of their illegal actions."). And, other than alleging that the officials had unconstitutional motives, the plaintiffs did not otherwise argue that the officials' actions were invalid or that the conditions for the after-the-fact permits were beyond the officials' power to impose. Plainly, then, the officials did have "probable cause" to impose the conditions on the plaintiffs. If the existence of probable cause were enough to defeat the plaintiffs' retaliation claims, the Eighth Circuit could simply have applied Hartman and affirmed the dismissal of the plaintiffs' claims.
But that is not what the Eighth Circuit did. Instead, the Eighth Circuit held that a plaintiff subjected to adverse regulatory action for allegedly retaliatory reasons must show not that the regulators lacked probable cause, but that other, similarly situated individuals were not subjected to such action:
Id. at 1006.
The law of the Eighth Circuit would be crystal clear but for a third recent Eighth Circuit case — Cross v. Mokwa, 547 F.3d 890 (8th Cir.2008) — that, at first glance, seems inconsistent with Osborne. In Cross, a city adopted a "Building Code Violation Enforcement Plan" to prevent unlawful occupation of condemned buildings by protesters at a World Agricultural Forum conference. Id. at 893. The plaintiffs were out-of-town protesters who were temporarily (and illegally) occupying a condemned building. Id. The plaintiffs were arrested and charged with illegal occupation. Id. After entering Alford pleas to the charges, the plaintiffs brought various constitutional claims, including a claim that the arresting officers violated their First Amendment right to protest. Id. at 893, 896. In rejecting the First Amendment claim, Cross observed that "because there was probable cause to enforce the housing ordinance, the plaintiffs could not succeed on a claim of `selective enforcement' under the First Amendment with respect to proper code enforcement actions." Id. at 896-97 (emphasis added).
Although this sweeping statement would seem to require a plaintiff to prove a lack of probable cause in retaliatory "code enforcement actions" — and although "code enforcement actions" would seem to be regulatory, not criminal — a careful reading of Cross demonstrates that the "code enforcement actions" to which the Eighth Circuit referred were the arrests and prosecutions of the plaintiffs for illegally occupying a condemned building. Id. at 893, 896 (describing arrests and prosecution and stating that the plaintiffs' First Amendment claims challenge "the police officers' actions at" the building). Thus, Cross's reference to "code enforcement actions" under the "housing ordinance" is almost surely meant to refer, not to the type of civil regulatory actions at issue in Osborne, but to the type of criminal citations at issue in Williams.
This reading of Cross is in line with Williams and earlier circuit precedent holding that probable cause defeats a retaliatory-arrest claim. It also makes sense in light of the fact that both Osborne and Cross were authored by the same judge, yet Cross did not even cite Osborne. Instead, Cross cited Williams as well as several other cases concerning arrests and criminal prosecutions. Id. at 896-97 (citing Barnes, 449 F.3d at 720 (rejecting retaliation claim arising out of arrest and
In sum, then, under Hartman, Williams, Osborne, and Cross, Gearin must prove, as an element of her case, a lack of probable cause for the two February criminal citations. But Gearin need not prove, as an element of her case, that Fisher's regulatory decisions to require a new COO and to post the stop-work orders were unsupported by probable cause. Because the only argument that defendants have made in moving for summary judgment on the First Amendment retaliation claim is that Gearin has not proven a lack of probable cause, and because Gearin need not prove a lack of probable cause with respect to Fisher's decisions to require a COO and to post the stop-work orders, the Court denies defendants' motion insofar as it applies to those regulatory decisions.
The Court also denies defendants' motion insofar as it applies to the two criminal citations issued in February 2008. To begin with, defendants did not brief the question of whether there was probable cause for the citations. See Docket No. 163 at 14 (list of actions for which defendants contend there was probable cause; the list does not include the citations). Setting that aside, the Court cannot find, on this record, that there was probable cause for the citations. Despite pursuing an 18-month-long criminal prosecution of Gearin that spawned at least five criminal complaints — and despite litigating this case for nearly two years and moving for summary judgment — defendants are utterly incapable of offering a coherent explanation of why Gearin was cited. How could this Court possibly find that there was probable cause for defendants to issue the February citations to Gearin when defendants cannot explain why they issued the February citations to Gearin?
The citations themselves, and the criminal complaints that arose out of them, all suggest that Gearin was cited simply for being in the Building. See Kryzer Aff. Ex. A [Docket No. 67] (unsigned October criminal complaint arising out of both February citations); Docket No. 279 Exs. B, C (unsigned December 9 criminal complaints arising out of February 12 and February 15 citations, respectively). But as discussed earlier, the record is hopelessly confused concerning whether the stop-work orders prohibited Gearin from being in the Building and, if so, when that prohibition was lifted. A reasonable jury could easily find that, as of February 12 (when she was first cited), Gearin was not prohibited from being in the Building.
Indeed, at oral argument defendants' attorney abandoned the argument that Gearin was prohibited from being in the Building on February 12 or February 15.
As for the February 15 citation, defendants have offered evidence that, on February 15, there were blocked exits and obstructed aisles in the Building. First Fisher Aff. ¶ 12. But there is no evidence that the February 15 citation or the criminal complaints based on it had anything to do with blocked exits or obstructed aisles. To the contrary, the criminal complaints are premised on the allegation that Gearin and her employees were completely prohibited from entering the Building. True, the criminal complaints also allege that employees were sorting shoes in the Building. See Docket No. 279 Ex. C. But there is no evidence that anyone was operating the grinder, which was, so far as the Court can tell from the record, the only type of activity that was indisputably prohibited.
In sum, the Court cannot possibly hold that, as a matter of law, defendants had probable cause for the citations issued to Gearin. Defendants' motion for summary judgment on Gearin's First Amendment retaliation claim is therefore denied.
The Constitution guarantees a right of access to the courts. See Scheeler v. City of St. Cloud, 402 F.3d 826, 830 (8th Cir.2005) ("The right of access to the courts is well-established."). Although the existence of this right is clear, "the constitutional basis for the right is `unsettled.'" Id. (quoting Christopher v. Harbury, 536 U.S. 403, 415, 122 S.Ct. 2179, 153 L.Ed.2d 413 (2002)). The Eighth Circuit has said that the right derives both from the First Amendment and from the Due Process Clause. Id. at 830-31. To successfully pursue a First Amendment claim, a plaintiff must show that the defendant acted with some intentional motivation to restrict her access to the courts. Id. at 830. To successfully pursue a due-process claim, a plaintiff must show that the defendant acted with deliberate indifference to her right to access the courts. Id. at 831.
Gearin claims that various actions by defendants have violated her right of access to the courts.
Gearin claims that Fisher violated the procedural requirements of Minn.Stat.
Even accepting the dubious proposition that a violation of a state procedural rule is, without more, a violation of the First Amendment right of access to courts, Gearin's claim nevertheless fails because Fisher did not violate any state procedural rule. Section 326B.082, by its terms, applies to the Commissioner of DOLI and his duly designated representatives. See Minn. Stat. § 326B.01, subd. 3 (defining "commissioner," for purposes of Chapter 326B, as "the commissioner of labor and industry or a duly designated representative of the commissioner who is either an employee of the Department of Labor and Industry or a person working under contract with the department"). Fisher is the building official for the City. He is not the Commissioner of DOLI, and there is no evidence that he is a duly designated representative of the Commissioner — or, for that matter, that he works for DOLI or is under contract to DOLI. Fisher's actions were thus not governed by § 326B.082.
Furthermore, Fisher's alleged refusal to issue a formal order or notice did not in fact prevent Gearin from challenging his decisions in court. To the contrary, Gearin has had a full opportunity to challenge Fisher's decisions, and she has thoroughly availed herself of that opportunity. Gearin first challenged Fisher's actions in a February 2009 declaratory judgment and mandamus action filed in state court. After voluntarily dismissing that action, Gearin appealed Fisher's decisions to the State Appeals Board in September 2009. After the State Appeals Board rejected her appeal, Gearin appealed to the OAH, which affirmed the Appeals Board's decision in May 2010. Gearin then sought review by the Minnesota Court of Appeals before voluntarily dismissing her petition.
For all that appears from the record, Gearin did not move more quickly to seek review of Fisher's decisions because she was unaware of the proper procedure. Gearin appears to believe that it was Fisher's responsibility to educate her or her attorney about the appeals process, but Gearin cites no law imposing such a requirement. Moreover, the record demonstrates that Fisher did, in fact, notify Gearin of her right to appeal to the State Appeals Board in December 2008, many months before she finally filed an appeal. Docket No. 178-8 at 76 (December 2008 letter from Fisher to Gearin's counsel inviting her to fill out a request for review). Fisher can hardly be blamed for the delays that occurred after December 2008.
In short, nothing that Fisher did or failed to do deprived Gearin of her right to access the courts to challenge his decisions. The Court therefore grants summary judgment to defendants on Gearin's appeal-access claim.
Much of Gearin's brief focuses on a newly minted claim that defendants have engaged in misconduct to make it more difficult for Gearin to pursue this lawsuit.
Whatever the merits of the Gearin I access claim, it is beyond the scope of this lawsuit.
Gearin claims that defendants' adverse regulatory actions were a preemptive strike intended to drain her of money and deter her from filing a toxic-tort lawsuit against the City. It is settled law that "state officials may not take retaliatory action against an individual designed either to punish him for having exercised his constitutional right to seek judicial relief or to intimidate or chill his exercise of that right in the future." Harrison v. Springdale Water & Sewer Comm'n, 780 F.2d 1422,
Although there is, at least in theory, a legal basis for Gearin's toxic-tort access claim, the claim appears to suffer from a fatal defect. Ordinarily, to prevail on an access claim, a plaintiff must prove the existence of an underlying nonfrivolous legal claim:
Christopher v. Harbury, 536 U.S. 403, 415, 122 S.Ct. 2179, 153 L.Ed.2d 413 (2002) (footnote omitted); see also Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 349-53, 116 S.Ct. 2174, 135 L.Ed.2d 606 (1996) (holding that, to state a denial-of-access claim, a prisoner-plaintiff must show "actual injury" — that is, the obstruction or frustration of a nonfrivolous legal claim); Sterling v. Wood, 68 F.3d 1124, 1126-27 (8th Cir.1995) (rejecting retaliation claim because inmate's underlying claim was frivolous and "there is no constitutional right of access to the courts to prosecute an action that is frivolous or malicious" (citations and quotations omitted)).
Although Gearin darkly hints that the City fears a large toxic-tort lawsuit as a result of the dumping of toxic materials behind her house, Gearin has never identified any actual underlying claim against the City (which, it should again be noted, did not dump the toxic materials). Indeed, after this case was filed, Gearin filed her toxic-tort lawsuit in state court, but did not name the City as a defendant. Second Clark Decl. ¶ 29. It thus appears to the Court that an essential element of Gearin's toxic-tort access claim is lacking.
The Court is not in a position to grant defendants' summary judgment motion on this basis, however, because defendants have barely addressed the claim and have not argued that it is barred by Gearin's failure to identify a nonfrivolous underlying claim. The Court will not grant summary judgment to defendants on a ground that they did not raise. The Court therefore denies defendants' motion on Gearin's toxic-tort access claim, but without prejudice to defendants' ability to move for summary judgment on that claim at a later time.
Gearin brings a "class-of-one" Equal Protection claim under Village of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562, 120 S.Ct. 1073, 145 L.Ed.2d 1060 (2000) (per curiam). In Olech, the Supreme Court held that, even when a plaintiff does not allege discrimination on the basis of a particular characteristic such as race or sex, a plaintiff may successfully bring a claim under the Equal Protection Clause by alleging that she has been intentionally treated differently
The Court agrees with defendants that their treatment of Gearin was not irrational, but that is not the relevant question. Instead, the relevant question is whether there is a rational reason for any difference between the way defendants treated Gearin and the way defendants treated similarly situated comparators. See Engquist v. Or. Dep't of Agric., 553 U.S. 591, 602, 128 S.Ct. 2146, 170 L.Ed.2d 975 (2008) ("When those who appear similarly situated are nevertheless treated differently, the Equal Protection Clause requires at least a rational reason for the difference...."). To answer that question, it is first necessary to determine whether Gearin has identified any similarly situated comparators.
Gearin has filed a Rule 56(f) affidavit averring that she needs more time to conduct depositions of nearby business owners in order to determine whether any of them are similarly situated. While the Court doubts that Gearin's claim will survive another dispositive motion on this issue, the Court believes that it is preferable to permit Gearin to complete discovery before making a final determination about the existence of similarly situated comparators.
Gearin contends that her due-process rights were violated by the stop-work orders and the issuance of the retail (M) COO because Fisher and the City (1) failed to notify her of her right to appeal to the State Board of Appeals and (2) failed to provide her a hearing within ten days, both of which (Gearin alleges) were in violation of Minn.Stat. § 326B.082. This claim is frivolous for a number of reasons:
First, as discussed earlier, § 326B.082 does not apply to Fisher's actions as the City's building official.
Second, even if § 326B.082 applied, and even if Fisher violated its procedural requirements, a violation of purely procedural state requirements does not give rise to a federal due-process claim. Swipies v. Kofka, 419 F.3d 709, 717 (8th Cir.2005) ("Because the Iowa Code and the due process clause are not coterminous, Deputy Kofka did not violate the due process clause (and by extension, § 1983) simply by neglecting to follow the Iowa Code word for word, and the jury should not have been instructed otherwise."); Williams v. Nix, 1 F.3d 712, 717-18 (8th Cir.1993) ("these [state prison] regulations are no more than simple procedural guidelines
Third, the record demonstrates that Fisher did, in fact, notify Gearin of her right to appeal to the State Board of Appeals. Docket No. 178-8 at 76 (December 2008 letter from Fisher to Gearin's counsel inviting her to fill out a request for review by the Board of Appeals).
Finally, as also discussed earlier, Gearin had ample opportunity to challenge Fisher's decisions, and took full advantage of that opportunity. She has received all of the process that she is due. The Court therefore grants defendants' motion on Gearin's procedural-due-process claim.
"To establish a violation of substantive due process rights by an executive official, a plaintiff must show (1) that the official violated one or more fundamental constitutional rights, and (2) that the conduct of the executive official was shocking to the contemporary conscience." Flowers v. City of Minneapolis, 478 F.3d 869, 873 (8th Cir.2007) (citations and quotations omitted).
Gearin contends that the stop-work orders and the "arbitrary" assignment of the retail (M) classification deprived her of the right to conduct her business. See Docket No. 177 at 42, 44. Even assuming that Gearin can show that Fisher's actions violated a fundamental constitutional right (which is doubtful), Fisher's actions in posting the stop-work orders and issuing the retail (M) COO were run-of-the-mill regulatory actions that were not even arbitrary, much less egregious and shocking. "`[T]he theory of substantive due process is properly reserved for truly egregious and extraordinary cases.'" Gallagher v. Magner, 619 F.3d 823, 840 (8th Cir.2010) (quoting Myers v. Scott County, 868 F.2d 1017, 1018 (8th Cir.1989)). This is not such a case, and thus Gearin's substantive-due-process claim will be dismissed. See id. (rejecting substantive-due-process claim in case alleging over-aggressive and sometimes baseless enforcement of the housing code because "[i]n light of the uncontested legitimate goals of enforcing the Housing Code, there is insufficient evidence to reasonably conclude that this is a `truly egregious and extraordinary' example of government regulation" (quoting Myers, 868 F.2d at 1018)).
Gearin originally brought a Fourth Amendment claim seeking to enjoin the City from prospectively applying Maplewood Ordinance 1.13. See Docket No. 53 ¶ 33(d). Gearin has now withdrawn that claim, see Docket No. 177 at 50, and the Court will therefore dismiss the claim with prejudice.
Gearin's amended complaint also refers to a Fourth Amendment excessive-force claim and requests that, "[t]o the extent the state criminal proceeding no longer bars that claim is [sic] can be read into this Complaint." Docket No. 53 ¶ 33(d). It is not clear whether Gearin has ever been "bar[red]" from bringing her excessive-force claim because of the pendency of the state criminal proceeding. In any event, though, the state criminal proceeding has been dismissed, and thus one could plausibly argue that Gearin has asserted an excessive-force claim in this case. But defendants did not move for summary judgment on an excessive-force claim, and defendants have never contended that the
As noted earlier, Gearin has recently filed a second lawsuit arising out of her disputes with the City (Gearin II). In that lawsuit, Gearin asserts an excessive-force claim and various other constitutional and state-law claims. The defendants in Gearin II (which include both the City and Fisher) have moved for partial judgment on the pleadings, but have expressly excluded Gearin's excessive-force claim from their motion and have not objected to her assertion of it in Gearin II. The Court therefore concludes that Gearin has not asserted an excessive-force claim in this case and has instead asserted such a claim in Gearin II. Thus, the Court's dismissal of Gearin's Fourth Amendment claim in this case will not affect her excessive-force claim in Gearin II.
The Court also notes that defendants object to what they characterize as Gearin's attempt to avoid summary judgment by voluntarily dismissing a claim and re-filing it in a new action. As best as the Court can tell, this argument is grounded in defendants' belief that Gearin has in this lawsuit raised the issue of whether the February 15 search of the Building was supported by probable cause. It is clear, though, that Gearin is not litigating an unlawful-search claim in this action. Gearin's amended complaint can be read to assert only two Fourth Amendment claims: a claim concerning Ordinance 1.13 (which the Court is dismissing with prejudice) and a claim of excessive force (which, as discussed above, Gearin has asserted in Gearin II without any objection from defendants). And at the hearing on defendants' summary judgment motion, Gearin made clear that she was not pursuing any claim that the February 15 search was in retaliation for her exercise of First Amendment rights. Tr. 185. Instead, Gearin explained, she will argue in Gearin II that the February 15 search violated her Fourth Amendment rights. Tr. 182-83.
The bottom line is that, in this action, neither Gearin nor defendants have asked this Court to rule on the question of whether the February 15 search was supported by probable cause, and none of the claims remaining in this action will require the Court to address that issue. The Court therefore rejects defendants' assertion that Gearin has improperly attempted to avoid summary judgment on this issue.
Defendants argue that Fisher is entitled to qualified immunity on all of Gearin's claims. A government official is entitled to qualified immunity from liability for civil damages unless his conduct violates clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable official would have known. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 129 S.Ct. 808, 815, 172 L.Ed.2d 565 (2009). Determining whether a government official is entitled to qualified immunity involves a two-step process: (1) determining whether the facts alleged or shown make out a violation of a statutory or constitutional right and (2) determining whether the right at issue was clearly established at the time of the defendant's alleged misconduct. Id. at 815-16. Courts have discretion to decide which of the two steps to address first. Id. at 818.
The Court has granted defendants' motion for summary judgment on Gearin's claims of procedural due process, substantive due process, and First Amendment "appeal access." With respect to Gearin's remaining claims — that is, the claims of First Amendment retaliation, First Amendment toxic-tort access, and equal protection — the Court has no idea whether
Based on the foregoing, and on all of the files, records, and proceedings herein, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT:
