ORDER

DAVID S. DOTY, District Judge.

This matter is before the court upon the motions to alter or amend the judgment and to file a second amended complaint by plaintiffs Ronald A. Vadnais, as Treasurer of Swift County, and Swift County (collectively, Vadnais). Based on a review of the file, record and proceedings herein, and for the following reasons, the court denies the motions.

BACKGROUND

The background of this action is fully set out in the court's March 27, 2013, order, and the court recites only those facts necessary for disposition of the instant motions. On October 5, 2012, Vadnais filed a first amended class-action complaint, seeking a declaration that defendant Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), defendant Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac) and intervenor1 Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) (collectively, the Enterprises) violated Minnesota Statutes by failing to pay deed transfer taxes when conveying property in the state of Minnesota. Vadnais also alleged a claim for unjust enrichment.

On November 30, 2012, the court held oral argument on the Enterprises' motion to dismiss. Subsequent to oral argument, with the motion to dismiss under advisement, Vadnais filed (1) a motion for class certification, (2) a motion for partial summary judgment2 and (3) a request to stay consideration of the motion to dismiss pending briefing of the motion for partial summary judgment. See ECF Nos. 54, 58, 63.

On March 27, 2013, the court granted the Enterprises' motion to dismiss and declined to address Vandais's post-hearing motions. In response, on April 4, 2013, Vadnais filed a motion to alter or amend the judgment under Rule 59(e) and a motion to file a second amended complaint.

DISCUSSION

I. Rule 59(e)

"A district court has broad discretion in determining whether to grant or deny a motion to alter or amend judgment pursuant to Rule 59(e)...." United States v. Metro. St. Louis Sewer Dist., 440 F.3d 930, 933 (8th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). "Rule 59(e) motions serve the limited function of correcting manifest errors of law or fact or to present newly discovered evidence." Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). In other words, "[s]uch motions cannot be used to introduce new evidence, tender new legal theories, or raise arguments which could have been offered or raised prior to entry of judgment." Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

Vadnais argues that the court committed manifest error by failing to analyze the constitutionality of the Enterprises' charter exemptions.3 Even if this constitutional argument was properly raised prior to entry of judgment,4 the claim fails on the merits.

Vadnais bases the constitutional claim on the Enterprises' private corporate status. Specifically, Vadnais argues that (1) the Enterprises are not federal instrumentalities and thus are not entitled to inherent constitutional immunity and (2) the charter exemptions were not validly enacted pursuant to any of Congress's constitutionally-enumerated powers. In response, the Enterprises argue that the charter exemptions were validly enacted under Congress's Commerce Clause and Necessary and Proper Clause authority.5 The court agrees.

The Commerce Clause provides that Congress may "regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes." U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 3. In other words, Congress may broadly regulate three categories of interstate commerce: "(1) the use of the channels of interstate commerce;

(2) the instrumentalities of interstate commerce, or persons or things in interstate commerce ...; and (3) those activities having a substantial relation to interstate commerce." United States v. Howell, 552 F.3d 709, 714 (8th Cir. 2009) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). "Under this power, Congress may regulate a class of purely intrastate activity if, in the aggregate, the activity has a substantial effect on interstate commerce." United States v. Dinwiddie, 76 F.3d 913, 920 (8th Cir. 1996) (citations omitted). This is a modest inquiry, and "the question is whether Congress had any rational basis to conclude that the economic activity it chose to regulate ... substantially affects interstate commerce." Monson v. Drug Enforcement Admin., 589 F.3d 952, 964 (8th Cir. 2009) (citation omitted); see Gonzales v. Raich, 545 U.S. 1, 22 (2005) ("We need not determine whether respondents' activities, taken in the aggregate, substantially affect interstate commerce in fact, but only whether a `rational basis' exists for so concluding." (citations omitted)).

Here, there is a rational basis for Congress to conclude that the regulated activity — the payment of deed transfer taxes by the Enterprises — has a substantial economic affect on interstate commerce. For example, Congress chartered Fannie Mae to

12 U.S.C. § 1716; accord Pirelli Armstrong Tire Corp. Retiree Med. Benefits Trust ex rel. Fed. Nat'l Mortg. Ass'n v. Raines, 534 F.3d 779, 783 (D.C. Cir. 2008) ("Fannie Mae's mission is to increase affordable housing for moderate- and low-income families. It purchases mortgages originated by other lenders and helps lenders convert their home loans into mortgage-backed securities. The goal is to provide stability and liquidity to the mortgage market. This allows mortgage lenders to provide more loans, thereby increasing the rate of homeownership in America."). Freddie Mac was similarly chartered with the stated goal of strengthening the secondarymortgage market. See 12 U.S.C. § 1451 Note. Likewise, the FHFA has the stated goal of "reorganizing, rehabilitating, or winding up the affairs" of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and it succeeds to all of their "rights, titles, powers, and privileges." Id. § 4617(a)(2), (b)(2)(A)(i).

In sum, Congress created the Enterprises to increase the availability of affordable home mortgages, and subjecting the Enterprises to the deed transfer tax "could reduce the funds available for the [Enterprises] to purchase mortgages from primary mortgage market institutions — which, in turn, could limit the amount of mortgage credit made available by those institutions to potential home buyers." Montgomery Cnty., Md. v. Fed. Nat'l Mortg. Ass'n, No. DKC 13-0066, 2013 WL 1832370, at *14 (D. Md. Apr. 30, 2013). Based on the Enterprises' stated purpose, "Congress apparently believed that any taxation of the [Enterprises] by states and localities could interfere with their stated missions," and exempting the Enterprises "from any obligation to pay the [deed transfer taxes] via the Charter Exemptions represents a rational means of addressing this possibility." Id.; see City of Providence v. Fed. Nat'l Mortg. Assoc., Nos. 12-481L, 12-668L, 2013 WL 3816429, at *3-4 (D.R.I. July 24, 2013) (dismissing a similar constitutional challenge to the deed transfer tax); City of Spokane, Wash. v. Fed. Nat'l Mortg. Assoc., No. CV-13-0020, 2013 WL 3288413, at *4-5 (E.D. Wash. June 28, 2013) (same). As a result, Congress had a rational basis to exempt the Enterprises from the deed transfer taxes.

Vadnais responds, however, that the deed transfer tax applies only to the transfer of immovable intrastate real property and that such a tax does not affect interstate commerce. As an initial matter, the court notes that Congress may "regulate purely local activities that are part of an economic `class of activities' that have a substantial effect on interstate commerce." Raich, 545 U.S. at 17 (citations omitted); see Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241, 258 (1964) (noting that Congress may regulate intrastate activity if "it is interstate commerce that feels the pinch ... [no] matter how local the operation which applies the squeeze" (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). Moreover, the court concludes that "[t]he effects of home sales on the interstate mortgage market [have] a sufficient connection with interstate commerce." Freeman v. San Diego Ass'n of Realtors, 322 F.3d 1133, 1143 (9th Cir. 2003) (citation omitted); cf. McLain v. Real Estate Bd. of New Orleans, Inc., 444 U.S. 232, 246 (1980) ("[W]hatever stimulates or retards the volume of residential sales, or has an impact on the purchase price, [will also] affect[] the demand for financing and title insurance ... two commercial activities that on this record are shown to have occurred in interstate commerce."). As a result, "there can be no serious doubt that participation in the secondary mortgage market to increase the availability of credit throughout the Nation constitutes interstate commerce." Montgomery Cnty., Md., 2013 WL 1832370, at *14 (internal quotation marks omitted); see Athens-Clarke Cnty. Unified Gov't v. Fed. Housing Fin. Agency, No. 5:12-CV-355, 2013 WL 2102922, at *8 n.18 (M.D. Ga. May 14, 2013) (declining to "redraw the outer boundaries of Congress's commerce power" in similar challenge to the Enterprises' charter exemption). Therefore, Vadnais's constitutional challenge fails, and denial of the Rule 59(e) motion is warranted.

II. Leave to Amend

The court shall provide leave to amend "when justice so requires." Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). Leave to amend, however, is not an absolute right and "undue delay, bad faith, or dilatory motive, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the non-moving party, or futility of the amendment may be grounds to deny a motion to amend." Doe v. Cassel, 403 F.3d 986, 991 (8th Cir. 2005) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

And "[a]lthough a pretrial motion for leave to amend one's complaint is to be liberally granted, different considerations apply to motions filed after dismissal." Dorn v. State Bank of Stella, 767 F.2d 442, 443 (8th Cir. 1985) (per curiam) (citations omitted). "After a complaint is dismissed, the right to amend under [Rule] 15(a) terminates." Id. (citation omitted). "Although a party may still file a motion for leave to amend and amendments should be granted liberally, such a motion [is] inappropriate if the court has clearly indicated either that no amendment is possible or that dismissal of the complaint also constitutes dismissal of the action." Hawks v. J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, 591 F.3d 1043, 1050 (8th Cir. 2010) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). In other words, "[a] district court does not abuse its discretion in denying a plaintiff leave to amend the pleadings to change the theory of their case after the complaint has been dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6)." Id. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

Here, Vadnais did not seek leave to file a second amended complaint until after entry of judgment. As already discussed, the court is uncertain as to whether Vadnais raised the constitutional claims prior to dismissal and if this motion is merely a post-dismissal attempt to change the theory of the case. The court need not resolve this question, however, as even under the deferential standard of Rule 15(a), amendment is not warranted. Indeed, as already explained, Vadnais's constitutional claims are without merit, and amendment would be futile. Therefore, the motion for leave to file a second amended complaint is denied.

CONCLUSION

Accordingly, based on the above, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:

1. Plaintiffs' motion to alter or amend the judgment [ECF No. 68] is denied; and

2. Plaintiffs' motion to file a second amended complaint [ECF No. 71] is denied.