MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

SUSAN RICHARD NELSON, District Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

This matter is before the Court for consideration of Plaintiff's Objections [Doc. No. 191] to United States Magistrate Judge Leo I. Brisbois's January 7, 2014, Report and Recommendation ("R & R") [Doc. No. 189]. The Magistrate Judge denied Plaintiff's Motion to Appoint Counsel [Doc. No. 3] and Amended Motion to Appoint Counsel [Doc. No. 110]. The Magistrate Judge also recommended that: (1) Defendant Hoff's Motion to Dismiss [Doc. No. 19] be granted in part and denied in part, and Plaintiff's claims against Defendant Hoff (Counts 1, 2, and 4) be dismissed with prejudice; (2) Defendant Jordan Area Community Council's Motion to Dismiss [Doc. No. 64] be granted, and Plaintiff's claims against Defendant Jordan Area Community Council be dismissed with prejudice; (3) Defendant Schooler's Motion to Dismiss [Doc. No. 53] be granted, and Plaintiff's claim against Defendant Schooler be dismissed with prejudice; (4) Plaintiff's Motion to Amend Complaint [Doc. No. 171] be denied in its entirety, except as to Defendant McDonald; and (5) Defendant Schooler's Motion for Rule 11 Sanctions [Doc. No. 122] be granted. (Jan. 7, 2014, Report and Recommendation at 1034-35 [Doc. No. 189].) For the reasons set forth below, the Court overrules Plaintiff's Objections and adopts the R & R in its entirety with one exception — Plaintiff's claim against Defendant Schooler is dismissed without prejudice.

II. BACKGROUND

The Magistrate Judge's R & R documents the factual and procedural background of this case, and the Court incorporates it by reference.

A. Factual Background

Plaintiff Peter Rickmyer has multiple convictions in Minnesota and Oklahoma state courts for sexual contact with young boys. See In re Rickmyer, 519 N.W.2d 188, 189 (Minn.1994). At least some of Plaintiff's claims in this case arise from his belief that certain Defendants conspired to have his parole revoked. The facts of this case relate to prior litigation involving Plaintiff and Defendants, including:

(Jan. 7, 2014, Report and Recommendation at 1004-08 [Doc. No. 189].)

1. Allegations against Defendants Hoff, McDonald, and JACC

Plaintiff lives in Hennepin County, Minnesota and is an eligible member of the Jordan Area Community Council ("JACC"). Between February 2009 and April 2009, he attended JACC Board and Finance Committee meetings, during which he was outspoken about certain issues. Plaintiff generally alleges that the JACC "became interested in running me out of my neighborhood and ultimately depriving me of my liberty," and the JACC began retaliating against him. JACC allegedly "authorized [Defendant] Hubbard and [Defendant] Haddy to come to my house in May of 2009 knowing they were not welcomed and making false allegations." On July 22, 2009, Defendant Michael Browne's wife allegedly contacted Plaintiff's parole officer to obtain a copy of Plaintiff's conditions of release. The next day, Plaintiff was arrested for parole violations.

Plaintiff asserts that on or about November 15, 2009, Defendant John Willard Hoff joined in the conspiracy and retaliation by blogging about Plaintiff and communicating with Plaintiff's parole agent, Bobbie C. Jones. In February 2010, after Plaintiff filed the Rickmyer v. Hodson lawsuit in state court, Defendants Hoff and Megan Goodmundson allegedly wrote blog posts and communicated further with Parole Agent Jones. Plaintiff claims that when Parole Agent Jones refused to retaliate against him, Defendants Hoff and Browne conspired to "bully agent Jones off my case."

Plaintiff generally alleges that the JACC, in a conspiracy with Defendant William McDonald, committed fraud in Rickmyer v. Hodson. Plaintiff also believes that Defendant Browne prohibited him from amending a pleading in Rickmyer v. Hodson, in order to ensure that Plaintiff would lose at summary judgment. Plaintiff further alleges that, while he was working on an appeal of an order that declared him to be a frivolous litigant, Defendant Hoff "on behalf of the JACC group harassed and stalked" Plaintiff at the public law library and used an unnamed person "to gather drafts from tables and wastebaskets ... allowing Hoff to glean that I was working on an appeal." Plaintiff states that he "was forced to abandon [his] appeal because there was no way/place I could work on it."

In June 2010, Plaintiff filed a complaint against the JACC with the Minnesota Department of Civil Rights, which allegedly triggered a new round of blog posts, conspiratorial communications among Defendants JACC, Hoff, and McDonald that continued until May 2013. Plaintiff claims that in March 2011, Defendant McDonald communicated ex parte with the judge in Rickmyer v. Hodson. On March 9, 2011, Plaintiff was arrested, and he maintains that he has been "in custody (incarcerated, house arrest and or curfew)" since then.

Finally, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants failed to inform the state court in Rickmyer v. Roy that they had committed fraud in Rickmyer v. Hodson.

2. Factual Allegations against Defendant Schooler

In Rickmeyer v. Hodson, Plaintiff brought claims alleging defamation, intentional interference with contracts, discrimination, harassment, loss of liberty, loss of free speech, trespassing, and aiding and abetting against Hoff, Schooler, the JACC, and others. The claims against Schooler were dismissed under a confidential settlement agreement. Plaintiff now alleges that during a state court hearing on May 16, 2012, Defendant Schooler violated the settlement agreement by describing Plaintiff as Schooler's "personal stalker" and seeking to remove Plaintiff from the courtroom — acts that "publicly vilified and humiliated" Plaintiff.

B. Procedural History

Plaintiff filed this suit on March 11, 2013, and he amended his Complaint on March 15, 2013. On May 6, 2013, Plaintiff filed a Second Amended Complaint [Doc. No. 7] — the operative complaint at this time — asserting the following claims: (1) violations of 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 1985, 1986, and 12203 against Defendants Hoff, McDonald, and the JACC (Count 1); (2) "intentional interference with contract" against Defendants Hoff, McDonald, and the JACC when they allegedly interfered with his "contract" with the Minnesota Department of Corrections (Count 2); (3) "breach of settlement agreement contract" against Defendant Schooler (Count 3); and (4) seeking default judgment in a Minnesota state court case, 27 cv-10-3378, against Defendant Hoff.

On May 30, 2013, Defendant McDonald filed his Answer [Doc. No. 11]. On June 7, 2013, Defendant Hoff filed a Motion to Dismiss [Doc. No. 19]. On June 26, 2013, Defendant Schooler filed a Motion to Dismiss [Doc. No. 53]. On July 1, 2013, Defendant JACC filed a Motion to Dismiss [Doc. No. 64]. On July 17, 2013, Plaintiff moved for default judgment [Doc. No. 84]. On August 14, 2013, Defendant Schooler moved for Rule 11 sanctions [Doc. No. 122]. On August 23, 2013, Plaintiff filed a "Third Amended Complaint" [Doc. No. 138]. On December 13, 2013, Plaintiff filed a "Fourth Amended Complaint" [Doc. No. 171].

On September 3, 2013, United States Magistrate Judge Steven E. Rau held a hearing on these motions. Magistrate Judge Rau ruled from the bench that Plaintiff's Motion to Appoint Counsel [Doc. No. 3] and his Amended Motion to Appoint Attorney [Doc. No. 110] were denied for reasons stated on the record. Magistrate Judge Rau also disclosed that he had represented Defendant Schooler many years ago. Plaintiff asked that Magistrate Judge Rau recuse himself, which he did on September 13, 2013. The case was reassigned to Magistrate Judge Jeffrey J. Keyes, who also recused himself. The case was ultimately reassigned to Magistrate Judge Leo I. Brisbois, who denied Plaintiff's Motion to Appoint Counsel [Doc. No. 3] and his Amended Motion to Appoint Counsel [Doc. No. 110]. Magistrate Judge Brisbois also recommended that: (1) Defendant Hoff's Motion to Dismiss [Doc. No. 19] be granted in part and denied in part, and Plaintiff's claims against Defendant Hoff (Counts 1, 2, and 4) be dismissed with prejudice; (2) Defendant JACC's Motion to Dismiss [Doc. No. 64] be granted, and Plaintiff's claims against Defendant JACC (Counts 1 and 2) be dismissed with prejudice; (3) Defendant Schooler's Motion to Dismiss [Doc. No. 53] be granted, and Plaintiff's claim against Defendant Schooler (Count 3) be dismissed with prejudice; (4) Plaintiff's Motion to Amend Complaint [Doc. No. 171] be denied in its entirety, except as to Defendant McDonald; and (5) Defendant Schooler's Motion for Rule 11 Sanctions [Doc. No. 122] be granted.

On January 6, 2014, Plaintiff filed a letter and attachments to Chief United States District Judge Michael J. Davis, alleging that Defendants misled the Court. (Jan. 6, 2014 Letter to District Judge [Doc. No. 188].) Plaintiff claims that Defendants failed to inform the Court of a settlement agreement in Rickmyer v. Hodson, and that certain Minneapolis police officers acknowledged that this case had "been compromised in [sic][its] entirety." (Id. at 2.) Plaintiff includes the Stipulation for Dismissal from Rickmyer v. Hodson, which in complete context reads:

On January 21, 2014, Plaintiff filed his Objections to the January 7, 2014, Report and Recommendation. (Pl.'s Objections to Jan. 21, 2014, Report and Recommendation [Doc. No. 191].) Plaintiff requests: (1) that this Court not accept the R & R, (2) "an evidentiary hearing," and (3) "another hearing to replace the hearing conducted by Judge Rau." (Id. at 2.) Defendants Jordan Area Community Council, Michael Browne, Megan Goodmundson, Dan Rother, Robert Hodson, John George Hubbard, II, Dave Haddy, and Ann McCandless oppose Plaintiff's Objections. (Mem. in Opp'n to Pl.'s Objections [Doc. No. 194].)

III. DISCUSSION

A party "may file and serve specific written objections to a magistrate judge's proposed findings and recommendations." D.Minn. LR 72.2(b)(1). The district court will review de novo those portions of the R & R to which an objection is made, and it "may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or recommendations made by the magistrate judge." 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C); FED.R.CIV.P. 72(b)(3); D.Minn. LR 72.2(b)(3). Ordinarily, the district judge relies on the record of proceedings before the magistrate judge. D.Minn. LR 72.2(b)(3).

A. Defendants' Motions to Dismiss

1. Standard of Review

When evaluating a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the Court assumes the facts in the Complaint to be true and construes all reasonable inferences from those facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Morton v. Becker, 793 F.2d 185, 187 (8th Cir.1986). The Court, however, need not accept as true wholly conclusory allegations, Hanten v. Sch. Dist. of Riverview Gardens, 183 F.3d 799, 805 (8th Cir.1999), or legal conclusions that the plaintiff draws from the facts pled. Westcott v. City of Omaha, 901 F.2d 1486, 1488 (8th Cir.1990).

To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain "enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 545, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). Although a complaint need not contain "detailed factual allegations," it must contain facts with enough specificity "to raise a right to relief above the speculative level." Id. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955. "Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements," will not pass muster under Twombly. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955). In short, this standard "calls for enough fact to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence of [the claim]." Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556, 127 S.Ct. 1955.

2. Defendant Hoff

Plaintiff alleges three counts against Defendant Hoff: (1) violation of rights under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 1985, 1986, and 12203 (Count 1); (2) "intentional interference with contract" between the Minnesota Department of Corrections and Plaintiff (Count 2); and (3) seeking default judgment against Defendant Hoff in the state court action, Rickmyer v. Hodson, 27-cv-10-3378 (Count 4).

Defendant urges dismissal of Plaintiff's claims on three grounds: (1) Plaintiff's claims have been disposed of with an adjudication on the merits under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41; (2) Plaintiff fails to state a claim under the Iqbal/Twombly standard; and (3) Plaintiff's claims are barred by Minnesota's Anti-SLAPP statute. Defendant Hoff also seeks attorney's fees and costs under the Anti-SLAPP statute.

a. Rule 41

Rule 41 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that Plaintiff may voluntarily dismiss his action by filing a notice of voluntary dismissal, which ordinarily serves as a dismissal without prejudice. FED.R.CIV.P. 41(a)(1). "But if the plaintiff previously dismissed any federal- or state-court action based on or including the same claim, a notice of dismissal operates as an adjudication on the merits." FED. R.CIV.P. 41(a)(1)(B). This "two-dismissal rule" applies when a plaintiff brings the same claims in multiple actions, and attempts to voluntarily dismiss those claims more than once.

The Court agrees with the Magistrate Judge's conclusion that the two-dismissal rule does not apply here. Defendant argues that (1) "the dismissal due to plaintiff's failure to prosecute the [Rickmyer v. Roy] matter once remanded to state court would also act as an adjudication on the merits pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 41(b)," and (2) Plaintiff's voluntary dismissal of Rickmyer v. Browne, 13-cv-141, would constitute a second dismissal. But as the Magistrate Judge correctly identified, "the dismissal of Plaintiff's claims in Rickmyer v. Roy was an involuntary dismissal, and by its express terms `does not operate as an adjudication on the merits.'" (Jan. 7, 2013, Report and Recommendation at 1011 [Doc. No. 189].) Accordingly, the Court does not dismiss Plaintiff's claims against Defendant Hoff under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41.

b. Failure to State a Claim

The Court, however, dismisses Counts 1, 2, and 4 on the grounds that Plaintiff fails to state a claim for which relief can be granted against Defendant Hoff.

i. Count 1

Count 1 alleges claims under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1985, 1986, 1983, and 12203.

Under Section 1985, it is illegal to: (1) prevent a person from accepting, holding, or discharging the duties of "any office, trust, or place of confidence under the United States," including by threats or intimidation; (2) obstruct justice or intimidate a party, witness, or juror; and (3) intimidate voters or "go in disguise on the highway or on the premises of another, for the purpose of depriving ... any person" of his civil rights. See 42 U.S.C. § 1985. Section 1986 establishes liability for failure to prevent acts described in Section 1985. Here, Plaintiff has pled no facts in support of his claims under Sections 1985 and 1986. Accordingly, the Court dismisses Plaintiff's Section 1985 and Section 1986 claims against Defendant Hoff with prejudice.

For his Section 1983 claim, Plaintiff must plead facts demonstrating that the individual committing the offending action was acting under color of state law. West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48, 108 S.Ct. 2250, 101 L.Ed.2d 40 (1988). Here, Plaintiff generally alleged that Defendant Hoff — both individually and as part of a conspiracy involving Defendants McDonald and JACC — took actions that resulted in Plaintiff's arrest and current state of "custody." But Plaintiff has not pled facts showing that Defendant Hoff was acting under color of state law. On this ground alone, Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim against Defendant Hoff fails.

Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim against Defendant Hoff also fails because Plaintiff has not made more than conclusory allegations that Defendant Hoff violated his constitutional rights. Mere invocation of the First, Fourth, Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments, without more, does not show how Plaintiff was deprived of his rights under these Amendments. Although Plaintiff claims that Defendant Hoff wrote inaccurate blog posts about Plaintiff's conditions of release, he does not identify how any violation of his constitutional rights directly resulted from these blog posts. Similarly, Plaintiff does not plead specific factual allegations that Defendant Hoff conspired against him, or took any overt act in furtherance of such a conspiracy. Because Plaintiff has not asserted facts in support of his Section 1983 claim against Defendant Hoff, the Court dismisses this claim with prejudice.

Finally, 42 U.S.C. § 12203 prohibits retaliation against a person who participates in an investigation, proceeding or hearing concerning disability rights; it also prohibits coercion or intimidation of a person because of his exercise of such rights. Plaintiff's Section 12203 claim requires him to allege facts showing that: (1) he engaged in a statutorily protected activity; (2) an adverse action was taken against him; and (3) a causal connection between the adverse action and the protected activity existed. Mershon v. St. Louis Univ., 442 F.3d 1069, 1074 (8th Cir.2006). Plaintiff has not alleged any specific facts to show that any action taken by Defendant Hoff was an adverse action or connected to Plaintiff's advocacy of the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA"). Any references to Defendant Hoff's blog posts have little relation to Plaintiff's ADA advocacy, but rather, more connection to Plaintiff's criminal record and the litigation history among the parties. Accordingly, the Court dismisses Plaintiff's Section 12203 claim against Defendant Hoff with prejudice.

ii. Count 2

A claim of intentional interference with contract requires Plaintiff to allege facts supporting the following elements: (1) the existence of a contract; (2) the alleged wrongdoer's knowledge of the contract; (3) intentional procurement of its breach; (4) without justification; and (5) damages. Magee v. Trs. of the Hamline Univ., No. 11-cv-949, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 187590, at *20 (D.Minn. Oct. 15, 2012).

Plaintiff alleges that he had a "valid contract" with the Minnesota Department of Corrections, and that Defendant Hoff intentionally interfered with this contract, resulting in Plaintiff being placed "in-custody (incarceration, house arrest, and or curfew)." Such allegations, however, fail to satisfy any of the five required elements. As the Magistrate Judge aptly noted, the only "contract" to which Plaintiff refers appears to be his parole or other conditions of release. There is no legal support that such conditions of release constitute a contract for purposes of a claim of intentional interference. The Court therefore dismisses Count 2 with respect to Defendant Hoff with prejudice.

iii. Count 4

Plaintiff requests that this Court enter default judgment against Defendant Hoff in the state court case, Rickmyer v. Hodson, 27-cv-3378, which was closed approximately three years ago. This Court, however, lacks jurisdiction to do so. See Lawhorn v. Ayers, 2010 WL 4627867, at *2, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 118250, at *6 (W.D.Va. Nov. 5, 2010) ("I do not have jurisdiction to enter a declaratory judgment in a state-court civil case closed long ago."). Thus, the Court dismisses Count 4 against Defendant Hoff with prejudice.

In short, all counts against Defendant Hoff are dismissed with prejudice.

c. Anti-SLAPP

The Court agrees with the Magistrate Judge's conclusion that the Court need not reach the question of whether Defendant is shielded from liability under the anti-SLAPP statute, which protects citizens and organizations from lawsuits that would chill their right to publicly participate in government. See MINN.STAT. §§ 554.01-554.05; Boley v. Minn. Advocates for Human Rights, No. 08-cv-5908, 2010 WL 346769, at *1, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4994, at *3 (D. Minn. Jan. 22, 2010) ("Because defendants have already prevailed on their statute-of-limitations defense, the Court need not reach any of their many other defenses, including whether they are immunized from liability under Minn.Stat. § 554.03."). Accordingly, the Court denies Defendant Hoff's request for an award of attorney's fees and damages under the anti-SLAPP statute.

3. Defendant Schooler

Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Schooler breached the settlement agreement between Plaintiff and Defendant Schooler in Rickmyer v. Hodson, by referring to Plaintiff as his "particular stalker" when Plaintiff appeared at a hearing in an unrelated state court case. Defendant Schooler argues that this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, and alternatively, Plaintiff fails to state a claim for breach of contract.

The Magistrate Judge concluded that this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over Plaintiff's breach-of-contract claim, and the Court agrees. District courts have "original jurisdiction of all civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States." 28 U.S.C. § 1331. Plaintiff has not asserted such a basis for federal jurisdiction. A claim for breach of contract "should be heard in state court unless it has `its own basis for jurisdiction.'" Myers v. Richland County, 429 F.3d 740, 745 (8th Cir. 2005).

Plaintiff also has not asserted facts to support a basis for diversity jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332 ("The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions where the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $75,000, exclusive of interest and costs, and is between — (1) citizens of different States...."). Here, the parties are not diverse, because Plaintiff and Defendant Schooler are citizens of Minnesota. Even if they were diverse, Plaintiff fails to plead facts to show that the matter in controversy exceeds $75,000. Conclusory statements, without more, are insufficient.

Furthermore, supplemental jurisdiction is not appropriate to exercise here. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367 (permitting the Court to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over a state law claim that is "so related to claims in the action within such original jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or controversy under Article III of the United States Constitution"). Plaintiff's breach-of-contract claim does not relate to any of the other federal claims that Plaintiff seeks to assert.

For these reasons, the Court grants Defendant Schooler's Motion to Dismiss and dismisses Plaintiff's claims against Defendant Schooler without prejudice.

4. Defendant JACC

Plaintiff alleges the following against Defendant JACC: (1) JACC violated Plaintiff's rights under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 185, 1986, and 12203 (Count 1); and (2) intentional interference with contract (Count 2). Defendant JACC argues that Plaintiff fails to state a claim on which relief can be granted, and they are immunized from suit under the anti-SLAPP statute.

a. Count 1

Count 1 alleges claims under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1985, 1986, 1983, and 12203.

The requirements for a claim under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1985, 1986, 1983, and 12203 are set forth in Part III(A)(2)(b)(i). Plaintiff has not pled any facts in support of his claims under Sections 1985 and 1986. Thus, these claims against Defendant JACC are dismissed with prejudice.

With respect to his Section 1983 claim, Plaintiff has not shown that the JACC was acting under color of state law. As a non-profit organization, the JACC is not a governmental entity. On this ground alone, Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim against Defendant JACC fails. Moreover, Plaintiff has not alleged any facts to support his conspiracy claim against Defendant JACC. The Court therefore dismisses Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim against JACC with prejudice.

Lastly, Plaintiff has not alleged any specific facts to support his allegation of retaliation under Section 12203 with respect to Defendant JACC. Accordingly, the Court dismisses this claim against Defendant JACC with prejudice.

b. Count 2

The elements of intentional interference with contract are set forth in Part III(A)(2)(b)(ii). Because Plaintiff has not alleged facts sufficient to show the existence of a contract, the Court agrees with the Magistrate Judge's conclusion that this claim fails. The Court dismisses Count 2 with respect to Defendant JACC with prejudice.

c. Anti-SLAPP Statute

As discussed earlier, supra Part III(A)(2)(c), the Court does not reach the question of defenses that may be available under the anti-SLAPP statute.

In short, the Court grants Defendant JACC's motion to dismiss in its entirety, and all claims against JACC are dismissed with prejudice.

B. Defendant Schooler's Motion for Rule 11 Sanctions

This is at least the second lawsuit that Plaintiff has brought against Defendant Schooler, who was also a defendant in Rickmyer v. Hodson. In this case, Defendant Schooler filed his Motion to Dismiss [Doc. No. 64] on July 1, 2013. On July 9, 2013, he informed Plaintiff that he would file a motion for Rule 11 sanctions if Plaintiff did not voluntarily dismiss his claims against Defendant Schooler within 21 days. Defendant asserted why he believed the Court to lack subject matter jurisdiction over Plaintiff's claims, and why the conduct forming the basis of Plaintiff's claims against him was not prohibited by their earlier Settlement Agreement. Plaintiff did not dismiss his claims against Defendant Schooler. On August 14, 2013, Defendant moved for sanctions against Plaintiff [Doc. No. 122].

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 requires that "[e]very pleading, written motion, and other paper must be signed by at least one attorney of record in the attorney's name — or by a party personally if the party is unrepresented." The purpose of this requirement is to certify that

FED.R.CIV.P. 11(b). The Court may impose an appropriate sanction on any party that has violated the rule, and both monetary and non-monetary sanctions are authorized. FED.R.CIV.P. 11(c)(4). But "[a] sanction imposed under this rule must be limited to what suffices to deter repetition of the conduct or comparable conduct by others similarly situated." Id.

The Court agrees with the Magistrate Judge's conclusion that Plaintiff's breach-of-contract claim was not objectively reasonable. Plaintiff has not defended his assertion of a breach-of-contract claim against Defendant Schooler. Of greater concern to the Court is the complete absence of a breach-of-contract claim in Plaintiff's "Third Amended Complaint" and "Fourth Amended Complaint" [Doc. No. 138, 173]. Plaintiff never dismissed this claim for breach of contract. He now attempts to "shoehorn his existing factual allegations against Defendant Schooler into a new § 1983 claim by asserting (without any factual support whatsoever) that Defendant Schooler's `personal stalker' comment on May 16, 2012, was somehow part of a conspiracy `with [Defendant] Hoff and [Defendant] Goodmundson to have me removed from my neighborhood and put behind bars for stalking on March 7, 2011.'" (Jan. 7, 2013, Report and Recommendation at 1033 [Doc. No. 189].) But as the Magistrate Judge recognized, this alleged conspiracy occurred more than one year before the "personal stalker" comment was made. Under these circumstances, Plaintiff's claim for breach of contract is frivolous, as is his more recent assertion under Section 1983. In light of Plaintiff's refusal to dismiss the breach-of-contract claim, the Court agrees with the Magistrate Judge's view that Rule 11 sanctions are appropriate here.

The Court now considers what sanctions are appropriate to impose. Defendant Schooler seeks the following order:

(Mem. of Law in Supp. of Mot. for Rule 11 Sanctions at 14 [Doc. No. 124].) To be clear, the Court does not condone Plaintiff's conduct. Nonetheless, it is reluctant to grant Defendant's requested sanction because Plaintiff has yet to generate the volume of frivolous litigation that has prompted this Court and other federal courts to act. See In re McDonald, 489 U.S. 180, 109 S.Ct. 993, 103 L.Ed.2d 158 (1989) (limiting petitioner's ability to file in forma pauperis for extraordinary writs after he made 73 separate filings with the Court, including 4 appeals, 33 petitions for certiorari, 19 petitions for extraordinary writs, 7 applications for stays and other injunctive relief, and 10 petitions for rehearing); Peck v. Hoff, 660 F.2d 371 (8th Cir.1981) (affirming pre-filing review procedure for plaintiff's in forma pauperis complaints after plaintiff filed 16 cases and had 23 more ready to file); Stephens v. Jensen-Carter, Nos. 6-cv-693 and 06-cv-2327, 2007 WL 2885813, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 75115 (D.Minn. Sept. 27, 2007) (barring debtors from further filings related to their bankruptcies unless signed by an attorney or authorized by a judge after a "seemingly endless flow of frivolous and abusive filings" over the course of nine years). Although Plaintiff has a significant litigation history with certain Defendants in this case, it has not reached the level that justifies a blanket restriction on Plaintiff's access to federal court.

Although the Court is not convinced that monetary sanctions will be effective due to Plaintiff's in forma pauperis status, some form of sanctions is necessary. Because a pre-filing review procedure is not justifiable at this time, the only form of sanctions remaining is monetary. Accordingly, the Court adopts the Magistrate Judge's recommendation that Defendant be granted an award of $5,000, to be paid by Plaintiff for violating Rule 11 in this case. Defendant Schooler's Motion for Rule 11 sanctions is therefore granted.

C. Plaintiff's Motion to Amend Complaint

1. Standard of Review

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a) provides that leave to amend "shall be freely given when justice so requires." The determination as to whether to grant leave to amend is entrusted to the sound discretion of the trial court. Niagara of Wisconsin Paper Corp. v. Paper Indus. Union Mgmt. Pension Fund, 800 F.2d 742, 749 (8th Cir.1986). Although amendment of a complaint should be allowed liberally to ensure that a case is decided on its merits, there is no absolute right to amend. Ferguson v. Cape Girardeau Cnty., 88 F.3d 647, 650-51 (8th Cir.1996). Denial of leave to amend may be justified by "undue delay, bad faith on the part of the moving party, futility of the amendment or unfair prejudice to the opposing party." Sanders v. Clemco Indus., 823 F.2d 214, 216 (8th Cir.1987). An amendment is futile if the amended complaint could not withstand a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Cornelia I. Crowell GST Trust v. Possis Medical, Inc., 519 F.3d 778, 782 (8th Cir.2008).

2. Futility of Amendment

The Magistrate Judge tracks the changes that Plaintiff seeks to make to his Complaint. These changes include new Defendants, withdrawn claims for breach of contract and under Section 1985 and Section 1986, minor changes to the claims against the existing Defendants, and new claims under the Minneapolis Civil Rights Ordinance, the Minnesota Human Rights Act, Section 1983, and claims for intentional interference with judicial process and conspiracy to aid and abet false arrest. (Jan. 7, 2014, Report and Recommendation at 1023-25 [Doc. No. 189].)

The Court has reviewed the proposed amendments and agrees with the Magistrate Judge's conclusion that the claims in Plaintiff's "Fourth Amended Complaint" [Doc. No. 173] would not survive a Rule 12(b)(6) challenge. As thoroughly documented by the Magistrate Judge, the factual underpinnings of Plaintiff's new claims do not differ from those of existing counts, and Plaintiff still fails to plead sufficient facts to support his claims. As such, the Court denies Plaintiff's Motion to Amend Complaint with respect to all defendants except Defendant McDonald.1

IV. ORDER

The Court therefore OVERRULES Plaintiff's Objections [Doc. No. 191] and ADOPTS the Magistrate Judge's January 7, 2014, Report and Recommendation [Doc. No. 189]. Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that.

1. Plaintiff's Motion to Appoint Counsel [Doc. No. 3] and his Amended Motion to Appoint Counsel [Doc. No. 110] are DENIED, for reasons stated on the record on September 3, 2013, by Magistrate Judge Rau;

2. Defendant Hoff's Motion to Dismiss [Doc. No. 19] is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part, and Plaintiff's claims against Defendant Hoff (Counts 1, 2, and 4) are DISMISSED with prejudice;

3. Defendant JACC's Motion to Dismiss [Doc. No. 64] is GRANTED, and Plaintiff's claims against Defendant JACC (Counts 1 and 2) are DISMISSED with prejudice;

4. Defendant Schooler's Motion to Dismiss [Doc. No. 53] is GRANTED, and Plaintiff's claim against Defendant Schooler (Count 3) is DISMISSED without prejudice;

5. Plaintiff's Motion to Amend Complaint [Doc. No. 171] is DENIED in its entirety, except as to Defendant McDonald, whose summary judgment motion remains under advisement; and

6. Defendant Schooler's Motion for Rule 11 Sanctions [Doc. No. 122] is GRANTED.

7. Plaintiff's requests for an evidentiary hearing and another hearing to replace the hearing conducted by Magistrate Judge Rau are DENIED.

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

LEO I. BRISBOIS, United States Magistrate Judge.

This matter came before the undersigned United States Magistrate Judge upon Defendant Hoff's Motion to Dismiss, [Docket No. 19]; Defendant Schooler's Motion to Dismiss, [Docket No. 53]; the Motion to Dismiss made by the JACC Defendants,1 [Docket No. 64]; Defendant Schooler's Motion for Rule 11 Sanctions, [Docket No. 122]; and Plaintiff's Motion to Amend Complaint, [Docket No. 171].2 The case has been referred to the undersigned Magistrate Judge for a report and recommendation, (see Order of Reference [Docket No. 154]), pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) and Local Rule 72.1. For reasons outlined below, the Court recommends that Defendant Hoff's and Defendant Schooler's Motions to Dismiss, [Docket Nos. 19 and 53], be GRANTED in part and DENIED in part; that the JACC Defendants' Motion to Dismiss, [Docket No. 64], be GRANTED; that Plaintiff's Motion to Amend Complaint, [Docket No. 171], be DENIED; and that Defendant Schooler's Motion for Rule 11 Sanctions, [Docket No. 122], be DENIED.

I. BACKGROUND

On March 11, 2013, Peter Rickmyer3 ("Plaintiff") initiated this lawsuit against the following: John Willard Hoff ("Defendant Hoff"); David Schooler ("Defendant Schooler"); Plaintiff's parole officer, William McDonald ("Defendant McDonald"); and the Jordan Area Community Council, Inc. ("Defendant JACC") and several persons related to the JACC, including Michael (Kip) Browne ("Defendant M. Browne"), Megan Goodmundson ("Defendant Goodmundson"),4 Dan Rother ("Defendant Rother"), Robert Hodson ("Defendant Hodson"), John George Hubbard II ("Defendant Hubbard"), Dave Haddy ("Defendant Haddy"), and Ann McCandless ("Defendant McCandless") (collectively, the "JACC Defendants"). (See Compl. [Docket No. 1], at 1-3).

Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a)(1)(A), Plaintiff amended his Complaint on March 15, 2013. (See Am. Compl. [Docket No. 5]). Subsequently, on May 26, 2013, Plaintiff filed his Second Amended Complaint, [Docket No. 7],5 which is the operative complaint at this time, and which asserts the following claims:

Defendant McDonald filed and served his Answer, [Docket No. 11], on May 30, 2013.6 Defendant Hoff made his Motion to Dismiss, [Docket No. 19], on June 7, 2013; Defendant Schooler made his Motion to Dismiss, [Docket No. 53], on June 26, 2013; and the JACC Defendants made their Motion to Dismiss, [Docket No. 64], on July 1, 2013. (In the interest of efficiency, for purposes of this Report and Recommendation, the Court refers to those defendants who have made motions to dismiss — i.e., Defendant Hoff, Defendant Schooler, and the JACC Defendants — collectively as "Defendants.") Subsequently, on July 17, 2013, Plaintiff made his Motion for Default Judgment. [Docket No. 84]. The presiding Judge for this case, the Hon. Susan Richard Nelson ("Judge Nelson"), referred each of these Motions to the Hon. Steven E. Rau, U.S. Magistrate Judge ("Magistrate Judge Rau"), for a report and recommendation in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A)-(C). (See Order [Docket No. 24]; Order [Docket No. 62]; Order [Docket No. 71]; and Order [Docket No. 143]). Additionally, Defendant Schooler made his Motion for Rule 11 Sanctions, [Docket No. 122], on August 14, 2013. Finally, Plaintiff made his current Motion for Leave of Court to Amend Complaint, [Docket No. 171], on December 12, 2013.7

On September 3, 2013, Magistrate Judge Rau held a hearing on the Motions,8 at which time he also disclosed that he had once, many years ago, represented Defendant Schooler. (Hr'g Tr. [Docket No. 187], at 12-13). In light of that fact, Plaintiff asked that Magistrate Judge Rau recuse himself. (Id. at 29, 40-41). Subsequently, on September 13, 2013, Magistrate Judge Rau recused, (Order of Recusal [Docket No. 152]), and the case was reassigned to Magistrate Judge Jeffrey J. Keyes, who also recused, (Order of Recusal, [Docket No. 153]), resulting in the case being assigned to the undersigned. On September 27, 2013, Judge Nelson issued an Order, [Docket No. 154], referring to the undersigned the dispositive motions that are the subject of this Report and Recommendation.

II. FACTS

Plaintiff has multiple convictions in Minnesota and Oklahoma state courts for sexual contact with young boys. See In re Rickmyer, 519 N.W.2d 188, 189 (Minn. 1994). In the present case, Plaintiff's criminal history is relevant because at least some of his claims arise from his belief that certain of the Defendants conspired to have his parole revoked. Additionally, for purposes of the pending Motions, the Court notes the following:

A. Prior Litigation among the Parties

Both Plaintiff and Defendants acknowledge that the facts of the present case are inextricably tied to prior cases, some litigated in Minnesota state courts, and some brought in the U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota. By piecing together various exhibits submitted by the parties in this case and in other cases filed in this District, the Court has assembled the following case history:

B. Allegations in Plaintiff's Second Amended Complaint22

1. Allegations concerning Defendant Hoff, Defendant McDonald, and the JACC Defendants

Plaintiff lives in Hennepin County, Minnesota, and is an eligible member of the Jordan Area Community Council ("JACC"). (2d Am. Compl. [Docket No. 7], at 2, ¶ 1). He attended JACC Board and Finance Committee meetings between February 2009 and April 2009, where he was outspoken about certain issues, including his belief that JACC meetings should be held in a different location. (Id. at 5, ¶¶ 25-26; at 18; 120). Plaintiff generally alleges that the JACC Defendants at this time "became interested in running me out of my neighborhood and ultimately depriving me of my liberty," and began a campaign of retaliation against him. (Id. at 4, ¶ 19; at 5-6, ¶ 27; at 21-22, ¶ 151). Plaintiff asserts that Defendant JACC "authorized [Defendant] Hubbard and [Defendant] Haddy to come to my house in May of 2009 knowing they were not welcomed and making false allegations." (Id. at 4, ¶ 17). Subsequently, on July 22, 2009, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant M. Browne's wife contacted Plaintiff's parole officer to obtain a copy of Plaintiff's conditions of release. (Id. at 4-5, ¶ 20). The following day, July 23, 2009, Plaintiff was arrested for parole violations. (Id. at 5, ¶ 21).

Additionally, Plaintiff alleges that on or about November 15, 2009, Defendant Hoff joined in the conspiracy and retaliation by blogging about Plaintiff and communicating with Plaintiff's parole agent, Bobbie C. Jones ("Parole Agent Jones"). (Id. at 6-7, ¶¶ 28-34; at 20, ¶ 141). Plaintiff filed the Rickmyer v. Hodson State court lawsuit in February 2010, which prompted Defendant Hoff and Defendant Goodmundson to write additional blog posts and make further communications with Parole Agent Jones. (Id. at 7, ¶¶ 35-39; at 9, ¶¶ 43-44). Plaintiff asserts that when Parole Agent Jones refused to retaliate against him, Defendants Hoff and M. Browne conspired to "bully agent Jones off my case." (Id. at 9, ¶¶ 40-42).

Plaintiff generally alleges that the JACC Defendants, in a conspiracy with Defendant McDonald, committed fraud in Rickmyer v. Hodson. (Id. at 3, ¶ 11; at 5, ¶¶ 22-24). Although Plaintiff does not specify the nature of this "fraud," he states that Defendant M. Browne somehow "prohibited me from amending [a pleading in Rickmyer v. Hodson] to ensure I would lose [the] summary judgment motion on April 20, 2010, which resulted in [the] May 17, 2010 order." (Id. at 10, ¶ 48; at 20, ¶ 138). Plaintiff also alleges that, while he was working on an appeal of the Order that declared him to be a frivolous litigant, Defendant Hoff "on behalf of the JACC group harassed and stalked" Plaintiff at the public law library and used an unnamed person "to gather drafts from tables and wastebaskets ... allowing Hoff to glean that I was working on an appeal." (Id. at 12, ¶¶ 67-68). Plaintiff states that he "was forced to abandon [his] appeal because there was no way/place I could work on it." (Id. at 13, ¶ 70).

Plaintiff subsequently filed a complaint against the JACC with the Minnesota Department of Civil Rights in June 2010,23 which he alleges set off a new round of blog posts, conspiratorial communications and retaliation between various JACC Defendants, Defendant Hoff, and Defendant McDonald, which continued up until he filed his Second Amended Complaint on May 6, 2013. (Id. at 13-18, ¶¶ 71-104 and ¶¶ 108-11; at 19, ¶ 130). Plaintiff also alleges that Defendant McDonald had an ex parte communication on March 3, 2011, with the judge in Rickmyer v. Hodson. (Id. at 3-4, ¶ 13; at 17, ¶¶ 105-107). Plaintiff was arrested on March 9, 2011, and maintains that he has been "in custody (incarcerated, house arrest and or curfew)" since that date. (Id. at 18, ¶ 114 (parenthetical in original)).

Plaintiff further generally alleges that the Defendants subsequently failed to inform the State court in Rickmyer v. Roy that they had committed fraud in Rickmyer v. Hodson. (Id. at 3, ¶¶ 12).

2. Allegations concerning Defendant Schooler

As previously mentioned, Plaintiff's claims against Defendant Schooler in Rickmyer v. Hodson were dismissed pursuant to a confidential settlement agreement, which was submitted to this Court under seal. ([Docket No. 150]; see also 2d Am. Compl. [Docket No. 7], at 19, ¶ 125 (acknowledging confidential settlement agreement)). Plaintiff alleges that, during a state court hearing on May 16, 2012, Defendant Schooler violated that confidential settlement agreement by describing Plaintiff as Defendant Schooler's "personal stalker" and seeking to have Plaintiff removed from the courtroom, acts that Plaintiff says "publicly vilified and humiliated" him. (2d Am. Compl. [Docket No. 7], at 19, ¶¶ 125-26, 128).

3. Plaintiff's Requested Relief

Plaintiff makes a variety of claims for equitable and monetary relief. First, Plaintiff asks that the Court "take jurisdiction over" Rickmyer v. Hodson "as supplemental jurisdiction." (2d Am. Compl. [Docket No. 7], at 19, ¶ 131).24 Plaintiff then asks that this Court enter default judgment against Defendant Hoff in Rickmyer v. Hodson, (2d Am. Compl. [Docket No. 7], at 19-20, ¶ 132-37), and to vacate the Order in that case that dismissed Plaintiff's claims against the JACC Defendants and imposed "frivolous litigant" limitations on Defendant, alleging that that Order "was based on a fraud upon the Court by [Defendant] M. Browne not allowing me to state a claim by prohibiting me from amending" his pleading. (Id. at 20, ¶ 138).

Plaintiff also seeks the following money damages from Defendant Hoff, Defendant McDonald, and the JACC Defendants: (1) damages in the amount of $75,000 or more, jointly and severally, for alleged civil rights and ADA violations, (Id. at 23; 158); and (2) damages in excess of $75,000 for intentional interference with Plaintiff's "contract" with the Minnesota Department of Corrections, (Id. at 24, ¶ 161). Additionally, Defendant seeks damages from Defendant Schooler in excess of $75,000 for the alleged breach of their confidential settlement agreement. (Id. at 24, ¶ 164). Finally, Defendant seeks damages from Defendant Hoff in excess of $75,000 in relation to his request that this Court enter default judgment against Hoff in Rickmyer v. Hodson. (Id. at 25, ¶ 169).

III. DEFENDANT HOFF'S MOTION TO DISMISS [Docket No. 19]

Plaintiff's Complaint names Defendant Hoff in Counts I and II, and Defendant Hoff in Count IV. Defendant Hoff, by his Motion, asks the Court to dismiss these counts pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for failure to state a claim. (See Docket No. 19).

A. Standard of Review

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires only "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief." In addressing a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim, "we look only to the facts alleged in the complaint and construe those facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff." Riley v. St. Louis County of Mo., 153 F.3d 627, 629 (8th Cir.1998) (citing Double D Spotting Serv., Inc. v. Supervalu, Inc., 136 F.3d 554, 556 (8th Cir.1998)), cert. denied 525 U.S. 1178, 119 S.Ct. 1113, 143 L.Ed.2d 109 (1999). All reasonable inferences must be drawn in favor of the nonmoving party. See Maki v. Allete, Inc., 383 F.3d 740, 742 (8th Cir.2004).

"While a complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need detailed factual allegations, a plaintiff's obligation to provide the grounds of his entitlement to relief requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formalistic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do." Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) (internal quotations and citations omitted). "A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged;" however, "[w]here a complaint pleads facts that are `merely consistent with' a defendant's liability, it `stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility of `entitlement to relief.''" Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009), quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556-67, 127 S.Ct. 1955. "While legal conclusions can provide the framework of a complaint, they must be supported by factual allegations." Id. at 664, 129 S.Ct. 1937.

B. Discussion

Plaintiff alleges three counts against Defendant Hoff: (a) In Count I, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Hoff violated his rights pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 1985, 1986, and 12203; (b) in Count II, Plaintiff alleges intentional interference with contract; and (c) in Count IV, Plaintiff asks this Court to enter default judgment against Defendant Hoff in the state-court action Rickmyer v. Hodson, 27-CV-10-3378.

Defendant Hoff argues that Plaintiff's claims against him should be dismissed for any of three reasons: (1) Plaintiff's claims have been disposed of with an adjudication on the merits pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 41;

(2) Plaintiff has failed to state a claim as required under the Iqbal/Twombly standard; and (3) Plaintiff's claims are barred by Minnesota's Anti-SLAPP statute. (See Docket No. 19). Defendant Hoff not only seeks dismissal of the claims against him, but also, pursuant to the Anti-SLAPP statute, seeks an award of attorney's fees and costs. (Id.).

1. Plaintiff's claims against Defendant Hoff are not barred by the "twodismissal rule."

Rule 41 provides that a Plaintiff may voluntarily dismiss his action by filing a notice of voluntary dismissal, which ordinarily will serve as a dismissal without prejudice. Fed.R.Civ.P. 41(a)(1). However, "if the plaintiff previously dismissed any federal- or state-court action based on or including the same claim, a notice of dismissal operates as an adjudication on the merits." Fed.R.Civ.P. 41(a)(1)(B). This is the so-called "two-dismissal rule." See Engelhardt v. Bell & Howell Co., 299 F.2d 480, 482 (8th Cir.1962).

Defendant Hoff argues that the twodismissal rule applies in the present case, because (1) "the dismissal due to plaintiff's failure to prosecute the [Rickmyer v. Roy] matter once remanded to state court would also act as an adjudication on the merits pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 41(b)," and (2) Plaintiff's voluntary dismissal of Rickmyer v. Browne, 13-cv-141 (PAM/FLN), would constitute a second dismissal. (Def. Hoff's Mem. Supp. Mot. Dismiss [Docket No. 21] (hereinafter, "Def. Hoff's Mem."), at 10).

The Court is not persuaded. The twodismissal rule applies when a plaintiff brings the same claims in multiple actions, and attempts to voluntarily dismiss those claims more than once. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 41(a)(1)(B) (two-dismissal rule applies "if the plaintiff previously dismissed"); see also Engelhardt, 299 F.2d at 482 (twodismissal rule "protects a defendant by providing that if the plaintiff takes advantage of his right of early dismissal on one occasion, he may not repeat the process with impunity" (emphasis added)).

In the present case, there is no question that Plaintiff's voluntary dismissal of Rickmyer v. Browne clearly counts against the two-dismissal rule. However, the dismissal of Plaintiff's claims in Rickmyer v. Roy was an involuntary dismissal,25 and by its express terms "does not operate as an adjudication on the merits." (Rickmyer v. Roy Order for Dismissal, slip op., Jan. 18, 2013, in Decl. Godfread Ex. D [Docket No. 22-4], at 3). Defendant Hoff offers no legal authority, and the Court found none, for the proposition that an involuntary dismissal under Federal Rule 41(b), or a state-law equivalent thereof, should count as a prior voluntary dismissal for purposes of Federal Rule 41(a)(1)(B).

Therefore, the Court does not recommend dismissal pursuant to the two-dismissal rule contained in Fed.R.Civ.P. 41(a).

2. Plaintiff has failed to state a claim for which relief can be granted against Defendant Hoff.

a. Plaintiff's Count I against Defendant Hoff should be dismissed.

i. Plaintiff's claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1985 and § 1986

Plaintiff's claims against Defendant Hoff under 42 U.S.C. § 198526 and § 198627 fail as a matter of law under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), because Plaintiff has plead no facts whatsoever to support such claims. Consequently, the Court recommends that Plaintiff's § 1985 and § 1986 claims against Defendant Hoff be DISMISSED.

ii. Plaintiff's claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983

Plaintiff generally alleges that Defendant Hoff, both individually and as part of a conspiracy involving Defendant Mc-Donald and the JACC Defendants, took actions that resulted in Plaintiff's arrest and Plaintiff's current state of "custody" pursuant to that arrest, thereby violating Plaintiff's rights under the First, Fourth, Fifth, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution and 42 U.S.C. § 1983.

(a) Plaintiff's § 1983 claims fail as a matter of law.

These claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 fail as a matter of law because, even assuming the allegations in his Complaint to be true, Plaintiff has alleged no facts that would tend to show that Defendant Hoff is a state actor or was otherwise acting under color of state law when he took the actions he is alleged to have taken in the Complaint. As this Court has previously explained:

Milliman v. Stearns, No. 11-cv-3636 (JRT/LIB), 2012 WL 4470284, at *6, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 140458, at *16 (D.Minn. May 30, 2012) (Brisbois, M.J.) (hereinafter, "Milliman I") (emphasis added), adopted by 2012 WL 4470282, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 139475 (D.Minn. Sept. 27, 2012) (Tunheim, J.).

To successfully assert a § 1983 claim, a plaintiff must at the outset plead facts demonstrating that the individual or individuals committing the offending action were acting under color of state law. West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48, 108 S.Ct. 2250, 101 L.Ed.2d 40 (1988). The same standard applies for allegations that a private individual acted under color of state law. See Sooner Prods. Co. v. McBride, 708 F.2d 510, 512 (10th Cir.1983) ("When a plaintiff in a § 1983 action attempts to assert the necessary `state action' by implicating state officials or judges in a conspiracy with private defendants, mere conclusory allegations with no supporting factual averments are insufficient; the pleadings must specifically present facts tending to show agreement and concerted action."); Simmons v. Sacramento Cnty. Sup. Ct., 318 F.3d 1156, 1161 (9th Cir.2003). Plaintiff here, however, has pled no facts to support a claim of action by Defendant Hoff under color of state law.

Plaintiff generally argued at the September 3, 2013, motions hearing that a private party acting in concert with a state official constitutes state action and renders the private party a state actor, and cited Hafer v. Melo, 502 U.S. 21, 112 S.Ct. 358, 116 L.Ed.2d 301 (1991), in support of that proposition. (Hr'g Tr. [Docket No. 187], at 15). However, Hafer did not address the question of whether a private party's actions constitute state action, but rather, concerned whether "state officials sued in their individual capacities are `persons' for purposes of § 1983." Id. at 23, 31, 112 S.Ct. 358 (answering in the affirmative).

Plaintiff's § 1983 claim against Defendant Hoff fails in this case because there are no facts alleged to show Defendant Hoff acted under color of state law.

Additionally, even if Plaintiff could somehow demonstrate that Defendant Hoff was acting under color of state law, the Court finds that the doctrine set forth by the U.S. Supreme Court in Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 114 S.Ct. 2364, 129 L.Ed.2d 383 (1994), bars him from recovering. In Heck, the U.S. Supreme Court held that:

512 U.S. at 486-87, 114 S.Ct. 2364. Plaintiff does not specify the exact nature of the harms that he allegedly suffered, but it appears that the harm Plaintiff alleges is that his parole was revoked. (See Hr'g Tr. [Docket No. 187], at 21 ("They worked with Will McDonald to violate my parole, have me put in jail.")). However, Plaintiff has presented no evidence that whatever sentencing consequence he suffered was revoked, expunged or otherwise called into question as required by Heck. Moreover, the Minnesota state courts denied his habeas corpus petitions in Rickmyer v. Roy and Stephenson v. Roy, supra. Consequently, Plaintiff's § 1983 claim against Defendant Hoff also would be barred by Heck.

(b) Even assuming that Plaintiff's § 1983 claims did not fail as a matter of law, he has failed to allege facts sufficient to sustain his claims.

Assuming, arguendo, that Plaintiff's § 1983 claims against Defendant Hoff did not fail as a matter of law, Plaintiff nonetheless has failed to sufficiently allege that he has suffered the deprivation of a constitutional right; and, even if he had sufficiently plead such a claim, he has failed to sufficiently allege that Defendant Hoff, either individually or as part of a conspiracy, caused him to suffer such harm.

"In order to prevail on a § 1983 civil conspiracy claim, a plaintiff must show, `that the defendant conspired with others to deprive him or her of a constitutional right; that at least one of the alleged coconspirators engaged in an overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy; and that the overt act injured the plaintiff.'" St. James v. City of Minneapolis, No. 05-cv-2348 (DWF/JJG), 2007 WL 2908115, at *6, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 73791, at *20 (D.Minn. Oct. 2, 2007) (Frank, J.) (quoting Askew v. Millerd, 191 F.3d 953, 957 (8th Cir.1999)). "Moreover, a plaintiff must prove a deprivation of a constitutional right or privilege in order to prevail on a § 1983 civil conspiracy claim." Id.

Plaintiff in the present case "has only alleged constitutional violations in the most general of terms. Plaintiff alleges in a mere conclusory fashion that the ... Defendants violated his constitutional rights.... [T]hese allegations are nothing more than mere `labels and conclusions' lacking any specific factual allegations, and they are therefore wholly insufficient to survive a motion to dismiss." Milliman I, 2012 WL 4470284, at *6, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 140458, at *17-18. Although Plaintiff here repeatedly invokes the First, Fourth, Fifth, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments, he never alleges facts sufficient to demonstrate or even allege how he was deprived of his rights under those Amendments.28

Additionally, even if Plaintiff had sufficiently alleged a specific constitutional harm, he makes no allegation that Defendant Hoff, individually, took any specific action that resulted in the violation or deprivation of Plaintiff's rights. For example, although Plaintiff accuses Defendant Hoff of writing inaccurate blog posts concerning Plaintiff's conditions of release, he does not allege that he suffered a violation of his rights as a direct result of those allegedly inaccurate blog posts.29

Finally, although Plaintiff alleges generally and in a conclusory manner that Defendant Hoff conspired with Defendant McDonald and the JACC Defendants, he fails to set forth specific factual allegations of the nature and manner of the conspiracy sufficient to meet the pleading requirements of Rule 8; Iqbal, supra; and Twombly, supra. As previously noted, the harm Plaintiff claims to have suffered as a result of the alleged conspiracy is the revocation of his parole. (See 2d Am. Compl. [Docket No. 7], at 23, ¶¶ 156-57). However, even if Defendant Hoff communicated directly with Defendant McDonald in order to allege that Plaintiff had violated his conditions of release, "[a] private party does not conspire with government actors for purposes of § 1983 merely by `invoking an exercise of the state's official authority' — for example, by calling the police." Lawrence v. City of St. Paul, 740 F.Supp.2d 1026, 1049-50 (D.Minn.2010) (citing Young v. Harrison, 284 F.3d 863, 870 (8th Cir.2002)); see also Myers v. Morris, 810 F.2d 1437, 1454 (8th Cir.1987) ("Various people engaged in investigating and reporting suspected criminal activity does not amount to a conspiracy"). In short, Plaintiff has failed to make a prima facie showing that the Defendant Hoff, by his blogging, violated his rights under the United States Constitution or under any Federal statute. Plaintiff's allegations of a conspiracy are mere "labels and conclusions." Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955.

Although Plaintiff repeatedly uses the word "conspiracy" in his Second Amended Complaint, he alleges no specific facts that would demonstrate either that Defendant Hoff conspired against him, or took any overt act in furtherance of such a conspiracy. Like the complaint in Iqbal, which only loosely alleged that supervisory officials "knew of, condoned, and willfully and maliciously agreed to" subject the plaintiff to harsh conditions for an illegitimate reason, Plaintiff's allegations in the present case "are conclusory and not entitled to be assumed true." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 681, 129 S.Ct. 1937; see also Twombly, 550 U.S. at 554-55, 127 S.Ct. 1955. The Court is "mindful that `conspiracies are by their nature usually clandestine. It is unlikely that a plaintiff in a conspiracy case will be able to provide direct evidence of a conspiratorial agreement. Thus, such evidence is not necessary to prove that a civil conspiracy existed.'" White v. Walsh, 649 F.2d 560, 561 (8th Cir.1981) (quoting Sparkman v. McFarlin, 601 F.2d 261, 278 n. 19 (7th Cir.1979) (en banc) (Swygert, J., dissenting)). However, even though a plaintiff need not provide direct evidence of a conspiracy, he still must assert some evidence.30 Here, Plaintiff has presented no facts whatsoever that the Court can discern which would support his attempted § 1983 conspiracy claims.

The Court recommends that Plaintiff's § 1983 claims against Defendant Hoff be DISMISSED.

iii. Plaintiff's claims under 42 U.S.C. § 12203

Under 42 U.S.C. § 12203, it is unlawful for a person to retaliate against a person who participates in an investigation, proceeding or hearing concerning disability rights, or to seek to coerce or intimidate a person because of that person's exercise of such rights. Plaintiff generally alleges that Defendant Hoff engaged in such retaliation.

The Americans with Disabilities Act provides that: "It shall be unlawful to coerce, intimidate, threaten, or interfere with any individual ... on account of his or her having aided or encouraged any other individual in the exercise or enjoyment of, any right granted or protected by this chapter." 42 U.S.C. § 12203(b). To establish a retaliation claim under § 12203, "a plaintiff must demonstrate `(1) that he engaged in a statutorily protected activity, (2) that an adverse action was taken against him, and (3) a causal connection between the adverse action and the protected activity.'" Mershon v. St. Louis Univ., 442 F.3d 1069, 1074 (8th Cir.2006) (quoting Amir v. St. Louis Univ., 184 F.3d 1017, 1025 (8th Cir.1999)).31

However, in the present case, Plaintiff alleges no specific facts that would support his allegation of retaliation, i.e., no specific facts to show that any action taken by Defendant Hoff was either an adverse action against Plaintiff or was connected to Plaintiff's ADA advocacy. Instead, with regard to any causal connection, Plaintiff provides no facts, but rather, mere legal conclusions, which, by themselves, are insufficient to sustain his claims. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679, 129 S.Ct. 1937 ("While legal conclusions can provide the framework of a complaint, they must be supported by factual allegations."). Where Plaintiff does allege specific facts, mainly in the form of references to and quotations from Defendant Hoff's blog posts, those facts suggest that Defendant Hoff's commentary — his alleged adverse action — had little to do with Plaintiff's ADA advocacy, and more to do with Plaintiff's criminal record, (see, e.g., 2d Am. Compl., [Docket No. 7], at 6, ¶¶ 28, 30), and the long history of litigation among these parties. (See, e.g., Id. at 4, ¶¶ 14-15; at 7-8, ¶ 37; at 12, ¶ 66; at 13, ¶¶ 69, 72; at 16, ¶ 101; at 18, ¶ 113; and at 20, ¶ 136).

Therefore, the Court recommends that Plaintiff's § 12203 claim against Defendant Hoff be DISMISSED.

b. Plaintiff's Count II against Defendant Hoff should be dismissed32

Plaintiff alleges that he had "[a] valid contract" with the Minnesota Department of Corrections, and that "all defendants except [Defendant] Schooler" intentionally interfered with that contract, resulting in Plaintiff's being placed "in-custody (incarceration, house arrest, and or curfew)." (2d Am. Compl. [Docket No. 7], at 24, Count II caption and ¶ 160 (parenthetical in original)).

"To successfully state a claim of intentional interference with contract, a plaintiff must allege facts supporting the following elements: `(1) the existence of a contract; (2) the alleged wrongdoer's knowledge of the contract; (3) intentional procurement of its breach; (4) without justification; and (5) damages.'" Magee v. Trs. of the Hamline Univ., No. 11-cv-949 (JRT/ABJ), 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 187590, at *20 (D.Minn. Oct. 15, 2012) (Boylan, C.M.J.) (quoting Shops Corp. v. U.S. Bank Nat. Ass'n, 795 F.Supp.2d 874, 878 (D.Minn.2011), aff'd, 678 F.3d 659 (8th Cir.2012)), adopted by 957 F.Supp.2d 1047 (D.Minn.2013) (Tunheim, J.); see also Furlev Sales & Assocs., Inc. v. N. Am. Auto. Warehouse, Inc., 325 N.W.2d 20, 25 (Minn.1982).

In the present case, Plaintiff has failed to allege any facts that would demonstrate even the first element: the existence of a contract. He has neither provided a copy of said "contract" as an exhibit for the Court's review, nor even specifically described in his Second Amended Complaint the nature of the "contract" at issue. In fact, it appears from his Second Amended Complaint that the "contract" between himself and the Minnesota Department of Corrections to which Plaintiff refers is actually his parole or other conditions of release. Plaintiff offers no legal authority, and this Court can find none, suggesting that his conditions of release — which are set by the Department of Corrections, with no consideration provided by Plaintiff — constitute a contract for purposes of a claim such as he attempts to assert in Count II.

Plaintiff has not alleged facts sufficient to demonstrate even the existence of a contract, this claim fails. See Sip-Top, Inc. v. Ekco Group, 86 F.3d 827, 832 (8th Cir.1996) (to prevail on claim of tortious interference with contract, "[u]nder Minnesota law [the plaintiff] must prove... that a contract existed").33 Accordingly, the Court recommends that Plaintiff's intentional interference with contract claim against Defendant Hoff be DISMISSED.

c. Plaintiff's Count IV against Defendant Hoff should be dismissed

Plaintiff asks this Federal Court to enter default judgment against Defendant Hoff in an earlier State court action, Rickmyer v. Hodson, 27-CV-10-3378. (See 2d Am. Compl. [Docket No. 7], at 24-25, ¶¶ 165-69).

Plaintiff offers no authority, and this Federal Court has found none, suggesting that this Court has the authority to enter judgment in a Minnesota state court case, particularly a case that was closed some three years ago. Rather, Plaintiff merely concludes, without offering any supporting legal authority, that the present case "is a `new' federal lawsuit which is alternative to State lawsuits 27-cv-10-3378 and 27-cv-11-11012 and therefore this court can take jurisdiction over all matters in 27-cv-10-3378 and 27-cv-11-11012." (Pl.'s Mem. Opp. Mots. Dismiss [Docket No. 74], at 2, ¶ 4). In fact, available case authority is consistent with holding that this Court does not have such authority. See Lawhorn v. Ayers, 2010 WL 4627867, at *2, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 118250, at *6 (W.D.Va. Nov. 5, 2010) ("I do not have jurisdiction to enter a declaratory judgment in a state-court civil case closed long ago").

The Court recommends that Plaintiff's Count IV, by which he seeks default judgment against Defendant Hoff in an earlier, closed Minnesota State court action, be DISMISSED as contrary to law.

3. The anti-SLAPP statute

Finally, Defendant Hoff argues that he is immune from suit under Minnesota's anti-SLAPP statute, which also entitles him to seek an award of attorney's fees and actual and punitive damages from Plaintiff. (Def. Hoff's Mem. Supp. Mot. Dismiss [Docket No. 21], at 5-7).

The Minnesota Legislature in 1994 enacted what is commonly known as the anti-SLAPP statute, codified at Minn.Stat. §§ 554.01-554.05, "`[t]o protect citizens and organizations from lawsuits that would chill their right to publicly participate in government.'" Hoyt v. Goodman, No. 10-cv-3680 (SRN/FLN), 2011 WL 6151511, at *5, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 142508, at *13 (D.Minn. Dec. 12, 2011) (Nelson, J.) (quoting Marchant Inv. & Mgmt. Co. v. St. Anthony W. Neighborhood Org., Inc., 694 N.W.2d 92, 94-95 (Minn.Ct.App.2005)).

Because Defendant Hoff prevailed above on his 12(b)(6) argument, this Court need not reach the question of whether he is immunized from liability under the anti-SLAPP statute. See Boley v. Minn. Advocates for Human Rights, No. 08-cv-5908 (PJS/FLN), 2010 WL 346769, at *1, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4994, at *3 (D.Minn. Jan. 22, 2010) (Schiltz, J.) ("Because defendants have already prevailed on their statute-of-limitations defense, the Court need not reach any of their many other defenses, including whether they are immunized from liability under Minn.Stat. § 554.03."). Also, since the Court does not reach the question of whether Defendant Hoff's actions fall within the ambit of the anti-SLAPP statute, he has not "`prevail[ed] in a motion under this chapter' and [is therefore] not entitled to attorney's fees or damages under Minn.Stat. § 554.04." Id.34

Accordingly, with regard to his request for an award of attorney's fees and damages, the Court recommends that Defendant Hoff's Motion to Dismiss, [Docket No. 19], be DENIED in part.

4. Plaintiff's Counts I, II and IV against Defendant Hoff should be dismissed with prejudice.

There is some disagreement among Federal courts about whether a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal is normally one with prejudice or without prejudice.35 While the Eighth Circuit does not appear to have addressed the issue directly, decisions from the Eighth Circuit and this Court generally favor dismissals under Rule 12(b)(6) without prejudice, at least where there is no evidence of persistent pleading failures. See Michaelis v. Neb. State Bar Ass'n, 717 F.2d 437, 438-39 (8th Cir.1983) ("Ordinarily dismissal of a plaintiff's complaint for failure to comply with Rule 8 should be with leave to amend. But if the plaintiff has persisted in violating Rule 8 the district court is justified in dismissing the complaint with prejudice." (internal citation omitted)); Larson v. Stow, 36 F.3d 1100 (8th Cir. 1994) (table decision); Patil v. Minnesota State University, Mankato, No. 12-cv-1052 (JRT/JSM), 2012 WL 7807608, at *10 (D.Minn. Dec. 10, 2012); Ikechi v. Verizon Wireless, No. 10-cv-4554 (JNE/SER), 2011 WL 2118797, at *5 n. 6 (D.Minn. Apr. 7, 2011).

In the present case, however, Plaintiff has had ample opportunities to properly assert specific facts to support his claims against the Defendant Hoff: he could have asserted such facts in his Minnesota state court actions Rickmyer v. Hoff and/or Rickmyer v. Hodson;36 or he could have asserted such facts in his earlier Federal court action, Rickmyer v. Browne, No. 13cv-141 (PAM/FLN), which he voluntarily dismissed. The Court finds that Plaintiff has been afforded more than ample opportunity to present the facts he believed supported his claims.

Additionally, the Court notes that the defects in Plaintiff's Count IV cannot be cured by re-pleading, because his claim fails as a matter of law. See Tatone v. SunTrust Mortg., Inc., 857 F.Supp.2d 821, 840 (D.Minn.2012) (Mayeron, M.J.) (dismissing with prejudice where claims fail as a matter of law), adopted by 857 F.Supp.2d 821, 823 (Davis, C.J.).

Consequently, the Court recommends that Plaintiff's claims against Defendant Hoff be dismissed WITH PREJUDICE. See Welk v. GMAC Mortg., LLC, 850 F.Supp.2d 976, 991-92 (D.Minn.2012) (dismissing some of the plaintiff's claims with prejudice for a pleading failure under Fed. R.Civ.P. 8 because "plaintiff's have already had two opportunities to plead these claims ...").

5. Summary

For the reasons set forth above, the Court recommends that Defendant Hoff's Motion to Dismiss, [Docket No. 19], be GRANTED in part, such that Plaintiff's Counts I, II and IV against him be DISMISSED with prejudice, and DENIED in part, such that Defendant Hoff's request for attorney's fees and damages be DENIED without prejudice.

IV. JACC DEFENDANTS' MOTION TO DISMISS [Docket No. 64]

Plaintiff alleges two counts against the JACC Defendants: (a) In Count I, Plaintiff alleges that the JACC Defendants violated his rights pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 1985, 1986, and 12203; and (b) in Count II, Plaintiff alleges intentional interference with contract.

The JACC Defendants argue (1) that Plaintiff's Second Amended Complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted; and (2) that the anti-SLAPP statute immunizes them from suit. (JACC Defs.' Mem. Supp. Mot. Dismiss [Docket No. 66], at 5-20).

A. Standard of Review

The standard of review for this Motion is set forth in Part III.A, supra.

B. Discussion

1. Plaintiff has failed to state a claim for which relief can be granted against the JACC Defendants.

a. Plaintiff's Count I against the JACC Defendants should be dismissed

i. Plaintiff's claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1985 and § 1986

Plaintiff's claims against the JACC Defendants under 42 U.S.C. § 1985 and § 1986 fail as a matter of law for the same reasons that those same claims fail against Defendant Hoff — because Plaintiff has alleged no facts whatsoever that would support a claim under § 1985 or § 1986. See Part III.B.2.a.i, supra. Accordingly, the Court recommends that Plaintiff's § 1985 and § 1986 claims against the JACC Defendants be DISMISSED.

ii. Plaintiff's claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983

Plaintiff generally alleges that the JACC Defendants, both individually and as part of a conspiracy involving Defendant Hoff and Defendant McDonald, took actions that resulted in Plaintiff's arrest and Plaintiff's current state of "custody" pursuant to that arrest, thereby violating Plaintiff's rights under the First, Fourth, Fifth, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution and 42 U.S.C. § 1983.

Plaintiff has failed to show any facts to demonstrate that the JACC Defendants were acting under color of state law. See West, 487 U.S. at 48, 108 S.Ct. 2250 (to successfully assert a § 1983 claim, plaintiff must plead facts demonstrating that the defendants were acting under color of state law). The Jordan Area Community Council, itself, is not a governmental entity, but rather, is a nonprofit organization formed pursuant to Minn.Stat. § 317A and 26 U.S.C. § 501(c)(3). (JACC Articles of Incorporation, Aff. Renz Ex. A [Docket No. 67-1]). Plaintiff acknowledges as much in his Second Amended Complaint, in which he states that the JACC "is a Minnesota non-profit corporation." (2d Am. Compl. [Docket No. 7], at 2, ¶ 2). Plaintiff follows that statement with an allegation that the JACC "is considered a government instrumental" [sic], and argues that the City of Minneapolis Guidelines for Neighborhood Organizations states that "[n]eighborhood organizations that receive city funding are considered local government instrumentality [sic] and are covered by Title II of the ADA." (Pl.'s Supplemental Mem. [Docket No. 97], at 2 (emphasis in original)). However, the fact that the City of Minneapolis treats neighborhood organizations as local government instrumentalities for purposes of the ADA does not mean that such organizations constitute governmental entities under federal law for purposes of a § 1983 claim. As to the JACC Defendants, Plaintiff is thus trying to hold private actors liable under § 1983 without any allegations to show that their private actions were taken under color of state law. See Part II. B.2.a.ii.(b), supra.

Finally, as with his allegations of conspiracy against Defendant Hoff, Plaintiff has alleged no specific facts sufficient to sustain his conspiracy claim against the JACC Defendants.

Additionally, even if his § 1983 claims against the JACC Defendants did not fail for lack of any facts to show action under color of state law, for the same reasons set forth in Part III.B.2.a.ii.(a), supra, the Court finds that Plaintiff's § 1983 claims against the JACC Defendants are also barred by the doctrine set forth in Heck v. Humphrey.

Plaintiff has failed to allege facts sufficient to allow his § 1983 claim against the JACC Defendants to proceed, and therefore, the Court recommends that those claims be DISMISSED.

iii. Plaintiff's claims under 42 U.S.C. § 12203

Again, as with his claims against Defendant Hoff, addressed in Part III.B.2.a.iii, supra, Plaintiff alleges no specific facts that would support his allegation of retaliation under § 12203 as against the JACC Defendants. Instead, Plaintiff's allegations in his Second Amended Complaint amount to no more than mere suppositions and legal conclusions. As previously noted, "[w]hile legal conclusions can provide the framework of a complaint, they must be supported by factual allegations." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (emphasis added). Because of the lack of any specific factual allegations in Plaintiff's Second Amended Complaint, [Docket No. 7], his § 12203 claim against the JACC Defendants should be DISMISSED.

b. Plaintiff's Count II against the JACC Defendants should be dismissed

As noted in Part III.B.2.b, supra, Plaintiff has failed to allege facts that would demonstrate even the existence of a contract. Because he has not alleged facts sufficient to demonstrate the existence of a contract, this claim fails. See Sip-Top, Inc. v. Ekco Group, 86 F.3d 827, 832 (8th Cir.1996) (to prevail on claim of tortious interference with contract, "[u]nder Minnesota law [the plaintiff] must prove... that a contract existed").

2. The anti-SLAPP statute

The JACC Defendants also argue that they are immune from suit under Minnesota's anti-SLAPP statute; however, unlike Defendant Hoff, the JACC Defendants do not ask for an award of attorney's fees and damages. (JACC Defs.' Mem. Supp. Mot. Dismiss [Docket No. 66], at 19-20). Because the Court finds that the JACC Defendants prevailed on their 12(b)(6) argument, it need not reach the question of whether they are immunized from liability under the anti-SLAPP statute. See Boley, 2010 WL 346769, at *1, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4994, at *3 (D.Minn. Jan. 22, 2010) (Schiltz, J.).

3. Plaintiff's Counts I and II against the JACC Defendants should be dismissed with prejudice.

For the same reasons set forth in Part III.B.4, supra, this Court recommends that Plaintiff's Counts I and II against the JACC Defendants be DISMISSED with prejudice.

4. Summary

For the reasons set forth above, the Court recommends that the JACC Defendants' Motion to Dismiss, [Docket No. 64], be GRANTED, and that Plaintiff's Counts I and II against the JACC Defendants be DISMISSED with prejudice.

V. DEFENDANT SCHOOLER'S MOTION TO DISMISS [Docket No. 53]37

Plaintiff asserts only one claim against Defendant Schooler: a breach of contract claim alleging that Defendant Schooler breached the settlement agreement between Plaintiff and Defendant Schooler reached in Rickmyer v. Hodson38 by referring to Plaintiff as his "particular stalker" when Plaintiff showed up at a hearing in an unrelated state court case. (2d Am. Compl. [Docket No. 7], at 19, ¶¶ 125-26, 128; at 24, ¶¶ 162-64).

Defendant Schooler argues that this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over Plaintiff's claim. (Def. Schooler's Mem. Supp. Mot. Dismiss [Docket No. 56], at 7-9). In the alternative, Defendant Schooler argues that Plaintiff has failed to state a claim for breach of contract, because even if Plaintiff's allegations concerning Defendant Schooler's conduct were true they would not amount to a breach of the settlement agreement. (Id. at 6-7).39

A. Standard of Review

The standard of review for this Motion is set forth in Part III.A, supra.

B. Discussion

"A party invoking federal jurisdiction has the burden of establishing that he has the right to assert his claim in federal court." 281 Care Comm. v. Arneson, 638 F.3d 621, 627 (8th Cir.2011). In the present case, Plaintiff has not demonstrated why this Court has jurisdiction over his breach of contract claim against Defendant Schooler.

"The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States." 28 U.S.C. § 1331. However, Plaintiff has not demonstrated how his claim — to wit, that Defendant Schooler breached a settlement agreement reached in an unrelated Minnesota State court case — could possibly "aris[e] under" Federal law. "[A]n action to enforce a settlement agreement is a claim for breach of contract, [and therefore] it should be heard in state court unless it has `its own basis for jurisdiction.'" Myers v. Richland County, 429 F.3d 740, 745 (8th Cir.2005) (quoting Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 378, 114 S.Ct. 1673, 128 L.Ed.2d 391 (1994)).40 Plaintiff has not even asserted such a basis for jurisdiction, much less set forth facts that would demonstrate a basis for the Court's subject matter jurisdiction.

Additionally, Plaintiff has asserted no facts that would suggest that this Court has diversity jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332 ("The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions where the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $75,000, exclusive of interest and costs, and is between — (1) citizens of different States...."). First, the parties are not diverse, as both Plaintiff and Defendant Schooler are citizens of Minnesota. (2d Am. Compl. [Docket No. 7], at 2, ¶ 1 (Plaintiff is a citizen of Minnesota); Aff. Schooler [Docket No. 57], at 1, ¶ 1 (Def. Schooler is a citizen of Minnesota)). Second, even if the parties were diverse, Plaintiff alleges no facts in support of his assertion that Defendant Schooler's alleged breach of the Settlement Agreement "damaged [Plaintiff] in an amount in excess of $75,000." (2d Am. Compl. [Docket No. 7], at 24, ¶ 164). A complaint does not "suffice if it tenders `naked assertion[s]' devoid of `further factual enhancement.'" Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557, 127 S.Ct. 1955).

Finally, the Court finds that it does not have supplemental jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367. The Court may exercise supplemental jurisdiction over a state law claim that is "so related to claims in the action within such original jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or controversy under Article III of the United States Constitution." In the present case, the breach of contract claim now under discussion is Plaintiff's only claim against Defendant Schooler, and it is factually unrelated to any of the other claims attempted to be asserted in Plaintiff's Second Amended Complaint.

For the reasons set forth above, this Court recommends that Defendant Schooler's Motion to Dismiss, [Docket No. 53], be GRANTED, and that Plaintiff's claims against Defendant Schooler be DISMISSED for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

VI. PLAINTIFF'S MOTION TO AMEND COMPLAINT [Docket No. 171]

On December 13, 2013, Plaintiff made a renewed Motion to Amend Complaint. [Docket No. 171].41 In his Memorandum, Plaintiff does not specifically state why he now seeks to amend his complaint at this time.42 (See Pl.'s Mem. Supp. Mot. Am. Compl. [Docket No. 173], at 1-2). However, reading his Proposed Amended Complaint43 liberally, as this Court is required to do with pro se pleadings,44 the Proposed Amended Complaint appears to differ from the operative Second Amended Complaint as follows:

A. Standard of Review

If a party does not seek to amend their Complaint within the timing scope of Rule 15(a)(1), the party "may amend its pleading only with the opposing party's written consent or the court's leave." Fed. R.Civ.P. 15(a)(2). Leave to amend should be granted "when justice so requires." Id. The Supreme Court has explained the purposes of Rule 15(a) as follows:

Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182, 83 S.Ct. 227, 9 L.Ed.2d 222 (1962). Although "parties do not have an absolute right to amend their pleadings, even under this liberal standard," Sherman v. Winco Fireworks, Inc., 532 F.3d 709, 715 (8th Cir. 2008), the Court begins "with a presumption of liberality." DeRoche v. All Am. Bottling Corp., 38 F.Supp.2d 1102, 1106 (D.Minn.1998).

An amendment is considered to be futile if "the amended complaint could not withstand a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure." Cornelia I. Crowell GST Trust v. Possis Medical, Inc., 519 F.3d 778, 782 (8th Cir.2008). As such, an amendment to a pleading can be successfully challenged on the grounds of futility, if the claims created by the amendment would not withstand a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. See Humphreys v. Roche Biomedical Lab., Inc., 990 F.2d 1078, 1082 (8th Cir.1993).

B. Discussion

1. The Court will not deny Plaintiff's motion on procedural grounds.

Initially, the Court notes that Plaintiff agreed during the September 3, 2013, motions hearing not to bring any additional motions until those already pending before the Court were decided. (Hr'g Tr. [Docket No. 187], at 6). The JACC Defendants urge the Court to deny Plaintiff's Motion to Amend Complaint, [Docket No. 171], on the grounds that it was filed in contravention of his own agreement not to file additional motions until the pending motions are decided. (JACC Defs.' Mem. Opp. Mot. Am. Compl. [Docket No. 179], at 3).

Additionally, the Court notes that Plaintiff's filing of his Motion and accompanying documents was not in compliance with the Local Rules, which require the filing of both a copy of the proposed amended complaint (which Plaintiff did file), and an additional copy of the proposed amended complaint "that shows — through redlining, underlining, strikeouts, or other similarly effective typographic methods — how the proposed amended pleading differs from the operative pleading." L.R. 15.1(b)(2). Plaintiff filed no such "redlined" version of his Proposed Amended Complaint. Defendant Schooler urges the Court to deny Plaintiff's Motion to Amend Complaint, [Docket No. 171], for failure to comply with the Local Rules. (Def. Schooler's Mem. Opp. Mot. Am. Compl. [Docket No. 182], at 7).

The Court agrees that it could deny Plaintiff's Motion for either of these reasons. Although the Court recognizes that Plaintiff is proceeding pro se, and therefore, that the content of his pleadings must be "`liberally construed,'" Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94, 127 S.Ct. 2197, 167 L.Ed.2d 1081 (2007) (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104-05, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976)), a pro se party's status does not excuse them from complying with the substantive and procedural law. Brown v. Frey, 806 F.2d 801, 804 (8th Cir.1986).

Nonetheless, the Court will not recommend that the Motion be denied on purely procedural grounds. Although Plaintiff does not tell the court why he believes he should be allowed to further amend his complaint, (see Mem. Supp. Mot. Am. Compl. [Docket No. 173], at 1-2), it appears to the Court that the amendments are at least partially directed to curing some of the defects identified in the motions to dismiss. The Eighth Circuit has held that, as a procedural matter, it is plainly erroneous for a district court to grant a motion to dismiss, and then to deny a pending motion to amend as moot, without consideration of the merits of the motion to amend. See Pure Country, Inc. v. Sigma Chi Fraternity, 312 F.3d 952, 956 (8th Cir.2002) (reversing order granting motion to dismiss, remanding to the district court to reconsider the motion to amend on the merits); Ideal Instruments, Inc. v. Rivard Instruments, Inc., 434 F.Supp.2d 640, 646 (N.D.Iowa 2006); Sallis v. Pavlak, No. 09-cv-3614 (JMR/JJG), 2010 WL 3384912, at *3, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 87831, at *8 (D.Minn. Aug. 25, 2010) (Rosenbaum, J.) (where a court is faced with both a motion to amend and a motion to dismiss the prior complaint for failure to state a claim "the Court is advised to consider the motion to amend before deciding the motion to dismiss"). As a consequence, the Court has considered whether Plaintiff's proposed amendments would save his claims before recommending dismissal of those claims.

2. The Court finds the claims in Plaintiff's Proposed Amended Complaint would not survive a Rule 12(b)(6) challenge, and, therefore, recommends that his Motion to Amend Complaint be denied as futile.52

Count I: Plaintiff, invoking 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleges that Defendant Hoff, Defendant McDonald, Defendant Schooler, and the JACC Defendants violated his rights under the First, Fourth, Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments. (Proposed Am. Compl. [Docket No. 173], at 17-18, ¶¶ 68-75).

Plaintiff's claims with regard to Defendant Schooler are futile. Plaintiff's only factual allegations concerning Defendant Schooler mirror those made in his existing complaint. (Compare 2d Am. Compl. [Docket No. 7], at 19, ¶¶ 125-28; with Proposed Am. Compl. [Docket No. 173], at 12, ¶¶ 40-4153). The Court has already determined that those facts failed to support a showing of subject matter jurisdiction by this Court with regard to the breach of contract claim alleged in Plaintiff's Second Amended Complaint. See Part V.B.2, supra. Here, Plaintiff seeks to apply those same facts to a different theory — a § 1983 claim — but makes no showing whatsoever as to how those facts, even if true, amount to any violation of his constitutional rights, or that Defendant Schooler was acting under color of state law. A plaintiff cannot rely on mere general and conclusory allegations to survive the motion to dismiss. Martin v. Sargent, 780 F.2d 1334, 1337 (8th Cir.1985); see also Twombly, 550 U.S. at 554, 127 S.Ct. 1955 ("Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level."). And while, as previously noted, the Court construes Plaintiff's claims liberally, "`liberal construction does not require a court to conjure allegations on a litigant's behalf.'" Martin v. Overton, 391 F.3d 710, 714 (6th Cir.2004) (quoting Erwin v. Edwards, 22 Fed.Appx. 579, 580 (6th Cir.2001)).54

Additionally, Plaintiff's proposed amended claims with regard to Defendant Hoff and the JACC Defendants are also futile, as his Proposed Amended Complaint does nothing to cure the deficiencies that prompted the Court to recommend dismissal in the first place. In short, Plaintiff alleges no new facts that would demonstrate that any of the JACC Defendants were acting under color of state law or why his claims should not be barred by Heck v. Humphrey. See Part III. B.2.a.ii.(a), supra. Plaintiff also still fails to allege any specific facts (relying only on mere conclusory allegations and suppositions) to show how Defendant Hoff and the JACC Defendants "acted alone and or together (two or more in concert) to violate [his] rights." (Proposed Am. Compl. [Docket No. 173], at 17, ¶ 71 (parenthetical in original)).

Counts II and III: Plaintiff alleges violations of the Minneapolis City Code55 and the Minnesota Human Rights Act against Defendant Hoff, Defendant McDonald, and the JACC Defendants. (Proposed Am. Compl. [Docket No. 173], at 18-20, ¶¶ 76-85).

The Court lacks original subject matter jurisdiction over these claims, which arise solely under Minnesota State law. Additionally, because the Court ultimately recommends dismissing all of Plaintiff's federal law claims, the Court sees no reason to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over these claims.

"The Court has broad discretion in deciding whether to continue hearing state claims following dismissal of federal claims." Shimer v. Shingobee Island Water and Sewer Comm'n, No. 02-cv-953 (JRT/FLN), 2003 WL 1610788, at *8, 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4210, at *26 (D.Minn. Mar. 18, 2003) (Tunheim, J.). "In determining whether to exercise supplemental jurisdiction, courts consider factors such as judicial efficiency, convenience, and fairness to the litigants, but should `exercise judicial restraint and avoid state law issues wherever possible.'" Hylla v. Transp. Commc'ns Int'l Union, No. 06-cv-4700 (JRT/RLE), 2007 WL 2892021, at *4, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 75505, *11-12 (D.Minn. Sept. 28, 2007) (Tunheim, J.) (citing Condor Corp. v. City of St. Paul, 912 F.2d 215, 221 (8th Cir.1990); and quoting Thomas v. Dickel, 213 F.3d 1023, 1026 (8th Cir.2000)). This Court recommends that the District Court decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff's proposed amended state law claims.

Counts IV and V: Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Hoff, Defendant McDonald, and the JACC Defendants retaliated against him in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 12203. (Proposed Am. Compl. [Docket No. 173], at 20-21, ¶¶ 86-95).56

Plaintiff's proposed amended claims with regard to Defendant Hoff and the JACC Defendants are futile, as Plaintiff still has not plead any specific facts that would demonstrate that the actions he alleges were taken by Defendant Hoff and the JACC Defendants were, in fact, in retaliation for his ADA advocacy.

Count VI: Plaintiff alleges "intentional interference with judicial process" against Defendants M. Browne, K. Brown, Hoff, Goodmundson, and McDonald. (Proposed Am. Compl. [Docket No. 173], at 21-22, ¶¶ 96-100).

This proposed amended claim is futile, as Plaintiff makes no showing of how the facts that he alleges satisfy the elements of such a claim. In fact, this Court is unaware of any authority — either pursuant to Federal law or to Minnesota State law — that would support Plaintiff's assertion that there is such a civil, private cause of action.57

Count VII: Plaintiff alleges intentional interference with contract, a claim that mirrors Count II in his existing Complaint, but which names as defendants only Defendants Hoff, Goodmundson, and McDonald. (Id. at 22, ¶¶ 101-05).

This proposed amended claim is futile. The fundamental failure, as addressed above, of Plaintiff's previous iteration of this claim is his failure to demonstrate why his conditions of release should even be considered a "contract" for purposes of such a claim. See Part III.B.2.b, supra. This deficiency is not remedied by Plaintiff's Proposed Amended Complaint.

Count VIII: Plaintiff alleges conspiracy to aid and abet false arrest, false imprisonment, and kidnapping against Defendants M. Brown, K. Browne, Hoff, Goodmundson, and McDonald. (Proposed Am. Compl. [Docket No. 173], at 22-23, ¶¶ 106-10).

This proposed amended claim is futile. The factual underpinnings of this claim are no different from Plaintiff's § 1983 claims, and they remain equally deficient. As a matter of law, under Heck v. Humphrey, Plaintiff cannot bring these claims unless the basis for his "arrest" (or "imprisonment" or "kidnapping") has been reversed, and he has plead no facts that would suggest that his arrest was reversed. Even if he could overcome Heck v. Humphrey, Plaintiff pleads no specific facts that would support his claim of a conspiracy, and he continues to fail to demonstrate how his constitutional rights were violated. See Part III.B.2.a.ii, supra.

Counts IX and XIII: Plaintiff alleges a Monell claim against the JACC. (Proposed Am. Compl. [Docket No. 173], at 23, ¶¶ 111-15; at 27, ¶¶ 130-34).

Plaintiff's proposed amended claims are futile, both as a matter of law and because he fails to plead facts that would support them. His claims would fail as a matter of law because the JACC is a private, non-profit organization, (JACC Articles of Incorporation, Aff. Renz Ex. A [Docket No. 67-1]), which Plaintiff acknowledges. (Proposed Am. Compl. [Docket No. 173], at 6, ¶ 7). However, as previously noted, a Monell claim is a § 1983 claim brought against a municipality that has adopted some policy, custom or practice that allegedly caused a violation of the claimant's constitutional rights. See Davison v. City of Minneapolis, Minn., 490 F.3d 648, 659 (8th Cir.2007) (city "may be held liable under section 1983 ... if one of its customs or policies caused the violation of the plaintiff's constitutional rights) (citing Monell v. Dep't of Soc. Servs. of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 690-91, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978)). To bring a Monell claim, "[t]he challenged action must have either been taken by [a] municipality or by a private person whose action may be fairly treated as that of the municipality itself." Reinhart v. City of Brookings, 84 F.3d 1071, 1073 (8th Cir.1996) (citing Flagg Bros., Inc. v. Brooks, 436 U.S. 149, 157, 98 S.Ct. 1729, 56 L.Ed.2d 185 (1978)). As previously noted, Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate why the JACC should be treated as a municipality. See Part IV.B.1.a.ii, supra.

Even if Plaintiff had shown why the JACC should be treated as a municipality, his mere invocation of the words "policies" and "customs" is insufficient to plead a Monell claim where his Proposed Amended Complaint contains no factual allegations that would support that claim. See Milliman v. Stearns, No. 13-cv-136 (DWF/LIB), 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 141440, at *34-35 n. 24 (D.Minn. Aug. 12, 2013) (Brisbois, M.J.), adopted by 2013 WL 5426049, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 138099 (D.Minn. Sept. 26, 2013).

Counts X, XI, and XII: Plaintiff alleges Monell claims against Hennepin County and Hennepin County Community Corrections and Rehabilitation. (Proposed Am. Compl. [Docket No. 173], at 24-27, ¶¶ 116-29).

These proposed amended claims are futile, because Plaintiff has failed to plead facts sufficient to support them. Although in this case the named defendants are municipalities and/or municipal entities that are potentially subject to a Monell claim, he has alleged no specific facts, beyond his mere invocation of the words "policies" and "customs," that would tend to demonstrate the actual existence of any such custom, pattern, policy, or practice, the application of which operated to violate his constitutional rights.

Counts XIV and XV: Plaintiff alleges a § 1983 claim for "failure to prevent constitutional violations" against (1) the JACC (Count XIV), and (2) Hennepin County and Hennepin County Community Corrections and Rehabilitation (Count XV).

These proposed amended claims are futile. It is unclear how any of these claims are any different from Plaintiff's other existing § 1983 claims, which the Court already has determined should be dismissed.

Consequently, the Court recommends that Plaintiff's Motion to Amend Complaint, [Docket No. 171], be DENIED with respect to all defendants except Defendant McDonald.58

VII. DEFENDANT SCHOOLER'S MOTION FOR RULE 11 SANCTIONS [Docket No. 122]

Defendant Schooler asks the Court for an order of sanctions against Plaintiff, pursuant to Rule 11 of the Federal Rules. (See Docket No. 122).

A. Standard of Review

Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires that "[e]very pleading, written motion, and other paper must be signed by at least one attorney of record in the attorney's name — or by a party personally if the party is unrepresented." Fed.R.Civ.P. 11(a). The purpose of this requirement is to

Fed.R.Civ.P. 11(b).

Rule 11 also provides that "the court may impose an appropriate sanction on any ... party that violated the [Rule 11(b)]...." Fed.R.Civ.P. 11(c)(1). The rule authorizes both monetary and nonmonetary sanctions. Fed.R.Civ.P. 11(c)(4). However, "[a] sanction imposed under this rule must be limited to what suffices to deter repetition of the conduct or comparable conduct by others similarly situated." Id.; see also Segura v. Fannie Mae, No. 13-cv-531 (SRN/JJK), 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 175127, at *2 (D.Minn. Dec. 13, 2013) (Nelson, J.) ("deterrence is the primary purpose of Rule 11 sanctions"). "An order imposing a sanction must describe the sanctioned conduct and explain the basis for the sanction." Fed.R.Civ.P. 11(c)(6).

B. Facts

This is at least the second lawsuit that Plaintiff has brought against Defendant Schooler, who was also named as a defendant in Rickmyer v. Hodson. See Part II.A, supra. In the present case, Defendant Schooler filed his Motion to Dismiss on July 1, 2013. [Docket No. 64]. Subsequently, on July 9, 2013, he advised Plaintiff of his intention to file a motion for Rule 11 sanctions if Plaintiff did not voluntarily dismiss his claims against Defendant Schooler within 21 days. (Letter to Pl., Aff. Wilhelm, Ex. 12 [Docket No. 125-12], at 2). Attached to that letter was a copy of the Rule 11 motion that Defendant Schooler anticipated filing. (Id. at 3-6). In that motion, Defendant Schooler described the specific conduct that he believed constituted a Rule 11 violation. In particular, he asserted that "[t]he claims or other legal contentions asserted against [Defendant] Schooler in Plaintiff's [Second Amended] Complaint are not warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for extending, modifying, or reversing existing law or for establishing new law," Id. at 3 (citing Fed.R.Civ.P. 11(b)(2)), and that those claims "appear to be asserted for an improper purpose, such as to harass, cause unnecessary delay, or needlessly increase the cost of litigation." Id. at 3-4 (citing Fed.R.Civ.P. 11(b)(1)). Specifically, Defendant Schoolar asserted why he believed the Court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to hear Plaintiff's claims, Id. at 4-5, and stated that the conduct that formed the basis of Plaintiff's claims against him was not prohibited by their earlier Settlement Agreement. Id. at 4.

Plaintiff did not voluntarily dismiss his claims against Defendant Schooler. Consequently, on August 14, 2013 — more than 21 days after he gave first gave notice to Plaintiff — Defendant Schooler made his Motion for Rule 11 Sanctions. [Docket No. 122].

C. Discussion

Initially, the Court notes that Defendant Schooler has adhered to Rule 11's "safe harbor" requirements:

Fed.R.Civ.P. 11(c)(2). In the present case, Defendant Schooler met the first requirement by making his Motion for Rule 11 Sanctions, [Docket No. 122], "separately from any other motion," and by describing the specific conduct that he alleged violated Rule 11(b). He met the second requirement by waiting more than 21 days after serving his Motion on Plaintiff before presenting the Motion to the Court.

Defendant Schooler argues that Plaintiff's current breach of contract claim, premised on an alleged breach of their Settlement Agreement from an earlier, unrelated state court action, was not "objectively reasonable." (Def. Schooler's Mem. Supp. Rule 11 Mot. [Docket No. 124], at 9-11). Additionally, he argues that monetary sanctions against Plaintiff would be ineffective, and that limiting Plaintiff's access to the federal courts would be the only effective sanction. (Id. at 12-15).

The Court agrees with Defendant Schooler that Plaintiff's breach of contract claim was not objectively reasonable. The Court is not as concerned as Defendant Schooler, however, in that the intricacies of subject matter jurisdiction may not be readily apparent to a pro se litigant. However, Plaintiff made no substantial response to this Motion. Although Plaintiff filed a responsive Memorandum, it does not in any way defend assertion of his breach of contract claim against Defendant Schooler. (See Pl.'s Mem. Opp. Rule 11 Mot. [Docket No. 128]). Rather, it (1) accuses Defendant Schooler of failing to disclose various developments in various related cases, (Id. at 1-3); (2) argues that the Motion was moot because Defendant Schooler was in default, (Id. at 3-4); and states that the Motion was "premature" because Defendant Schooler "knew I had requested this Court permission to file an amended complaint and the Court issued an Order permitting me to file a motion to amend the complaint." (Id. at 4).

In fact, Plaintiff's conduct with regard to his attempts to amend his complaint is at least as troubling as his initial breach of contract claim lacking subject matter jurisdiction. On August 23, 2013 — a mere nine days after Defendant Schooler formally made his Motion for Rule 11 Sanctions — Plaintiff filed his Proposed Third Amended Complaint, [Docket No. 138],59 which does not contain a breach of contract claim against Defendant Schooler. Likewise, Plaintiff's current Proposed Amended Complaint does not contain a breach of contract claim against Defendant Schooler. (See Proposed Am. Compl. [Docket No. 173], at 4-31). In other words, it appears that Defendant acknowledged that he did not have a legitimate breach of contract claim against Defendant Schooler — or, at least, that he was willing to withdraw that claim — yet he never voluntarily dismissed his claim. Plaintiff now tries to shoehorn his existing factual allegations against Defendant Schooler into a new § 1983 claim by asserting (without any factual support whatsoever) that Defendant Schooler's "personal stalker" comment on May 16, 2012, was somehow part of a conspiracy "with [Defendant] Hoff and [Defendant] Goodmundson to have me removed from my neighborhood and put behind bars for stalking on March 7, 2011." (Id. at 12, ¶ 40). However, this alleged conspiracy took shape based on Plaintiff's own pleadings more than a year before the "personal stalker" comment was allegedly made. Considering Plaintiff's initial frivolous claim, his refusal to dismiss that claim, and his more recent assertion of an equally frivolous claim, this Court is persuaded that Rule 11 sanctions would be appropriate.

Selecting an appropriate sanction is more difficult. As previously noted, a Rule 11 sanction must be no more than is necessary "to deter repetition of the conduct or comparable conduct." Fed.R.Civ.P. 11(c)(4). Defendant Schooler, himself, suggests that monetary sanctions would likely be ineffective as a deterrent:

(Def. Schooler's Mem. Supp. Rule 11 Mot. [Docket No. 124], at 13-14). The Court agrees.

Additionally, the Court agrees with Defendant Schooler that it has the authority to limit Plaintiff's access to the Federal courts, so long as Plaintiff is given notice of such limitation, and is given an opportunity to oppose such limitation before it takes effect. Ketchum v. Cruz, 961 F.2d 916, 921 (10th Cir.1992) (citing Tripati v. Beaman, 878 F.2d 351, 354 (10th Cir.1989) (per curiam)); cf. Peck v. Hoff, 660 F.2d 371, 374 n. 2 (8th Cir.1981) (in prisoner case, affirming "pre-filing review procedure" for plaintiff's IFP complaints).

However, despite the record set forth in Part II.A, supra, Plaintiff has not matched the volume of frivolous litigation that has prompted other Federal courts to act. See, e.g., In re McDonald, 489 U.S. 180, 109 S.Ct. 993, 103 L.Ed.2d 158 (1989) (limiting petitioner's ability to file IFP for extraordinary writs after he made "73 separate filings with the Court, ... [including] 4 appeals, 33 petitions for certiorari, 19 petitions for extraordinary writs, 7 applications for stays and other injunctive relief, and 10 petitions for rehearing" (footnotes excluded)); Peck, 660 F.2d 371 (affirming "pre-filing review procedure" for plaintiff's IFP complaints after plaintiff filed 18 cases and had 23 more ready to file); Stephens v. Jensen-Carter, Nos. 06-cv-693 and 06-cv-2327, 2007 WL 2885813, at *1, *6-7, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 75115, at *2-3, *18-19 (D.Minn. Sept. 27, 2007) (Schiltz, J.) (barring debtors from further filings related to their bankruptcies unless signed by an attorney or authorized by a judge after a "seemingly endless flow of frivolous and abusive filings" over the course of nine years).60 Despite the extensive history of litigation between Plaintiff and certain of the Defendants, it does not yet add up to the "seemingly endless flow of frivolous and abusive filings" in this Court that prompted other Federal courts to act.

Even if the record supported some sort of limitation on Plaintiff's access to the Federal courts in Minnesota, this Court is not persuaded that the harsh sanction requested by Defendant Schooler is appropriate, either. Defendant Schooler asks for entry of the following order:

(Id. at 14). Initially, the Court notes that Defendant Schooler's proposed order would not merely limit Plaintiff's ability to sue him, or even limit his ability to sue the various Defendants in the present case, but would impose a blanket restriction on Plaintiff's access to the Federal courts for any reason.

All of which presents the Court with a dilemma.

The Court is persuaded that Plaintiff's conduct warrants Rule 11 sanctions, and is further persuaded that monetary sanctions would likely be ineffective due to ultimately being potentially uncollectable. Nevertheless, the Court is not persuaded that a blanket limitation on all of Plaintiff's further access to the Federal courts in Minnesota is appropriate at this time. Consequently, while this Court appreciates the seriousness of the motion and does not condone Plaintiff's conduct at issue, the Court declines to impose as sanctions in this matter Defendant Schooler's request for a blanket limitation on all of Plaintiff's future access to Federal court in Minnesota. Accordingly, the only available sanction remains a monetary one on this record.

Therefore, the Court recommends that Defendant Schooler's Motion for Rule 11 sanctions, [Docket No. 122], be GRANTED, and that Defendant Schooler be granted an award of $5,000.00 (five thousand dollars and 00/100) to be paid by Plaintiff as a sanction for violation of Rule 11 in this case.

VIII. CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, and all the files, records and proceedings herein, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:

Additionally, based on the foregoing, and all the files, records and proceedings herein, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED:

Dated: January 7, 2014.