MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

SUSAN RICHARD NELSON, District Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

This matter is before the Court on three motions in the above-captioned related cases: R.M.M.'s Motion to Dismiss in Civil No. 15-CV-1855 [Doc. No. 8]; Minneapolis Public Schools' Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record in Civil No. 15-CV-1855 [Doc. No. 18]; and R.M.M.'s Motion to Reverse Dismissal of Claims and for Partial Remand in Civil No. 15-CV-1627 [Doc. No. 33]. For the reasons stated below, R.M.M.'s Motions are granted and the Minneapolis Public Schools' Motion is denied.

II. BACKGROUND

These lawsuits arise out of the alleged failure of Minneapolis Public Schools, Special School District No. 1 ("MPS") to timely and appropriately identify and evaluate R.M.M. as a student with learning disabilities, and to provide her with timely and appropriate special education services. (See, e.g., Verified Compl. [Civ. No. 15-1627, Doc. No. 1] ("R.M.M. Compl.") ¶ 5; Compl. [Civ. No. 15-1855, Doc. No. 1] ("MPS Compl.") ¶¶ 31-32.) Briefly stated,1 MPS provides special education services to students enrolled in both public and private schools located within the District. (MPS Compl. ¶ 3.) R.M.M. is a minor who resides within the District and who was voluntarily enrolled in Annunciation Catholic School ("ACS"), a private school within the District, from kindergarten through fifth grade. (See id. ¶¶ 5-6; R.M.M. Compl. ¶¶ 1, 4.)

During elementary school, R.M.M. struggled in the classroom, especially with reading. (See, e.g., R.M.M. Compl. ¶¶ 57-63, 89; MPS Compl. ¶ 7.) She received extra support and instruction at ACS, and she was referred to MPS for a special education evaluation in the fifth grade. (See, e.g., R.M.M. Compl. ¶¶ 58, 84; MPS Compl. ¶¶ 8-10.) That evaluation was completed on January 6, 2014, and it was determined that R.M.M. was eligible for special education services in the areas of reading and writing. (See R.M.M. Compl. ¶ 85; MPS Compl. ¶ 10.) The individual service plan ("ISP") that was developed for R.M.M. provided for one hour of direct instruction, twice per week, at a MPS school located near ACS, to which R.M.M. would be bused during the middle of the school day. (See R.M.M. Compl. ¶ 90; MPS Compl. ¶¶ 13-14.) In order to receive these services, R.M.M. was enrolled in MPS in February 2014. (MPS Compl. ¶ 11.) The extra instruction commenced in March 2014, but R.M.M.'s parents declined further services after four sessions. (See R.M.M. Compl. ¶¶ 90, 92; MPS Compl. ¶¶ 15-16.) ACS subsequently informed R.M.M.'s parents that it could not meet R.M.M.'s needs and encouraged them to enroll R.M.M. in MPS. (See R.M.M. Compl. ¶¶ 93, 95, 98; MPS Compl. ¶ 17.) R.M.M.'s parents complied. (See R.M.M. Compl. ¶ 98; MPS Compl. ¶ 18.)

Thereafter, on August 14, 2014, R.M.M.'s parents filed a complaint with the Minnesota Department of Education ("MDE"), alleging that MPS had violated its location, identification, and evaluation obligations under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ("IDEA"), 20 U.S.C. § 1400, et seq., (R.M.M.'s "child-find" claim), as well as Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and they requested an administrative due process hearing. (See R.M.M. Compl. ¶ 43; MPS Compl. ¶¶ 18, 28.) On October 6, 2014, R.M.M.'s parents amended their complaint to include a claim that R.M.M. had been denied a free appropriate public education ("FAPE") while she was enrolled at ACS (R.M.M.'s "FAPE" claim). (See R.M.M. Compl. ¶ 45; MPS Compl. ¶¶ 31.)

The matter was assigned to Administrative Law Judge James Mortenson (the "ALJ"). (See MPS Compl. ¶ 29.) On October 14, 2014, the ALJ dismissed as moot the child-find claim because R.M.M. had been identified, evaluated, and determined to be a child with a disability. (Goetz Aff. [Civ. No. 15-1627, Doc. No. 35], Ex. A (Fifth Prehearing Order) ("ALJ October 14 Order"), at 1, 4.) And, on October 17, 2014, the ALJ narrowed the issue for resolution as follows:

(Id., Ex. B (Sixth Prehearing Order) ("ALJ October 17 Order"), at 2.) R.M.M.'s parents then moved for reconsideration of the October 14 and 17 Orders, and MPS moved for dismissal of all claims. (Id., Ex. C (Seventh Prehearing Order), at 1.) In the latter motion, MPS argued that parents in Minnesota who enroll their children in private school do not have the right to a due process hearing on issues other than child find. (See id. at 5.)

The ALJ denied both motions, (id. at 1), and a due process hearing was held on December 2, 3, and 5, 2014, (MPS Compl., Ex. A (Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Order) ("ALJ Final Order"), at 2). The ALJ issued his Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Order on January 2, 2015, concluding that:

(Id. at 3.) He further determined that compensatory education was a viable and appropriate remedy and ordered MPS to provide or pay for a set amount of additional instruction for R.M.M. in reading, writing, and mathematics. (Id. at 11, 17-18.)

On March 27, 2015, R.M.M.'s parents initiated the first of the present lawsuits, seeking reversal of the ALJ's October 14 and 17 Orders dismissing their child-find claim and dismissing their FAPE claim to the extent that it arose prior to January 2014 (Count I). (See R.M.M. Compl. ¶¶ 47, 109, 113.) In other words, they are appealing the ALJ's pre-hearing rulings. They also assert claims against MPS and the School Board for discrimination in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act (Count II) and in violation of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Count III).2 (See id. ¶¶ 122-51.) On April 2, MPS initiated its lawsuit appealing the ALJ's January 2, 2015 due process hearing decision on the grounds that the ALJ lacked jurisdiction over R.M.M.'s FAPE claims and erroneously determined that R.M.M. was entitled to compensatory education. (See MPS Compl. ¶¶ 1, 38-43.)

The parties then filed the three Motions currently pending before this Court. In the case initiated by MPS, R.M.M.'s parents brought a Motion to Dismiss MPS's Complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), arguing that there is no legal authority to support MPS's claims. (Defs.' Mem. of Law in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss [Civ. No. 15-1855, Doc. No. 10] ("R.M.M.'s Dismissal Mem."), at 2.) For its part, MPS brought a Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record pursuant to Rule 12(c), arguing that the ALJ lacked jurisdiction over R.M.M.'s FAPE claims because private school students do not have an individual right to a FAPE or to a due process hearing. (Pl.'s Mem. of Law in Supp. of Mot. for J. on the Admin. Record [Civ. No. 15-1855, Doc. No. 21] ("MPS Appeal Mem."), at 2-3.) Even if there is a right to a due process hearing, MPS argues that R.M.M.'s claims are barred because her parents removed her from the MPS school district before requesting that hearing, and that the award of compensatory education was improper. (See id. at 28-34.)

In the case initiated by R.M.M.'s parents, R.M.M.'s parents filed a Motion to Reverse Dismissal of Claims and for Partial Remand. They seek remand to the ALJ for an administrative hearing on the dismissed child-find and FAPE claims so that they may fully exhaust their IDEA claims and remedies. (Pls.' Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to Reverse Dismissal of Claims and for Partial Remand [Civ. No. 15-1627, Doc. No. 34] ("R.M.M.'s Remand Mem."), at 6.)3 All three Motions were heard on August 25, 2015.

III. R.M.M.'S MOTION TO DISMISS AND MPS'S MOTION FOR JUDGMENT ON THE ADMINISTRATIVE RECORD

Under the IDEA, a party aggrieved by an ALJ's decision has "the right to bring a civil action with respect to the complaint presented pursuant to [the IDEA], which action may be brought in any State court of competent jurisdiction or in a district court of the United States, without regard to the amount in controversy." 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(A). The party challenging the ALJ's decision bears the burden of proof. E.S. v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 196, 135 F.3d 566, 569 (8th Cir. 1998). The court "is to make an independent decision of the issues based on a preponderance of the evidence, giving `due weight' to the state administrative proceedings," Fort Zumwalt Sch. Dist. v. Clynes, 119 F.3d 607, 610 (8th Cir. 1997) (quoting Bd. of Educ. v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 205-06 (1982)), but the court applies a de novo standard of review to questions of law, see Jana K. ex rel. Tim K. v. Annville-Cleona Sch. Dist., 39 F.Supp.3d 584, 594 (M.D. Pa. 2014) (citing Warren G. v. Cumberland Cnty. Sch. Dist., 190 F.3d 80, 83 (3d Cir. 1999)) ("The district court's review of the hearing officer's application of legal standards and conclusions of law . . . is subject to plenary review."); C.T. v. Verona Bd. of Educ., 464 F.Supp.2d 383, 385 (D.N.J. 2006) ("When reviewing an ALJ decision in an IDEA case, the district court applies a de novo standard to questions of law.").

There are three main issues raised in R.M.M.'s Motion to Dismiss4 and MPS's Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record: (1) whether a parentally-placed private school student has an individual right to a FAPE and a due process hearing; (2) whether R.M.M.'s claims are barred based on the timing of her request for a due process hearing; and (3) whether an award of compensatory education was permissible. The Court will address each issue below.

A. Private School Students' Right to a FAPE and a Due Process Hearing

The main issue presented by R.M.M.'s Motion to Dismiss and MPS's Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record is whether parentally-placed private school students in Minnesota have the individual right to a FAPE and a due process hearing under the IDEA. "The IDEA seeks to ensure that all disabled children receive a free appropriate public education (FAPE) designed to meet their needs. . . . To that end, the IDEA provides federal money to state and local education agencies in order to assist them in educating handicapped children on the condition that the states and local agencies implement the substantive and procedural requirements of the Act." C.N. v. Willmar Pub. Sch., 591 F.3d 624, 630 (8th Cir. 2010) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). "If state legislation implementing IDEA creates a higher standard than the federal minimum, an individual may bring an action under the federal statute seeking to enforce the state standard." Gill v. Columbia 93 Sch. Dist., 217 F.3d 1027, 1035 (8th Cir. 2000). Accordingly, the present matter requires the interpretation and application of both the federal IDEA and the related Minnesota statutes.

1. Federal law

Under the IDEA, a state is eligible to receive federal funding only if it has policies and procedures in place to ensure that "[a] free appropriate public education is available to all children with disabilities residing in the State," 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1)(A),5 and that "[a]ll children with disabilities residing in the State, including . . . children with disabilities attending private schools, . . . are identified, located, and evaluated," id. § 1412(a)(3)(A). The latter requirement is referred to as "child find" and must be "designed to ensure the equitable participation of parentally placed private school children with disabilities." Id. § 1412(a)(10)(A)(ii)(II). As for the former requirement, the term "free appropriate public education," or "FAPE," means special education and services that:

Id. § 1401(9). And, an "individualized education program," or "IEP," is a written statement of the disabled child's academic and functional performance and goals, as well as the services and accommodations to be provided to the child. Id. § 1414(d)(1)(A)(i). An IEP is developed by an IEP Team, which consists of, among other individuals, the child's parents, the child's regular and special education teachers, and a representative of the local educational agency ("LEA"). Id. § 1414(d)(1)(B).

In addition to the foregoing, the IDEA establishes certain procedural safeguards. Id. § 1412(a)(6). For example, "any party" is entitled to present a complaint "with respect to any matter relating to the identification, evaluation, or educational placement of the child, or the provision of a free appropriate public education to such child." Id. § 1415(b)(6)(A). And, the parents or LEA involved in such complaints are entitled to an impartial due process hearing conducted by the state educational agency ("SEA") or LEA. Id. § 1415(f)(1)(A).

While a state must make a FAPE available to all students residing in the state in order to satisfy the IDEA's requirements, the federal regulations implementing the IDEA explicitly provide that "[n]o parentally-placed private school child with a disability has an individual right to receive some or all of the special education and related services that the child would receive if enrolled in a public school." 34 C.F.R. § 300.137(a); see 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(10)(C)(i) (stating that a LEA is not required "to pay for the cost of education, including special education and related services, of a child with a disability at a private school or facility if that agency made a [FAPE] available to the child and the parents elected to place the child in such private school or facility"). For such children, "the IDEA only requires districts to provide services proportional to those provided to public-school students." Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 281 v. Minn. Dep't of Educ., 743 N.W.2d 315, 324 (Minn. Ct. App. 2008). The ultimate decision about the services to be provided to these children is made by the LEA, after consultation with private school officials and representatives of the child's parents. 34 C.F.R. § 300.137(b)(2).

And, while the due process hearing procedures apply to child-find claims raised by parentally-placed private school students and their parents, see id. § 300.140(b)(1), as well as to "[d]isagreements between the parents and a public agency regarding the availability of a program appropriate for the child," id. § 300.148(b), those procedures do not apply to claims by such persons relating to the LEA's provision of proportional services, see id. § 300.140(a). Rather, complaints that an LEA has failed to provide equitable services must proceed through the SEA's complaint process. Id. § 300.140(c)(1).

2. State law

Although "[t]he federal IDEA does not require school districts to provide a FAPE to disabled students voluntarily enrolled in nonpublic schools[,] . . . the federal law represents minimum requirements, and states are free to impose additional requirements for special education services." Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 281, 743 N.W.2d at 324. Under Minnesota law, "all children with a disability"6 are entitled to "special instruction and services," which means "a free appropriate public education." Minn. Stat. § 125A.03(a). And, a "free appropriate public education" means special education services that:

Id. (footnote omitted). For children attending a nonpublic school at their parent's choice, the school district must determine on a student-by-student basis the location at which to provide the special instruction and services, id. § 126C.19, Subd. 4(b), but "[n]o resident of a district . . . may be denied instruction and service on a shared time basis7 . . . because of attending a nonpublic school," id. § 125A.18.

As for dispute resolution, the Minnesota Statutes provide that "[a] parent or a district is entitled to an impartial due process hearing conducted by the state when a dispute arises over the identification, evaluation, educational placement, . . . or the provision of a free appropriate public education to a child with a disability." Id. § 125A.091, Subd. 12. This due process hearing system is explicitly made available to "[p]arties serving students on a shared time basis." Id. § 125A.18 ("Parties serving students on a shared time basis have access to the due process hearing system described under United States Code, title 20, and the complaint system under [34 C.F.R. §§ 300.151 through 300.153].").

3. R.M.M.

In the present Motions, MPS argues that the IDEA distinguishes between children attending public school versus children voluntarily attending private school and that, under the federal regulations, an ALJ has jurisdiction to hold a due process hearing only as to child-find claims for private school children. (See MPS Appeal Mem. at 12-15.) According to MPS, all other claims brought on their behalf are subject to the state complaint resolution process, and the ALJ erred by retaining jurisdiction over R.M.M.'s FAPE claims once he had dismissed the child-find claims. (See id.) In addition, MPS argues that the Minnesota Statutes do not create rights beyond those conferred by the IDEA but, instead, merely parallel the IDEA's requirements. (Id. at 15-17.) More specifically, MPS states that, under either statute, a school district may not deny a student a FAPE because the student is enrolled in private school, but that there are limitations on the services provided to a child with disabilities when a parent rejects the FAPE available in the public school. (Id. at 17-18.) In addition, MPS asserts that Minnesota's requirement for a school district to make special instruction and services available to private school students does not confer an individual right to a due process hearing. (Id. at 24-25.) Finally, MPS argues that the MDE has not provided notice that state requirements exceed the IDEA's requirements, as the MDE would be obligated to do per federal regulation. (See id. at 19-21, 25-28; MPS Appeal Reply at 3-4.)

R.M.M.'s parents, on the other hand, argue that the IDEA provides a forum for "any party to present a complaint" regarding child find or the provision of a FAPE, without any exception based on the child's school of enrollment. (R.M.M.'s Dismissal Mem. at 6-7.) They assert that, under the implementing regulations, parents have no right to challenge the determination of appropriate "equitable services" to be provided to children placed in private schools because those decisions are made unilaterally by the LEA based on an objective funding formula, but that parents do have the right to challenge whether a FAPE was provided because that determination is made by a team of educators and parents and is based on the child's individual needs. (Id. at 10.) Although R.M.M.'s parents acknowledge that the regulations do not provide an individual right to a FAPE for parentally-placed private school children with disabilities, they contend that the limitation applies only in states that adhere to the federal minimum standards and not to states that provide services exceeding those standards. (Id. at 8-9.) Relying heavily on Independent School District No. 281 v. Minnesota Department of Education, 743 N.W.2d 315 (Minn. Ct. App. 2008), R.M.M.'s parents argue that Minnesota falls in the latter category, and that parentally-placed private school children with disabilities in Minnesota have an individual right to a FAPE. (Id. at 9, 11-12.) In addition, R.M.M.'s parents argue that Minnesota law provides an administrative hearing system that parallels the IDEA and ensures access to a due process hearing for any dispute regarding child find or FAPE, and that there is no exception for parentally-placed private school children. (Id. at 12-13.)

The Court agrees with R.M.M.'s parents and finds that, under the plain language of the IDEA and Minnesota Statutes, Minnesota school districts are required to provide a FAPE to parentally-placed private school students, and the parents of such students are entitled to a due process hearing as to whether a FAPE was, in fact, provided. First, there is no dispute that the IDEA and implementing regulations provide that a FAPE must be made available to "all children with disabilities." 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1)(A). That being said, if parents forgo the FAPE and choose to enroll their children in a private school, those children are not entitled to the same amount of services under the IDEA and instead will receive "equitable services" provided through proportionate-share funding, as determined by the LEA. See 20 U.S.C. §§ 1412(a)(10)(A)(i), 1412(a)(10)(C)(i); 34 C.F.R. § 300.137.

There also is no dispute that the IDEA requires SEAs to establish procedures to ensure that children with disabilities and their parents are guaranteed procedural safeguards with respect to the provision of a FAPE, including an opportunity for "any party" to present a complaint and receive a due process hearing with respect to any matter relating to child find or the provision of a FAPE. 20 U.S.C. §§ 1412(a)(6), 1415(b)(6), 1415(f)(1)(A). Again, there is no exception to this entitlement based on the child's school of enrollment. The only distinction on that basis is found in the regulations—i.e., if a child is voluntarily enrolled in private school, that child is not entitled to a due process hearing as to the particular equitable services provided. See 34 C.F.R. § 300.140(a). Claims regarding those services must proceed through the state complaint process. Id. § 300.140(c)(1).

While the Eighth Circuit cases relied upon by MPS reiterate the first point—i.e., that, under federal law, children voluntarily placed in private schools have no individual right to a FAPE while attending private school, and the school district satisfies its obligations by simply making a FAPE available at a public school—they do not speak to the due process hearing issue. See John T. v. Marion Indep. Sch. Dist., 173 F.3d 684, 691 (8th Cir. 1999); Peter v. Wedl, 155 F.3d 992, 998 (8th Cir. 1998); Foley v. Special Sch. Dist. of St. Louis Cnty., 153 F.3d 863, 865 (8th Cir. 1998). The district court's opinion in E.W. v. School Board of Miami-Dade County, 307 F.Supp.2d 1363 (S.D. Fla. 2004), does, however.

In E.W., the parents of a student voluntarily enrolled in private school in Florida objected to the school district's IEP that placed their child in a therapy program at a public school, and they opted to keep their child enrolled at his private school. 307 F. Supp. 2d at 1366. The parents requested a due process hearing, and the ALJ found that the IEP provided the child with a FAPE. Id. at 1367. The parents then filed a complaint in federal court, seeking review of the ALJ's decision and an order compelling the school district to pay for certain services for the child. Id. The school district brought a motion to dismiss, arguing that the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to determine what services were to be provided to the child while he attended private school. Id. at 1368. The court stated:

Id. at 1369-70. Therefore, the court affirmed the ALJ's determination that the parents were only entitled to a due process hearing as to the adequacy of the IEP and not as to the specific services that the child might be entitled to while enrolled in the private school. See id. at 1370.8 This Court agrees with the reasoning set forth in E.W. and likewise concludes that, strictly under federal law, parentally-placed private school students have no individual right to a FAPE and so are entitled to a due process hearing only regarding whether a school district made a FAPE available at a public school, and not regarding the services provided if that FAPE was rejected.

Under the Minnesota Statutes, however, "all children with a disability" are entitled to a FAPE and, according to Minnesota Statutes § 125A.18, this language includes children who attend private school on a shared-time basis. Thus, although a school district in Minnesota is allowed to choose the location of the special education and services provided to a parentally-placed nonpublic school student, Minnesota law goes beyond federal requirements by requiring a full FAPE for those students rather than simply the provision of "equitable" services. The Minnesota Court of Appeals' decision in Independent School District No. 281 v. Minnesota Department of Education, 743 N.W.2d 315 (Minn. Ct. App. 2008), confirms this analysis.9

In Independent School District No. 281, the school district determined that a child voluntarily enrolled at a nonpublic school in the district qualified for special education and related services. 743 N.W.2d at 320. The school district prepared an IEP, which described the special education services that the student would receive and indicated that extended school year ("ESY") services would not be required. Id. The child's parents asked the district to reconsider provision of the ESY services, but the district denied the request on the grounds that nonpublic school students do not receive ESY services and do not have an individual right to special education services. Id.

The child's parents filed a complaint with the MDE, asserting that the district's failure to provide ESY services violated state and federal law. Id. The MDE agreed, finding that the district's policy of unilaterally limiting the special instruction and services available to disabled, nonpublic school students violated Minnesota Statutes §§ 125A.03 and 125A.18. Id. at 319. The district appealed to the Minnesota Court of Appeals, raising several issues, including whether "Minnesota law require[s] school districts to provide special instruction and services to students with disabilities attending nonpublic schools." Id. at 321. In that regard, the district argued that "nonpublic-school students do not have an individual right to a FAPE." Id. at 324.

Reviewing this issue of statutory construction de novo, the Minnesota Court of Appeals stated:

Id. at 324-25 (emphasis added).

As for dispute resolution, Minnesota law parallels the IDEA's requirement that parents and school districts have access to a due process hearing to resolve disputes regarding child find issues or the provision of a FAPE. See Minn. Stat. § 125A.091, Subd. 12. And, there is no exception for the parents of parentally-placed private school children. In fact, to the extent that the right to a due process hearing is discussed in the context of parentally-placed private school students, the Minnesota Statutes explicitly grant access to the IDEA's due process hearing system and complaint system to "parties serving students on a shared time basis." Id. § 125A.18. Moreover, in Independent School District No. 281, the Minnesota Court of Appeals indicated that the due process hearing system is available for parentally-placed private school students when it noted that disputes over special education services may be resolved through an impartial due process hearing or through the administrative complaint procedure, and that the parents of the parentally-enrolled nonpublic school student in that case had "opted for" the latter. 743 N.W.2d at 322. Accordingly, not only are parentally-placed private school students in Minnesota entitled to a full FAPE (with the exception that the school district may determine the location at which to provide the special instruction and services), they also are entitled to a due process hearing regarding whether a FAPE was, in fact, provided.10 For these reasons, the Court finds that R.M.M. was entitled to a FAPE, as well as a due process hearing to determine whether the FAPE was provided and, therefore, that the ALJ did not lack jurisdiction to decide R.M.M.'s FAPE claim.

B. Timing of Request for Due Process Hearing

Next, MPS argues that even if R.M.M. was entitled to a due process hearing on her FAPE claims, those claims are barred under Thompson ex rel. Buckhanon v. Board of Special School District No. 1, 144 F.3d 574 (8th Cir. 1998). (MPS Appeal Mem. at 28.) In Thompson, the Eighth Circuit held that a student had no right under the IDEA to challenge the educational services provided by a school district because he was not a student in that school district when he requested the due process hearing. 144 F.3d at 577-78. The court explained that "[t]he purpose of requesting a due process hearing is to challenge an aspect of a child's education and to put the school district on notice of a perceived problem." Id. at 579. Only then does the school district have the opportunity to address the alleged problem. Id. "If a student changes school districts and does not request a due process hearing, . . . [s]ubsequent challenges to the student's previous education become moot because the new school district is responsible for providing a due process hearing." Id.

MPS asserts that Thompson applies in this case because, prior to requesting a due process hearing, R.M.M.'s parent "dis-enrolled R.M.M. from Minneapolis Public Schools when she declined services." (MPS Appeal Mem. at 29.) In opposition, R.M.M.'s parents contend that: (1) the Court should not consider this argument because MPS raised it for the first time on appeal, (2) Thompson is contrary to the plain language and purpose of the IDEA, and (3) Thompson does not apply because—as acknowledged by MPS in its Complaint—MPS was the school district responsible for providing R.M.M. with a FAPE and a hearing at the time the administrative hearing was requested. (See Defs.' Reply Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss [Civ. No. 15-1855, Doc. No. 16] ("R.M.M.'s Dismissal Reply"), at 3-9 & n.9.) As to this final point, R.M.M.'s parents point to the paragraphs in the Complaint in which MPS states that R.M.M. was enrolled in MPS on February 26, 2014 to receive special education services on a shared-time basis; R.M.M.'s parent withdrew consent for those services on April 30, 2014; and R.M.M. was re-enrolled in MPS prior to August 14, 2014—the day on which R.M.M.'s parents requested the due process hearing. (Id. at 8-9 (citing MPS Compl. ¶¶ 11, 16, 18).)

Despite R.M.M.'s arguments for overturning Thompson, the Eighth Circuit's opinion in that case is binding on this Court. That being said, setting aside whether MPS has improperly raised the issue for the first time on appeal, Thompson does not bar R.M.M.'s claims because R.M.M. was a student in the MPS school district when her parents requested the due process hearing. Thus, unlike the situation in Thompson, the school district that was responsible for the allegedly problematic services (MPS) is the same school district that was responsible for the requested due process hearing (MPS). And, the request for the due process hearing would have put MPS on notice of the perceived problem with the educational services it had provided to R.M.M., and thus would have provided MPS with the opportunity to address the alleged problem. For these reasons, the Court finds that Thompson does not apply in this case.11

C. Compensatory Education as a Remedy

Finally, MPS argues that, even if R.M.M. had a right to a due process hearing and her claims are not barred under Thompson, the ALJ's award of compensatory education was improper. (See MPS Appeal Mem. at 30-34.) MPS asserts that: (1) there can be no denial of a FAPE—and, consequently, no award of compensatory education—because MPS was not afforded an opportunity to revise R.M.M.'s ISP, (id. at 30-32); and (2) there can be no award of compensatory education because there was no demonstration that R.M.M. sustained any loss of educational benefit over the course of the few weeks in which R.M.M. received the ISP services, (id. at 33-34). In opposition, R.M.M.'s parents argue that the basis for the compensatory education award was proper—i.e. that "the ISP [MPS] developed was flawed in its design and was incapable of providing R.M.M. with a FAPE." (Defs.' Mem. of Law in Opp. to Mot. for J. on the Record [Civ. No. 15-1855, Doc. No. 25], at 43.) They assert that MPS is liable not only for educational harm suffered while MPS provided special education services to R.M.M., but also for the deficiencies in her prior education, and that the preponderance of evidence at the hearing demonstrated that R.M.M. requires significant remedial services to compensate for those deficiencies. (See id. at 43-47.)

Under the IDEA, district courts—and by extension, ALJs—have broad discretion to "grant such relief as [they] determine[] is appropriate" for the denial of a FAPE. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(C)(3); Forest Grove Sch. Dist. v. T.A., 557 U.S. 230, 244 n.11 (2009) (noting that the U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted § 1415(i)(2)(C)(3) to authorize courts and hearing officers to award relief); Sch. Comm. of Burlington v. Dep't of Educ. of Mass., 471 U.S. 359, 369 (1985) ("The ordinary meaning of these words confers broad discretion on the court."). This relief includes compensatory education. J.B. ex rel. Bailey v. Avilla R-XIII Sch. Dist., 721 F.3d 588, 593 (8th Cir. 2013). In Minnesota, compensatory education may be awarded:

Minn. Stat. § 125A.091, Subd. 21. Thus, "[t]he purpose of compensatory education is to replace lost educational services." Moubry ex rel. Moubry v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 696, 951 F.Supp. 867, 886 (D. Minn. 1996); see Miener ex rel. Miener v. Missouri, 800 F.2d 749, 753 (8th Cir. 1986) ("[I]mposing liability for compensatory educational services on the defendants `merely requires [them] to belatedly pay expenses that [they] should have paid all along.'") (citation omitted).

Although an ALJ's decision to grant appropriate relief is broad, an award of relief is inappropriate where a school district is not afforded the opportunity to formulate or modify an IEP to meet a student's needs. See Schoenfeld ex rel. Schoenfeld v. Parkway Sch. Dist., 138 F.3d 379, 382 (8th Cir. 1998). This is because "[a] school district should be on notice of disagreements and given an opportunity to make a . . . change." Evans v. Dist. No. 17 of Douglas Cnty., 841 F.2d 824, 831 (8th Cir. 1988). "Only if it is likely that no change would be made which would benefit [the student] (if the school district had made it clear that no change . . . would occur), would there be a denial of a free appropriate public education." Id. at 832. Thus, in Schoenfeld ex rel. Schoenfeld v. Parkway School District, the Eighth Circuit determined that an award of reimbursement for private school education costs was unwarranted because the student was withdrawn from the public school prior to any discussion with school officials about accommodations or the creation of an IEP. 138 F.3d at 381-82. Similarly, in I.E.C. v. Minneapolis Public Schools, the district court affirmed the ALJ's dismissal of the student's IDEA claim where the student was removed from the school district before an education plan could be developed and suffered no apparent damages in the seven days in which she was enrolled in the district. 34 F.Supp.3d 1006, 1016 (D. Minn. 2014). And, in Evans v. District No. 17 of Douglas County, the Eighth Circuit affirmed the denial of relief to a student who was removed from the school district before school officials were given the opportunity to make (or refuse to make) changes to the student's educational placement, and "the evidence show[ed] no real unwillingness on the part of [the school district] to change [the student's] placement for her betterment." 841 F.2d at 832.

Based on the foregoing, this Court finds that an award of compensatory education was not inappropriate in the present matter due to either a lack of notice to MPS or a failure to demonstrate loss of educational benefit. As to the first point, although MPS relies heavily on Schoenfeld and I.E.C. in support of its Motion, those cases are distinguishable from the present facts because there is no dispute that R.M.M. was not removed from the MPS school district prior to the development and implementation of an educational services plan. Rather, according to MPS, R.M.M.'s ISP was proposed on January 15, 2014; she enrolled in MPS on February 26, 2014 in order to receive the ISP shared-time services, the services were provided beginning on March 11, 2014; and consent for the services was not withdrawn until April 30, 2014. (See MPS Appeal Mem. at 4-5.) Moreover, there is evidence in the record that shows an unwillingness on the part of MPS to make changes to the ISP. For example, R.M.M.'s mother testified at the due process hearing that she asked MPS personnel whether R.M.M. could get more services and was told that the services being provided to R.M.M. were all that MPS could offer a private school student. (Tr. dated Dec. 2, 2014 [15-cv-1627, Doc. No. 36], at 284:1-10.)

As to the second point, the fact that R.M.M.'s mother withdrew consent for the ISP services after only a few sessions does not affect R.M.M.'s entitlement to compensatory education. According to the ALJ, in order to provide R.M.M. with a FAPE, the February 2014 ISP needed to provide services that would "close the gap" between R.M.M.'s then-current performance and the minimum performance expected of a student at her grade level. (See ALJ Final Order at 16.) However, the ALJ concluded that the ISP was insufficient in that regard:

(Id. at 16-18.) In other words, the ALJ concluded that the services offered in the ISP would have been insufficient to provide R.M.M. with a FAPE (because they were not designed to close the performance gap) whether or not she received them. Thus, the loss of educational benefit—i.e., the lack of educational services designed to close the performance gap—existed even though the services were only provided for a short time. For these reasons, the Court finds that the ALJ's decision to award compensatory education was permissible.

IV. R.M.M.'S MOTION TO REVERSE DISMISSAL OF CLAIMS AND FOR PARTIAL REMAND

In their Motion to Reverse Dismissal of Claims and for Partial Remand, R.M.M.'s parents challenge the ALJ's October 14 and 17 Orders dismissing their child-find and pre-January 2014 FAPE claims. (R.M.M.'s Remand Mem. at 2-6.) They ask that these claims be reinstated and remanded for adjudication in an administrative hearing. (See id. at 6.) This Motion raises pure issues of law, which this Court reviews de novo.

In dismissing the child-find claims in his October 14 Order, the ALJ stated:

(ALJ October 14 Order at 4-6 (footnotes omitted).)

On October 17, the ALJ narrowed the FAPE claims for adjudication, stating simply:

(ALJ October 17 Order at 2 (emphasis added).) Although the ALJ noted that "Parents object to this framing of the issue, asserting that it unfairly limits their claims," he "disagree[d], for the same reasons laid out in the memorandum dismissing the `child-find' claim." (Id. at 2 n.1.)

Also relevant to the present matter are the ALJ's Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Order issued after the due process hearing was completed. According to the ALJ, R.M.M.'s parents "sought to present a case about the Student's educational history and framed [it in] terms of a failure to timely identify and evaluate the [S]tudent," but:

(ALJ Final Order at 13.) Thus, as indicated in the October 17 Order, the ALJ considered only whether the ISP offered to R.M.M. in February 2014 denied her a FAPE. (See id. at 14-18.) Because he found that it did, the ALJ awarded R.M.M. six months of compensatory education:

(Id. at 11 (footnotes omitted).)

According to R.M.M.'s parents, in dismissing their child-find claims, the ALJ improperly limited the relief available under the IDEA for child-find violations to the provision of an evaluation, regardless of the length of the delay or the amount of harm suffered. (R.M.M.'s Remand Mem. at 7.) They argue that his decision must be reversed because: (1) child-find claims are not rendered moot by the provision of an evaluation, (id. at 8-9); (2) the IDEA allows for a due process hearing regarding child-find violations resulting from a school district's failure to act, (id. at 9-14); and (3) the IDEA authorizes any "appropriate" relief even if an evaluation is conducted, (id. at 14-19). R.M.M.'s parents also argue that R.M.M. was "entitled to a [FAPE] from MPS Defendants during the period of her eligibility for special education services" and that the dismissal of her pre-January 2014 FAPE claims should be reversed. (See Pls.' Reply Mem. to Reverse Dismissal of Claims and for Partial Remand [Civ. No. 15-1627, Doc. No. 45], at 8.) In this regard, R.M.M.'s parents again argue that the IDEA and Minnesota law entitle private school students to a FAPE and a hearing to challenge an alleged denial of a FAPE. (See id. at 3-8.)

For its part, MPS reiterates its arguments that private school students are not entitled to a FAPE or a due process hearing on the issue of FAPE. (See MPS's Resp. to Pls.' Mot. to Reverse Dismissal of Claims and for Partial Remand [Civ. No. 15-1627, Doc. No. 42], at 2-4, 9-19.) As for child find, MPS states in its briefing on this matter only that R.M.M.'s parents were entitled to—and did—have their child-find claims heard in a due process hearing, and that the ALJ correctly dismissed those claims as moot. (Id. at 18.) At the hearing on this matter, MPS further argued that, because a private school student is entitled only to child find and not a FAPE, that student has no claim once an evaluation occurs because timeliness of the child-find process is relevant only for those students entitled to a FAPE.

The Court already has addressed the parties' FAPE-related arguments and has determined that Minnesota school districts are required to provide a FAPE to parentally-placed private school students on a shared-time basis, and that parents of such students are entitled to a due process hearing as to whether a FAPE was, in fact, provided. Accordingly, the only issues remaining for resolution on this Motion are: (1) whether a child-find violation may be found based on a school district's failure to act; and (2) whether child-find claims are rendered moot by the provision of an evaluation, or if the IDEA provides for additional forms of relief for child-find violations.

The IDEA's "child-find obligations" stem from its requirement that, as a condition of receiving federal funding, "[a] State [have] in effect policies and procedures to ensure that . . . [a]ll children with disabilities residing in the State, including . . . children with disabilities attending private schools, . . . are identified, located, and evaluated." 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(3)(A). The IDEA also provides that a parent has the right to a due process hearing "with respect to any matter relating to the identification, evaluation, or educational placement of the child." Id. § 1415(b)(6) (emphasis added); see id. § 1415(f)(1)(A). Thus, a parent may challenge not only a school district's affirmative child-find actions—e.g., proposals for educational placement or refusals to conduct an evaluation—but also its failures to act. See Forest Grove Sch. Dist. v. T.A., 557 U.S. 230, 245 (2009) ("A reading of the Act that left parents without an adequate remedy when a school district unreasonably failed to identify a child with disabilities would not comport with Congress' acknowledgment of the paramount importance of properly identifying each child eligible for services.") (emphasis added). Although some Circuits consider child-find obligations to be merely "procedural" requirements, the Eighth Circuit has not explicitly made this determination. See Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 413 v. H.M.J. ex rel. A.J., ___ F. Supp. 3d ___, Civ. No. 14-2114 (JRT/HB), 2015 WL 4744505, at *9 (D. Minn. Aug. 11, 2015) (citing D.A. ex rel. Latasha A. v. Houston Indep. Sch. Dist., 629 F.3d 450, 453 (5th Cir. 2010); Bd. of Educ. of Fayette Cnty v. L.M., 478 F.3d 307, 313 (6th Cir. 2007)). However, even procedural violations are actionable in the Eighth Circuit where "[the] procedural inadequacies compromised the pupil's right to an appropriate education, seriously hampered the parent's opportunity to participate in the formulation process, or caused a deprivation of educational benefits." K.E. ex rel. K.E. v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 15, 647 F.3d 795, 804-05 (8th Cir. 2011) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

When an IDEA violation occurs, there are several forms of relief available, including compensatory education, reimbursement for private educational expenses, and attorneys' fees. See 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(C)(iii) (stating that "the court . . . shall grant such relief as the court determines is appropriate"); J.B. ex rel. Bailey v. Avilla R-XIII Sch. Dist., 721 F.3d 588, 593-94 (8th Cir. 2013) (stating that compensatory education, attorneys' fees, and reimbursement for private educational services are forms of relief available under the IDEA). Thus, the provision of an evaluation does not necessarily render a child-find claim moot. Boose v. District of Columbia, 786 F.3d 1054, 1058 (D.C. Cir. 2015). As the District of Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals recently explained in Boose v. District of Columbia, an evaluation and IEP do not satisfy a request for compensatory education because the former are forward-looking and consider the child's present abilities, while the latter are meant to make up for prior deficiencies. 786 F.3d at 1058. Accordingly, the provision of an evaluation does not render a child-find claim moot where the child seeks—but has not received—compensatory education. Id.

Another court within this District applied these concepts to a child-find claim in M.J.C. ex rel. Martin v. Special Sch. Dist. No. 1, No. Civ. 10-4861 (JRT/TNL), 2012 WL 1538339 (D. Minn. Mar. 30, 2012). The student in that case, M.J.C., was determined to be eligible for special education services in June 2009, at the end of his seventh-grade year. Id. at *4. However, his teachers had expressed concerns as early as kindergarten about his ability to learn, and although M.J.C. was evaluated multiple times during grade school and middle school pursuant to his mother's requests, the school district repeatedly determined that M.J.C. was not eligible for services at those times. Id. at *1-3. M.J.C.'s mother requested an administrative hearing in 2010, alleging that the school district had failed to provide M.J.C. with a FAPE. Id. at *1. The hearing officer denied the claim, finding that the school district had "at all times provided M.J.C. with a FAPE." Id.

M.J.C. raised two issues on appeal to the district court: (1) whether the school district violated the IDEA by failing to identify M.J.C. as a child with a disability prior to June 2009; and (2) whether the special education services commenced after June 2009 provided M.J.C. with a FAPE. Id. As for the first issue, the court concluded that the school district's failure to "fully evaluate" M.J.C. or to formally propose evaluations prior to June 2009 constituted violations of the district's child-find obligations, and that the violations "[were] not merely procedural." Id. at *8. The court explained:

Id. at *11. Accordingly, although the court concluded that the post-June 2009 special education services provided M.J.C. with a FAPE, id., the court granted M.J.C.'s motion for judgment on the administrative record with regard to the pre-June 2009 child-find claim and remanded the matter to the ALJ for a determination of what compensatory education M.J.C. was due, id. at *12.

Based on the foregoing, this Court finds that a child-find violation may be found based on a school district's failure to act, that there is a corresponding right to a due process hearing on such a claim, and that child-find claims are not necessarily rendered moot by the provision of an evaluation. Rather, a student may also be entitled to compensatory education to remedy a child-find failure. Applying those rules here, R.M.M.'s parents are entitled to a due process hearing on their child-find and pre-January 2014 FAPE claims alleging that MPS failed to identify R.M.M. as a student with a disability and to provide her with a FAPE. And, the fact that R.M.M. was eventually identified and evaluated does not render her child-find claims moot because R.M.M.'s parents also seek relief in the form of pre-January 2014 compensatory education. (See, e.g., R.M.M.'s Compl. ¶ 120.) Neither does the fact that the ALJ awarded R.M.M. six months of compensatory education render the claims moot because that award was made in regard to the post-January 2014 FAPE claim and without explicitly considering the amount of time and services needed to compensate R.M.M. for the lack of special education that she received prior to that time. Accordingly, R.M.M.'s dismissed claims will be remanded for adjudication.

V. CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, and all the files, records, and proceedings herein, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT: