KATHERINE MENENDEZ, Magistrate Judge.
The plaintiff, Carl C.,
This matter is now before the Court on the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment. (Pl.'s Mot., ECF No. 18; Def.'s Mot., ECF No. 22.) Carl C. argues that the Commissioner's decision should be reversed because an Administrative Law Judge ("ALJ") misapplied Social Security rules applicable to disability claims where an individual has a history of drug and alcohol abuse. (See Pl.'s Mem. at 8-20, ECF No. 19.) For the reasons that follow, Carl C.'s motion is denied and the Commissioner's motion is granted.
Carl C. has a history of both mental-health issues and alcohol and substance use. Congress has determined that "if alcohol or drug abuse is a `contributing factor material to the Commissioner's determination' of disability, the claimant is not entitled to benefits." Vester v. Barnhart, 416 F.3d 886, 888 (8th Cir. 2005) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2)(C)). The application of this congressional mandate to Carl C.'s case is the central issue before the Court.
Carl C. was born in June of 1963. (See Administrative Record ("R.") 334, ECF No. 10.) He had a difficult childhood involving abuse by siblings and an older brother's friend and witnessing violence in his neighborhood. (R. 732.) Carl C. joined the United States Army in 1984 so that he could support his wife and child, but he experienced racial prejudice during his service. (R. 738.) His service ended in 1986 following an incident in which he was physically attacked by a superior officer. (R. 141, 738, 853-54.) Because of that incident, he is receiving "service-connected disability" benefits from the Veterans Administration. (R. 139-40, 417.)
Aside from his time in the Army, Carl C. held other jobs over the years, but usually these lasted at most a few months. (R. 388, 853.) At various times he worked as a janitor, in a warehouse, in construction, and as a small-products assembler.
Over the years Carl C. has struggled with drug and alcohol use. He began drinking alcohol at age 13-14, continued drinking during high school, and was drinking every day when he was in the Army following the assault mentioned above. (R. 854.) He has four convictions for driving under the influence of alcohol, including a felony in 2012. (R. 142-43, 854.) He was also introduced to powder cocaine while in the Army, and he began using crack cocaine after he was discharged. (R. 854.)
However, Carl C. has also had a period of sobriety. As described in the opinion of Dr. Mark Oberlander, a medical expert who testified during the administrative proceedings, the record reflects "two different time periods[:] one time period which involved material substance use, resulting in serious psychiatric impairment . . . followed by a time period where . . . some level of abstinence has been reached, substance abuse in remission to the present." (R. 148.) The first period identified by Dr. Oberlander lasted from January 1, 2011 through the end of 2013.
When Carl C. applied for disability benefits on November 14, 2013, he was almost 51 years old and was living in a group home. (R. 370.) He alleged that he had been unable to work since January 1, 2011 due to post-traumatic stress disorder ("PTSD"), depression, anxiety, and suicidal tendencies.
ALJ Bassett found that Carl C. has medically determinable severe impairments including personality disorder, depression, anxiety, cocaine addiction, and alcoholism. (R. 225.) The ALJ also determined that when Carl C.'s substance use disorders are considered, he is disabled. ALJ Bassett explained that when he is using alcohol or drugs, Carl C. has "auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, depressed mood, anxiety, memory loss, and difficulty concentrating or thinking." (R. 225-27.) Giving great weight to Dr. Oberlander's medical opinion, ALJ Bassett found that the objective medical evidence showed "a longitudinal history of an inability to function due to interaction of [Carl C.'s] mental condition and substance abuse disorder." (R. 226.)
However, in the absence of substance use, ALJ Bassett concluded that Carl C. was not disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act. First, the ALJ determined that Carl C.'s personality disorder, depression, and anxiety would still cause more than a minimal impact on his ability to work in the absence of any substance use. (R. 227.) However, the ALJ found that Carl C. would be only mildly limited in his activities of daily living, moderately limited in social functioning, and moderately limited in his ability to maintain concentration, persistence, and pace. (R. 227-29.) Based on a review of treatment records and other objective medical evidence, the ALJ found that Carl C. "alcoholism and substance abuse are contributing factors material to the determination of disability[.]" (R. 236.) Further, ALJ Bassett was "not persuaded that [Carl C.] has work-preclusive and marked mental impairment symptoms despite treatment, as there is no objective support for [such] extreme limitations in the record if abuse of alcohol were stopped." (R. 236.) Because ALJ Bassett found that Carl C. retained the ability to perform certain work-related tasks in the absence of substance abuse, and that "residual functional capacity" corresponds to a significant number of jobs that are available in the national economy. Therefore, he concluded that Carl C. is not disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act. (R. 236-40.)
In reviewing the Commissioner's denial of Carl C.'s application for benefits the Court determines whether the decision is supported by "substantial evidence on the record as a whole" or results from an error of law. Gann v. Berryhill, 864 F.3d 947, 950 (8th Cir. 2017); Miller v. Colvin, 784 F.3d 472, 477 (8th Cir. 2015); 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). "Substantial evidence is less than a preponderance of the evidence, but is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind would find adequate to support the Commissioner's conclusion." Blackburn v. Colvin, 761 F.3d 853, 858 (8th Cir. 2014) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). The Court considers not only the evidence supporting the Commissioner's decision, but also the evidence in the record that "fairly detracts from that decision." Reed v. Barnhart, 399 F.3d 917, 920 (8th Cir. 2005). However, the Court does not reverse the Commissioner's decision merely because substantial evidence also supports a contrary outcome or the record might support a different conclusion. Gann, 864 F.3d at 950; Reed, 399 F.3d at 920. The Court should reverse the Commissioner's decision only where it falls outside "the available zone of choice," meaning that the Commissioner's findings is not among the reasonable positions that can be drawn from the evidence in the record. See Buckner v. Astrue, 646 F.3d 549, 556 (8th Cir. 2011) (quoting Bradley v. Astrue, 528 F.3d 1113, 1115 (8th Cir. 2008).
An ALJ evaluates a disability claim according to a five-step sequential process.
See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520, 416.920.
This sequential evaluation is augmented in cases where there is evidence of an impairment caused by alcohol and drug abuse. Though alcohol and substance addictions can certainly interfere with an individual's ability to work in a competitive environment, for purposes of Social Security benefits, Congress has provided that "[a]n individual shall not be considered to be disabled . . . if alcoholism or drug addiction would . . . be a contributing factor material to [a] determination that the individual is disabled." 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2)(C). Therefore, if there is evidence of drug addiction or alcoholism (sometimes referred to as "DAA"), an ALJ must determine whether it "is a contributing factor material to the determination of disability." 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1535(a), 416.935(a). The ALJ is required to determine whether the claimant "would still [be] disabled if [he] stopped using drugs or alcohol." Id. §§ 404.1535(b)(1), 416.935(b)(1).
To make that determination, the ALJ asks which of the claimant's "current physical and mental limitations, upon which [the SSA] based [its] current disability determination, would remain if [the claimant] stopped using drugs or alcohol and then determine whether any or all of [his] remaining limitations would be disabling." 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1535(b)(2), 416.935(b)(2). If the claimant's remaining limitations would not be disabling, then the claimant's "drug addiction or alcoholism is a contributing factor to the determination of disability." Id. §§ 404.1535(b)(2)(i), 416.935(b)(2)(i). If, however, the remaining limitations would still be disabling, then the claimant is disabled independent of drug addiction or alcoholism, and DAA "is not a contributing factor material to the determination of disability." Id. §§ 404.1535(b)(2)(ii), 416.935(b)(2)(ii); see also Brueggemann v. Barnhart, 348 F.3d 689, 693-94 (8th Cir. 2003) (citing DAA regulations and discussing their proper application).
When reviewing the ALJ's determination that drug addiction or alcoholism is a contributing factor material to disability, a federal court considers whether substantial evidence in the record supports the conclusion that the claimant's remaining limitations would not be disabling if he stopped using drugs or alcohol. See Slater v. Barnhart, 372 F.3d 956, 957 (8th Cir. 2004) (affirming denial of benefits where substantial evidence supported the ALJ's finding that alcoholism or drug addiction was a contributing factor to the determination that the claimant was disabled); Bernard v. Astrue, 974 F.Supp.2d 1247, 1263-64 (D. Minn. 2014). A reviewing court should affirm the ALJ's denial of benefits if "a reasonable person considering the record as a whole could reach the conclusion adopted by the ALJ." Vester, 416 F.3d at 892.
In his motion for summary judgment, Carl C. asserts that the ALJ's conclusion that he was not entitled to disability benefits is not supported by substantial evidence and that this matter should be remanded to the Commissioner "for a determination of the appropriate level of benefits." (Pl.'s Mem. at 19.) The Court is sympathetic to Carl C.'s struggles, particularly because they derive in part from his military service. But having reviewed the entire record, the Court concludes that the Commissioner's denial of benefits was not the product of any legal error and that the ALJ's findings, though not always discussed with the greatest clarity, are supported by substantial evidence. Accordingly, Carl C.'s request for remand must be denied and the Commissioner's motion for summary judgment affirming the denial must be granted.
Carl C. points out that although his medical records detail past substance-use disorders, "those records also demonstrate that his
However, Carl C. argues that the ALJ's finding that he has severe impairments even without substance use "removed any legitimate doubt that [he] is entitled to some degree of social security benefits." (Pl.'s Mem. at 8.) But this argument misapprehends the DAA regulations. In a disability case where there is evidence of a severe drug or alcohol impairment, a claimant is not "disabled" simply because other "severe" impairments exist when he abstains from drug and alcohol use. Cf. Pettit v. Apfel, 218 F.3d 901, 903 (8th Cir. 2000) (noting that "there was evidence that Mr. Pettit stopped drinking and yet continued to suffer from depression," but disagreeing "with Mr. Pettit's contention that we should direct the Social Security Administration to award benefits to him" because the record did not compel the conclusion that "Mr. Pettit refrained from drinking but was nonetheless disabled by depression"). A "severe" impairment is one that causes more than a minimal limitation on the individual's ability to work, 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(c), 416.920(c), and an ALJ determines which medically determinable severe impairments a claimant has at the second step of the sequential evaluation. Even if a claimant has severe impairments in the absence of drug or alcohol use, application of the sequential analysis still requires the ALJ to consider whether those severe impairments render the claimant disabled. That is the process ALJ Bassett followed in this case.
As noted above, ALJ Bassett found that when Carl C.'s drug and alcohol dependence is present, he meets or medically equals Listings 12.04 (depression), 12.06 (anxiety), 12.08 (personality and impulse-control), and 12.09 (substance addiction). (R. 225-27.) Of particular relevance here, in analyzing the so-called "paragraph B criteria" the ALJ found that Carl C. has extreme difficulties in maintaining concentration, persistence, or pace "when considering the substance use disorders." (R. 226.) "To satisfy the paragraph B criteria, [a claimant's] mental disorder must result in extreme limitation of one, or marked limitation of two, paragraph B areas of mental functioning."
Because ALJ Bassett found that Carl C. would have severe impairments in the absence of substance use, the ALJ had to determine whether any of those impairments, alone or in combination, would satisfy the paragraph B criteria. ALJ Bassett found that "[i]f the claimant stopped the substance use, the claimant would not have an impairment or combination of impairments that meets or medically equals any of the [relevant Listings]" and "would not have marked or extreme restrictions or limitations" for any of the paragraph B criteria. (R. 227.) Carl C. argues that this finding was not supported by substantial evidence. (Pl.'s Mem. at 11.) For the reasons that follow, the Court concludes that the ALJ's determination was supported by substantial evidence on the record as a whole.
The Court concludes that ALJ Bassett's finding that the paragraph B criteria were not satisfied in the absence of substance use is supported by substantial evidence on the record as a whole. With respect to Carl C.'s activities of daily living, ALJ Bassett referenced two "Function Report[s]" that Carl C. completed in December of 2013 and October of 2014 respectively. (R. 227-28 (citing Exs. 3E and 9E).) These Function Reports support the ALJ's conclusion that Carl C. would be mildly restricted in activities of daily living. The latter, which Carl C. submitted after nearly 10 complete months of sobriety, indeed indicates that he has no problems with personal care, doing house and yard work, shopping for food in stores, preparing sandwiches and frozen meals for himself. (R. 400-07.) Even in December 2013, when his substance use was coming to an end, Carl C. reported that he was able to pay bills, count change, handle a savings account, and use a checkbook or money orders. (R. 373.) He also indicated he could use public transportation. (R. 373.)
Turning to ALJ Bassett's conclusion regarding Carl C.'s limitations in social functioning, the record also supports the finding that he has moderate difficulties in the absence of substance use. Again, the ALJ relied on Carl C.'s Function Reports, which show he has challenges in getting along with or being around other people, but not to a marked or extreme degree. (R. 368-77, 400-07.) There is also support in the record for the ALJ's recognition that Carl C. was able to go to classes without "reports of exacerbations from public contact." (R. 228, 780. 793-94, 828-33, 844-45.) Carl C. attended AA meetings without reports of social functioning being a major problem. (R. 228, 145, 780-84.) As noted by ALJ Bassett, Carl C. was also married in April of 2015. (R. 844-45.)
There is also support in the record for the ALJ's determination that, in the absence of substance use, Carl C. has moderate (as opposed to marked or extreme) limitations in maintaining concentration, persistence, or pace. (R. 228.) Again, the ALJ appropriately relied on Carl C.'s Function Reports, which indicated that he is able to follow instructions, manage finances and shop in stores. (R. 228, 368-77, 400-07.) The ALJ also mentioned psychiatric evaluations at Family Life Mental Health with a psychiatrist, Dr. Darell Shaffer. Dr. Shaffer's treatment notes support the ALJ's conclusion that Carl C.'s ability to maintain concentration, persistence, and pace improved after he stopped using substances. (R. 799 (May 9, 2014 evaluation showing above average intellectual ability, "fair to poor" attention and concentration); R. 801-04 (May 16, 2014 progress note indicating has an "intact" attention span and concentration); R. 818-21 (Oct. 31, 2014 progress note showing attendance at classes and "intact" attention span and concentration).)
Carl C.'s own treatment records further indicate improved functioning during his period of sobriety and therefore support the ALJ's conclusions. From May of 2014 through June of 2015, Carl C. regularly saw social worker Robert Boswell at Family Life Mental Health. Though Carl C. continued to have nightmares during this period and exhibited symptoms of depression and anxiety, the progress notes indicate that he consistently arrived with a cooperative attitude, exhibited appropriate thinking, was not having suicidal thoughts, retained intact judgment, and was oriented to time, person, place and situation. He expressed interest in joining a trauma group, reflecting an improvement in his desire to be around others. He reported doing well in his classes. Carl C. indicated that he was concerned about seeing relatives during a trip to Chicago, but he later reported no problems or conflicts from his interactions. In June of 2015, Mr. Boswell indicated that he thought Carl C. was "capable of working or going to school half time" when Carl C. asked for "disability paperwork indicating that he couldn't work at all for a year, or 45 days minimum." (R. 847; see generally R. 787-808, 814-48.)
ALJ Bassett's determination that Carl C. did not meet or medically equal any of the relevant Listings in the absence of substance use is also supported by Dr. Oberlander's expert medical opinion. ALJ Bassett gave Dr. Oberlander's opinion great weight and he discussed the opinion at length. (R. 226-27, 230-32, 236-37.) Dr. Oberlander accurately characterized the record as demonstrating both a period of sobriety and a period of active substance use with functioning that improved during the later time of abstinence. (R. 148-49.) Dr. Oberlander opined that during the period without substance use, Carl C. would have mild impairment in activities of daily living; moderate impairment in his capacity for social functioning; and moderate impairment in his ability to maintain concentration, persistence, and pace. (R. 148-49 (testimony), 231-32 (ALJ decision discussing Dr. Oberlander opinion regarding paragraph B criteria).) Dr. Oberlander noted that records from Carl C.'s period of sobriety showed that he volunteered at the Salvation Army, occasionally playing the drums for church services. He also pointed to the 2014-2015 treatment records from Carl C.'s visits with Mr. Boswell, explaining that those progress notes demonstrate "some measure of stabilization, improvement, [and] lessening of symptom severity. . . ." (R. 147-48.)
Based on the Court's review of the entire record, Dr. Oberlander's opinion is consistent with Carl C.'s treatment records and other substantial evidence. As a result, it was appropriate for the ALJ to rely upon Dr. Oberlander's opinion in determining that Carl C. was not disabled. See Casey v. Astrue, 503 F.3d 687, 694 (8th Cir. 2007) (concluding that an ALJ did not err in relying on the opinion of a physician who reviewed the medical evidence where the opinion was consistent with the available medical evidence).
Carl C. asserts that Dr. Oberlander's opinion was not entitled to great weight because he stated opinions regarding Carl C.'s sobriety in hypothetical terms rather than acknowledging that his substance use had, in fact, stopped. (See Pl.'s Reply at 12, ECF No. 24.) This issue does not require reversal or remand. As noted above, Dr. Oberlander explained that the record demonstrated that Carl C. stopped using drugs and alcohol after January of 2014. Indeed, he concluded that the record had to be considered in terms of two separate periods for that very reason. Dr. Oberlander's choice of words is not indicative of disregarding important evidence.
Carl C. next suggests that Dr. Oberlander's opinion should not have received great weight because Dr. Oberlander did not have any records later than June of 2015. (Pl.'s Reply at 12.) Dr. Oberlander acknowledged this fact in his testimony. (R. 148.) However, Carl C. does not point to any medical records from after June 2015 that contradict Dr. Oberlander's opinion. Moreover, even though Dr. Oberlander did not have the most recent records, ALJ Bassett reached his decision in this case based on the full record, and this Court's review confirms that there are no post-June 2015 records that undermine Dr. Oberlander's opinion or suggest that it is incomplete. Yee Yang Vue v. Colvin, No. 13-cv-357 ADM/FLN, 2014 WL 754873, at *9 (D. Minn. Feb. 26, 2014) ("The fact that [a state agency medical consultant] did not have access to all of the records . . . does not prevent the ALJ from assigning significant weight to [the consultant's] assessment if the ALJ conducted an independent review of the evidence, which included notes the consultant had not considered.") (citing Carter v. Astrue, 886 F.Supp.2d 1093, 1112 (N.D. Iowa 2012) and Thacker v. Astrue, No. 3:11-cv-246-GCM-DSC, 2011 WL 7154218, at *6 (W.D.N.C. Nov. 28, 2011)).
Carl C. next contends that the ALJ ignored evidence of his sobriety. (See Pl.'s Mem. at 11-13.) ALJ Bassett framed his findings and his analysis of the evidence in hypothetical terms, discussing the degree of limitation Carl C. would demonstrate "if [he] stopped the substance use." (See R. 227.) Because the evidence in the record demonstrates that Carl C. maintained sobriety (i.e., he had stopped using drugs and alcohol) from late 2013 or early 2014 going forward,
ALJ Bassett's articulation of his findings using "if" phrases does not require reversal. The ALJ's framing of these considerations was, at most, an error in opinion writing that neither interferes with the Court's ability to provide meaningful judicial review nor changes the outcome of the case. Owen v. Astrue, 551 F.3d 792, 801 (8th Cir. 2008) ("[A]n arguable deficiency in opinion-writing technique does not require us to set aside an administrative finding when that deficiency had no bearing on the outcome."). The Court is not convinced that the ALJ ignored or misunderstood evidence relating to Carl C.'s period of sobriety. ALJ Bassett acknowledged at the time of the written decision that Carl C. "has now been in remission." (R. 227.) ALJ Bassett also analyzed treatment records from Carl C.'s period of sobriety and found that such evidence weighed against a finding of disability. (R. 234-36.) The ALJ likely continued to use hypothetical phrasing, not because he disregarded evidence of sobriety, but because the DAA regulations are phrased in the hypothetical and often the DAA regulations can only be applied hypothetically. Many claimants do not achieve sobriety as Carl C. did.
For all these reasons, the Court concludes that he ALJ's finding that in the absence of substance use Carl C. does not meet or medically equal any of the Listings is supported by substantial evidence on the record as a whole.
Carl C. also raises an issue with the ALJ's "credibility" determination. He argues that the ALJ erred in rejecting his statements about the extent of his limitations based on his activities of daily living and in providing a "cursory treatment" of the fact he receives disability benefits from the Veterans Administration. (See Pl.'s Mem. at 15-17.)
In his June 20, 2016 decision,
(R. 232.) The ALJ then went on to discuss: (1) records from a period of abstinence while Carl C. was incarcerated that noted no mental health referral was completed (R. 232); (2) records from prior to January of 2014 showing lower levels of functioning during periods of substance use (R. 232-33); and (3) records from January 2014 through the end of the relevant period showing improved functioning during sobriety (R. 233-35).
The Court disagrees that the ALJ improperly evaluated Carl C.'s daily activities when determining whether his own statements about the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of his symptoms were supported by the entire record. A claimant's "daily activities" are among the factors that an ALJ is required to consider in addressing the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of an individual's symptoms. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1529(c)(3), 416.929(c)(3). ALJ Bassett discussed Carl C.'s daily activities in the section of his opinion addressing the Listings, noting that Carl C. reported having no problems with performing personal care; was able to clean his room and take out the garbage; could use public transportation and shop in stores; prepared sandwiches and frozen dinners; and did household chores. (R. 227.) Though a claimant cannot be considered capable of full-time work merely because he is not bedridden, it is proper for an ALJ to consider daily activities like Carl C.'s when evaluating whether a claimant's symptoms are as disabling as alleged by a claimant. See Rahe v. Astrue, 840 F.Supp.2d 1119, 1136 (N.D. Iowa) ("Although a claimant need not be bedridden before he can be determined to be disabled, Rahe's daily activities can nonetheless be seen as inconsistent with her subjective complaints of a disabling impairment and may be considered in judging the credibility of complaints.") (internal quotations and alterations omitted).
More importantly here, ALJ Bassett evaluated evidence from throughout the record in reaching the determination that the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of Carl C.'s stated symptoms were not consistent with the record as a whole. (R. 232-35.) The Court's independent review of the medical records from the period when Carl C. maintained sobriety support a conclusion that he was capable of functioning at a greater level than alleged. The ALJ took into account all of the evidence in fashioning a mental-RFC that would accommodate his limitations. Accordingly, the Court concludes that the ALJ did not err in evaluating Carl C.'s daily activities.
The Court also finds that the ALJ did not err in considering but not following VA's disability determination in this case. An ALJ is required to consider a finding of disability by another agency. See Morrison v. Apfel, 146 F.3d 625, 628 (8th Cir. 1998).
Consistent with these rules, ALJ Bassett addressed the VA's disability determination and noted that it was not binding on Social Security. (R. 237.) The ALJ further explained that the VA determination did not provide persuasive evidence that Carl C. is disabled. He found that the VA records were "quite conclusory, providing very little explanation of the evidence relied on in forming that opinion, what records were reviewed, and what impairments were considered . . . in fact, the most recent VA evaluation noted that no collateral sources were reviewed." (R. 237.) Further, the ALJ found that any opinion expressed in the VA disability records did not outweigh Dr. Oberlander's opinion given that the latter was clear and substantial. ALJ Bassett stated that Dr. Oberlander's opinion "was more persuasive because it left no doubt in the mind of the [ALJ] that cocaine and alcohol keep [Carl C.] out of the work force." (R. 237.) The ALJ could not determine from the VA's disability determination if benefits are available from the VA even where alcohol or drug use is a materially contributing factor to the determination of disability (R. 237), a reality that alone would differentiate that determination from the one the ALJ is required to make in applying Social Security disability law. Having reviewed the VA records, and all of the evidence that was available in Carl C.'s administrative proceeding, a reasonable person could reach the same conclusion. The January 12, 2015 VA records do not differentiate between the severity of symptoms from mental health disorders in the presence of substance use and in its absence. (R. 417, 849-61.) These records also do not specify the medical records relied on, and indeed state that no information from collateral sources was reviewed.
Finally, Carl C. contends that the ALJ's RFC analysis is internally inconsistent. Carl C. asserts that ALJ Bassett determined that he would continue to have severe impairments even in the absence of substance use, but could nevertheless have the residual functional capacity to perform full-time work. (Pl.'s Mem. at 17-18.) This is not an internally inconsistent determination. As explained above, an individual can be found to have "severe" impairments within the meaning of the Social Security regulations at the second step of the sequential analysis and still have the ability to perform full-time work consistent with his residual functional capacity. See discussion, supra, Part III.A.
In the RFC finding, the ALJ determined that in the absence of substance use, Carl C. can perform a full range of work at all exertional levels, but only when subject to certain significant limitations designed to accommodate his severe mental-health impairments. These included that: Carl C. is limited to jobs that require a worker to understand, remember, and carry out simple job instructions; he can tolerate only occasional interaction with co-workers and supervisors, but could not be involved in collaborative joint projects with them or any involvement with the public; and he cannot work a job with strict numerical production quotas that must be satisfied within rigidly structured hourly time-sensitive boundaries. Beyond asserting that he cannot work full-time in any job, Carl C. does not raise any specific challenge to these limitations. Nevertheless, the Court has reviewed Carl C.'s RFC in light of the entire record in this case and determines that a reasonable person could reach the same RFC finding as the ALJ. The limitations imposed recognize Carl C.'s improved social functioning and ability to maintain concentration while also reflecting the ways in which his mental-health impairments could interfere with his ability to do certain jobs.
For all the reasons stated above,
Titles II & Xvi: Considering Opinions & Other Evidence from Sources Who Are Not "Acceptable Med. Sources: in Disability Claims; Considering Decisions on Disability by Other Governmental & Nongovernmental Agencies, SSR 06-03P, 2006 WL 2329939, at *6 (S.S.A. Aug. 9, 2006).
