RANDOLPH, Justice, for the Court:

¶ 1. The Mississippi State Department of Health ("MDH") entered a final order disapproving the certificate of need application of Dialysis Solutions, LLC. Pursuant to Mississippi Code Section 41-7-201, as amended, Dialysis Solutions filed a direct appeal of the MDH's final order with this Court. See Miss.Code Ann. § 41-7-201 (Supp.2011). Thereafter, this Court entered an order on its own motion, seeking briefing from the parties and the Attorney General regarding whether Section 41-7-201, as amended, "is constitutional under Mississippi Constitution article 6, section 146 and whether this Court has appellate jurisdiction over this direct appeal from a decision of the [MDH]."1 After due consideration, this Court concludes that Section 41-7-201, as amended, is unconstitutional under Article 6, Section 146 of the Mississippi Constitution. See Miss. Const. art. 6, § 146 (1984). This Court will not exercise appellate jurisdiction over Dialysis Solutions' direct appeal from the final order of the MDH.

FACTS

¶ 2. On October 1, 2007, Dialysis Solutions filed a completed certificate of need application regarding its proposed capital expenditure of $179,000 to establish a six-station, end-stage renal dialysis facility2 in Montgomery County, Mississippi. In November 2007, the MDH staff recommended disapproval of Dialysis Solutions' application because "[t]his project is not in substantial compliance with criteria and standards for establishment of end stage renal disease facilities, as contained in the FY 2007 State Health Plan; the [MDH's] Certificate of Need Review Manual ...; and all adopted rules, procedures, and plans of the [MDH]." On December 4, 2007, a "Request for Public Hearing During the Course of Review" was filed by RCG-Montgomery County, LLC ("RCG"), as an "affected person" who opposed the project.3 RCG requested an independent hearing officer to conduct the hearing.4 At the October 26, 2010, hearing before Administrative Hearing Officer Cassandra B. Walter, four witnesses were subjected to direct- and cross-examination, and fourteen exhibits were introduced. On June 15, 2011, the hearing officer issued a twenty-four-page "Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendation." This ruling considered all applicable criteria, then recommended denial of Dialysis Solutions' application for failure "to substantially comply with the applicable Specific Criteria and General Goals in the State Health Plan, as well as with all applicable General Considerations in the CON Review Manual." On June 30, 2011, Mississippi State Health Officer Mary Currier filed a "Decision of Intent" regarding Dialysis Solutions' certificate of need application, which provided that "after considering the [MDH's] plans, standards and criteria; staff's analysis; hearing officer's recommendation, if any, and making written findings, that the proposed be Disapproved." An accompanying letter from Currier to Dialysis Solutions provided that "[t]his letter constitutes the Final Order disapproving the application for a CON."

¶ 3. At the time of the June 30, 2011, final order, Section 41-7-201(2) provided, in pertinent part, that:

Miss.Code Ann. § 41-7-201(2) (Rev. 2009) (emphasis added).

¶ 4. Effective July 1, 2011, Section 41-7-201 was amended to provide, in pertinent part, that:

Miss.Code Ann. § 41-7-201 (Supp.2011) (emphasis added).

¶ 5. On July 19, 2011, Dialysis Solutions filed notice of appeal and a "Petition to Appeal [MDH] Certificate of Need Decision" in this Court. According to Dialysis Solutions, it "exhausted its administrative remedies before the [MDH] and is entitled to appeal the decision of the [MDH] to this Court pursuant to [Section] 41-7-201."

¶ 6. On July 25, 2011, Dialysis Solutions filed a "Motion to Approve Bond Amount" in this Court. See Miss.Code Ann. § 41-7-201(d) (Supp.2011) ("Any appeal of a final order by the [MDH] in a certificate of need proceeding shall require the giving of a bond by the appellant(s) sufficient to secure the appellee against the loss of costs, fees, expenses and attorney's fees incurred in defense of the appeal, approved by the Supreme Court within five (5) days of the date of filing the appeal."). On July 28, 2011, this Court entered an order on its own motion, seeking briefing from the parties and the Attorney General regarding whether Section 41-7-201, as amended, "is constitutional under Mississippi Constitution article 6, section 146 and whether this Court has appellate jurisdiction over this direct appeal from a decision of the [MDH]."6

ANALYSIS

¶ 7. "When a party invokes our power of judicial review [of the constitutionality of a statute], it behooves us to recall that the challenged act has been passed by legislators and approved by a governor sworn to uphold the self-same constitution as we are." State v. Roderick, 704 So.2d 49, 52 (Miss.1997) (quoting In Interest of T.L.C., 566 So.2d 691, 696 (Miss.1990)). Accordingly, statutes "come before us clothed with a heavy presumption of constitutional validity." Id. In determining whether the statute "violates the Constitution, ... courts are without the right to substitute their judgment for that of the Legislature as to the wisdom and policy of the act and must enforce it, unless it appears beyond all reasonable doubt to violate the Constitution." State v. Bd. of Levee Comm'rs for Yazoo-Mississippi Delta, 932 So.2d 12, 19 (Miss.2006) (quoting Albritton v. City of Winona, 181 Miss. 75, 178 So. 799, 803 (1938)) (emphasis added). See also Natchez & S.R. Co. v. Crawford, 99 Miss. 697, 55 So. 596, 598 (1911) ("[i]f there is reasonable doubt of [a statute's] constitutionality, it must be upheld by the courts. If it is susceptible of two interpretations, one in favor of constitutionality and the other against, it is the duty of the courts to uphold it.") (citation omitted).

¶ 8. This Court has stated that:

Fortune v. Lee County Bd. of Supervisors, 725 So.2d 747, 752 (Miss.1998) (citations omitted) (emphasis added). Prior to 1984, the Mississippi Constitution stated only that "[t]he Supreme Court shall have such jurisdiction as properly belongs to a court of appeals." Miss. Const. art. 6, § 146 (1983). In 1984, that section was amended to provide:

Miss. Const. art. 6, § 146 (1984). Thus, under the Mississippi Constitution, the Legislature has "plenary power" over appellate jurisdiction. Drummond, 185 So. at 209.

¶ 9. The question then becomes whether a final order of the Mississippi State Health Officer constitutes a "judicial decisio[n] rendered by a tribunal clothed with judicial power." Illinois Cent. R. Co. v. Dodd, 105 Miss. 23, 61 So. 743, 743 (1913) (the "revisory," appellate jurisdiction conferred upon this Court in Section 146 applies only to "judicial decisions rendered by a tribunal clothed with judicial power.") (citations omitted). See also Glenn v. Herring, 415 So.2d 695, 697 (Miss.1982). If not, then Section 41-7-201, as amended, is unconstitutional because it impermissibly confers original jurisdiction upon this Court.

¶ 10. A "certificate of need" is:

Miss.Code Ann. § 41-7-173(b) (Rev. 2009). As such, a certificate of need is akin to a permit to provide health-care services, and its procurement is not necessarily adversarial. See Boyles v. Mississippi State Oil & Gas Bd., 794 So.2d 149, 158 (Miss.2001) (quoting McDonald v. Watt, 653 F.2d 1035, 1041-42 (5th Cir.1981)) ("The existence of a dispute concerning particular individuals is a distinguishing characteristic of adjudication."). This distinguishes a final order of MDH regarding a certificate of need application from a ruling of the Mississippi Workers' Compensation Commission ("Commission"), which necessarily involves an employer-employee dispute. Commission rulings are further distinguishable because that quasijudicial power was selected to "administe[r]" the statutorily created mechanism under which personal-injury lawsuits "by injured workers against employers" were removed from the tort system, with "[e]mployers receiv[ing] fixed levels of potential liability which they can anticipate and treat as a general `cost of doing business'" in exchange for "[e]mployees receiv[ing] guaranteed compensation for covered injuries, bypassing the civil-litigation risks of either no recovery or uncollectible judgments against insolvent employers." Miss.Code Ann. § 71-3-1 (Rev. 2011); Franklin Corp. v. Tedford, 18 So.3d 215, 220-21 (Miss.2009) (quoting Note, Exceptions to the Exclusive Remedy Requirements of Workers' Compensation Statutes, 96 Harv. L. Rev. 1641, 1641 (1983)). In short, personal-injury, workers' compensation cases would have been heard in the courts under the common law, until the Legislature "validly delegated quasi-judicial power" to the Commission. Alaska Pub. Interest Research Group v. State, 167 P.3d 27, 39 (Alaska 2007). By contrast, no certificate of need procedure existed at common law, as it is a statutory creation.

¶ 11. We acknowledge that similarities exist between a final order of the MDH regarding a certificate of need application and a Commission ruling. For instance, both MDH and the Commission make the final factual determination in a particular case. See Miss.Code Ann. §§ 41-7-197(2) (Rev. 2009), 41-7-201(e) (Supp.2011) ("No new or additional evidence" is to be introduced before this Court); Miss.Code Ann. § 71-3-51 (Rev. 2011) (Commission appeals "shall be considered only upon the record as made before the commission."); Short v. Wilson Meat House, LLC, 36 So.3d 1247, 1251 (Miss.2010) (citations omitted) ("No court can reweigh the evidence; the Commission is the fact-finder and the judge of the credibility of witnesses."). In reviewing a certificate of need application:

Miss.Code Ann. § 41-7-197(2) (Rev. 2009) (emphasis added). Furthermore, a final order of MDH regarding a certificate of need application and a Commission ruling are subject to similar standards of review. See Miss.Code Ann. § 41-7-201(f) (Supp. 2011); Short, 36 So.3d at 1250-51. Namely, under the amended version of Section 41-7-201:

Miss.Code Ann. § 41-7-201(f) (Supp.2011).

¶ 12. Based upon Section 41-7-197(2), this Court has little doubt that the "Final Order" of the State Health Officer involves "the application ... of the law to a state of facts proved, or admitted to be true, and a declaration of the consequences which follow." Dodd, 61 So. at 743 (quoting Le Blanc v. R.R. Co., 73 Miss. 463, 19 So. 211, 212 (1896)). Thus, MDH does exercise some "quasi-judicial" function. Boyles, 794 So.2d at 157. See also McCaffrey's Food Market, Inc. v. Mississippi Milk Comm'n, 227 So.2d 459, 463 (Miss. 1969) ("[t]he quasi-judicial inquiry declares and enforces liabilities on present or past facts on law already existing."). Furthermore, based upon either the pre- or post-amendment versions of Section 41-7-201, this Court has no doubt that a final order of the MDH is subject to review. See Glenn, 415 So.2d at 697 ("appellate jurisdiction necessarily implies that the subject matter must have been acted upon by [a] tribunal whose judgments or proceedings are to be reviewed.").

¶ 13. Yet:

Dodd, 61 So. at 743 (quoting State Auditor v. Atchison, 6 Kan. 500 (1870)) (emphasis added). See also Le Blanc, 19 So. at 212 (to constitute a "judicial decision," that "application" and "declaration" must be by "a court of competent jurisdiction ..."). Certificate of need applications were not heard by courts at common law, then legislatively delegated to MDH. Rather, they were nonexistent at common law. Furthermore, the nature of a certificate of need proceeding is permit-like and often nonadversarial. See Boyles, 794 So.2d at 158 (quoting McDonald, 653 F.2d at 1041-42) ("The existence of a dispute concerning particular individuals is a distinguishing characteristic of adjudication."). In such proceedings, the hearing officer is not necessarily independent, but acts as a quasi-advocate for MDH, ensuring that the evidence presented satisfies MDH's policies as prescribed by its "plans, standards and criteria...."8 Miss.Code Ann. § 41-7-173(b) (Rev. 2009). Thereafter, the hearing officer does not issue an enforceable order, but only a recommendation to the agency head, the State Health Officer. Ultimately, the final order of MDH is issued by the State Health Officer, an individual not statutorily required to be an attorney. See Miss.Code Ann. § 41-3-5.1 (Rev. 2009). Because of these distinguishing factors, inter alia, this Court concludes that MDH lacks the indicia to be considered "a tribunal of the character from which the Legislature is authorized to grant appeals direct to this [C]ourt." Dodd, 61 So. at 745. As such, the direct appeal of a final order of the MDH impermissibly confers original jurisdiction upon this Court.9

¶ 14. This conclusion of unconstitutionality is bolstered further by inconsistencies and deficiencies in the present statutory scheme. For example, Section 41-7-197(3) still provides that:

Miss.Code Ann. § 41-7-197(3) (Rev. 2009) (emphasis added). The commencement of legal action in the chancery court to compel action by the State Health Officer seems inconsistent with the direct-appeal mechanism provided in Section 41-7-201, as amended. Furthermore, within the newly created direct-appeal mechanism, this Court is called upon to address ancillary issues regarding bond amounts and attorney fees for which it is unsuited. See Miss.Code Ann. § 41-7-201(d) & (f) (Supp. 2011).

CONCLUSION

¶ 15. Based upon the above analysis, this Court concludes that, because the direct appeal of MDH's final order to this Court impermissibly confers original jurisdiction upon this Court, then Section 41-7-201, as amended, "appears beyond all reasonable doubt to violate the Constitution." Bd. of Levee-Comm'rs, 932 So.2d at 19 (quoting Albritton, 178 So. at 803). Accordingly, the direct appeal of MDH's final order to this Court is impermissible and the appeal is dismissed. This disposition does not preclude a direct appeal of MDH's final order to the appropriate chancery court.

¶ 16. APPEAL DISMISSED.

WALLER, C.J., DICKINSON, P.J., LAMAR, PIERCE AND KING, JJ., CONCUR. KITCHENS, J., CONCURS IN PART AND IN RESULT WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY WALLER, C.J., CARLSON, P.J., AND CHANDLER, J.

KITCHENS, Justice, concurring in part and in result:

¶ 17. I agree with the majority's analysis and result regarding the unconstitutionality of Mississippi Code Section 41-7-201 (Rev. 2011). However, I cannot distinguish the statute at issue in the instant case from the Legislature's impermissible bestowal of jurisdiction upon this Court under Mississippi Code Section 71-3-51 (Rev. 2011), which allows for the direct appeal of the decisions of the Mississippi Workers' Compensation Commission to this Court. In neither instance is this Court exercising "jurisdiction as properly belongs to a court of appeals." Miss. Const., art. 6, § 146.

¶ 18. A hearing conducted for the purpose of reviewing a certificate of need application allows for the "questioning of persons who make relevant factual allegations concerning the proposal," and all those testifying are required to be placed under oath. Miss.Code Ann. § 41-7-197(2) (Rev. 2009). Parties have a right to counsel at the hearing. Id. A record of the proceedings is made, including a transcript of all adduced testimony and all documents introduced into evidence by an interested person. Id. Likewise, hearings conducted by the Mississippi Workers' Compensation Commission are conducted "in such manner as best to ascertain the rights of the parties." Miss.Code Ann. § 71-3-55(1) (Rev. 2011). Hearings before the Commission are "open to the public" and "stenographically reported or recorded and transcribed." Miss.Code Ann. § 71-3-55(2) (Rev. 2011). I find the nature of the these proceedings indistinguishable, as both are "imbued with some indicia of a court of record." Johnson v. Sysco, 2011-WC-01086-SCT (¶ 8) (Miss. May 5, 2011) (Kitchens, J., dissenting). However, as I noted in Johnson v. Sysco, the final orders of these agencies are "not decisions rendered `by a court clothed with judicial authority and acting in a judicial capacity.'" Id. (quoting Illinois Cent. R.R. Co. v. Dodd, 105 Miss. 23, 61 So. 743 (1913)).

¶ 19. I am not persuaded that the final orders of either of these agencies constitute judicial decisions, as a "[j]udicial decision is the application by a court of competent jurisdiction of the law to a state of facts proved or admitted to be true, and a declaration of the consequences which follow." Le Blanc v. Illinois Cent. R. Co., 73 Miss. 463, 19 So. 211, 212 (Miss.1896) (emphasis added). Thus, I reiterate that the Legislature, in its enactment of Sections 41-7-201 and 71-3-51 has, in direct conflict with our state Constitution, bestowed original jurisdiction upon this Court over direct appeals of the decisions of the State Department of Health and the Mississippi Workers' Compensation Commission. In reviewing the final orders of both the State Department of Health and the Mississippi Workers' Compensation Commission, this Court becomes "the first, last, and only court to pass upon" these cases. Johnson, 2011-WC-01086-SCT (¶ 9). Because I discern no distinction between the unconstitutional conveyance of original jurisdiction provided in both statutes, I cannot fully join the majority's analysis.

WALLER, C.J., CARLSON, P.J., AND CHANDLER, J., JOIN THIS OPINION.