ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI

DICKINSON, Presiding Justice, for the Court:

¶ 1. At trial in this medical-negligence case, the plaintiff's only expert abandoned his pretrial opinion and — over the objection of the defendant — testified to a new opinion that was never disclosed in discovery. The Court of Appeals reversed and remanded for a new trial. But because the trial court should have granted a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, we reverse in part and render judgment in favor of the defendant.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶ 2. Emmett Hamil was admitted to Central Mississippi Medical Center, complaining of severe abdominal pain. Dr. George T. Smith-Vaniz, a gastroenterologist, treated Hamil for gastrointestinal bleeding, and Dr. Ken E. Cleveland, a cardiovascular surgeon, surgically repaired his ulcer. After approximately one week, Hamil was discharged. The next morning, Hamil returned to the hospital complaining of further stomach pain and bleeding. Surgery revealed a second ulcer, which had eroded a large blood vessel and precipitated Hamil's death.

¶ 3. Lanell Hamil filed suit, alleging that the medical malpractice of Dr. Smith-Vaniz, Dr. Cleveland, and Jackson HMA caused the wrongful death of her husband. During discovery, Lanell Hamil's expert, Dr. Louis Silverman, opined that Hamil's doctors deviated from the standard of care by failing to prescribe anti-ulcer medication at Hamil's discharge and allowing the second ulcer to develop post-discharge.

¶ 4. At trial, Dr. Silverman admitted he later became aware that the doctors had prescribed such medication. But he had developed a new theory of the doctors' malpractice, opining over objection that, because the second ulcer was developing while Hamil was in the hospital, the doctors should have discovered it prior to Hamil's discharge. The plaintiff presented no additional expert testimony.

¶ 5. At the close of the plaintiff's case-in-chief, the circuit court denied a motion for a directed verdict by Dr. Smith-Vaniz, but granted a directed verdict in favor of Jackson HMA except for any vicarious liability it had through Dr. Smith-Vaniz. The jury returned a verdict in favor of the plaintiff against all three defendants, and the circuit court denied their motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV).

¶ 6. The Court of Appeals reversed the judgment against all three defendants.1 The court rendered judgment for Dr. Smith-Vaniz because it found Dr. Silverman — a thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon — unqualified to render an opinion as to the standard of care for a gastroenterologist.2 Because Dr. Silverman was the plaintiff's sole expert and he was unqualified to testify against Dr. Smith-Vaniz, the court found that the plaintiff could not establish a prima facie case of medical malpractice and rendered judgment in favor of Dr. Smith-Vaniz.3 Further, because Jackson HMA was only vicariously liable for any negligence of Dr. Smith-Vaniz, the court rendered judgment in its favor.4

¶ 7. The Court of Appeals found that Dr. Silverman was qualified as an expert to testify to the standard of care for Dr. Cleveland, but the court found that the circuit court had abused its discretion by overruling the objection to Dr. Silverman's previously undisclosed testimony.5 The court held that Dr. Silverman's new theory of Dr. Cleveland's malpractice constituted trial by ambush and remanded the case for a new trial against Dr. Cleveland.6

¶ 8. Following Dr. Cleveland's motion for rehearing, the Court of Appeals modified its original opinion to explain why it had remanded the case for a new trial against Dr. Cleveland, stating that "where a plaintiff fails to offer qualified expert testimony — and, thus, fails to present a prima facie case — the supreme court and this court have held that the defendant is entitled to judgment in his favor."7 But the court stated that "where the prevailing party blindsides the other party with surprise expert testimony, the supreme court has consistently remedied the unfairness by remanding for a new trial."8 Therefore, the court found it proper to render judgment for Dr. Smith-Vaniz and Jackson HMA, while remanding for a new trial against Dr. Cleveland.

¶ 9. Dr. Cleveland petitioned this Court for a writ of certiorari, and we granted certiorari.

ANALYSIS

¶ 10. The single issue before us is whether the Court of Appeals erred by remanding for a new trial against Dr. Cleveland, rather than rendering a judgment in his favor. We hold that the Court of Appeals erred by remanding for a new trial.

¶ 11. And to establish the second and third prongs — that the defendant breached the applicable standard of care, and that the breach proximately caused plaintiff's injuries — the plaintiff must provide expert testimony.10

¶ 12. We have affirmed grants of summary judgment and directed verdicts in favor of defendants in medical-malpractice actions where the plaintiffs failed to produce a qualified expert.11 Likewise, we have reversed a trial court's denial of a defendant's motion for directed verdict and rendered judgment in favor of the defendant where the plaintiff's qualified expert failed to testify to a reasonable degree of medical certainty.12 Relying on this authority, the Court of Appeals properly rendered judgment in favor of Dr. Smith-Vaniz and Jackson HMA.

¶ 13. We find, however, that the Court of Appeals also erred by not rendering judgment in favor of Dr. Cleveland. While Dr. Silverman was qualified as an expert in cardiovascular surgery, his testimony concerning Dr. Cleveland's breach of the standard of care consisted entirely of a new theory that the plaintiff did not disclose.13 Had the trial judge excluded this testimony — as he should have — the plaintiff would have been without any expert testimony to establish that Dr. Cleveland breached the standard of care.

¶ 14. Medical negligence cases are different from cases that do not call into question the standard of care of a medical provider. While expert testimony may be helpful in non-medical negligence cases, it is not required. But the failure to produce a competent medical expert prohibits the plaintiff from bringing the case to trial.14 Indeed, in every kind of case, a judgment not withstanding the verdict is generally appropriate where the plaintiff has failed to produce sufficient admissible evidence to establish a prima facie case,15 and the fact that a trial judge erroneously allows inadmissible evidence into the record — whether expert testimony or otherwise — does not abrogate that rule.

¶ 15. In explaining why it remanded for a new trial against Dr. Cleveland, the Court of Appeals cited several cases, none of which related to medical negligence.16 To be clear, a plaintiff may not use inadmissible evidence to establish the standard of care, or that a medical provider failed to comply with that standard of care. Here, the plaintiff's only evidence of Dr. Cleveland's standard of care or breach thereof was inadmissible. Accordingly, it is clear that Dr. Cleveland was entitled to judgment notwithstanding the verdict.

CONCLUSION

¶ 16. The trial judge erred in allowing Dr. Silverman to testify to undisclosed opinions. And because the plaintiff failed to establish a prima facie case with admissible evidence, the trial judge erred in failing to grant Dr. Cleveland judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals in part and reverse the judgment of the Hinds County Circuit Court, rendering judgment for all defendants.

¶ 17. THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF APPEALS IS AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED IN PART. THE JUDGMENT OF THE HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT IS REVERSED AND RENDERED.

WALLER, C.J., RANDOLPH, P.J., LAMAR, KITCHENS, CHANDLER, PIERCE, KING AND COLEMAN, JJ., CONCUR.