COLEMAN, Justice, for the Court:

¶ 1. The Securities and Charities Division of the Mississippi Secretary of State Office (the "Division") brought charges against Marshall Wolfe and Jack Harrington for securities violations pertaining to their operation of SteadiVest, LLC. The Secretary of State found that Wolfe and Harrington had violated Mississippi securities laws, and fines were levied against them. Wolfe and Harrington appealed, and the Chancery Court of the First Judicial District of Hinds County affirmed. Wolfe and Harrington appealed to this Court.

Facts and Procedural History

¶ 2. SteadiVest, LLC, was formed in late 2007. It consisted of a "family" of real estate related companies that purported to offer "a diversified suite of real estate products and services to real estate investors," including mortgage lending, property management, construction and development, buying and selling real estate, and managing real estate portfolios. Marshall Wolfe merged and renamed several existing real estate and investment companies to create SteadiVest. Jack Harrington was hired to help consolidate and repackage the existing companies.

¶ 3. In January 2008, Wolfe sent a letter to potential investors regarding the formation of SteadiVest and the opportunity to purchase membership interests in the new company. Wolfe wrote that SteadiVest was "in the process of raising $10 million of growth equity." Material attached to the letter included a Power Point presentation that provided a vague overview of the company, a private placement memorandum (PPM), the company's LLC agreement, and a proforma. The material identified the "SteadiVest Management Team," which included Wolfe as chief executive officer and Harrington as president and chief operating officer, among others. Both Wolfe and Harrington testified that Harrington was the chief financial officer as well. The PPM instructed investors to contact Harrington with questions about the offering.

¶ 4. SteadiVest projected $60,000,000 in revenue and $20,000,000 in earnings over the first five years. The PPM provided that "full and complete records and books of accounts" would be maintained and available to investors at any time upon request. According to the PPM, investment funds would be held in escrow until $1,000,000 was raised or until September 30, 2008, whichever occurred first. In fact, the letter stated: "Importantly, most of the new equity will not be spent at all. It will be kept in the company to give us access to borrowing leverage that will lower the overall cost of capital and allow us to achieve increased profits from our lending products." In response to the letter to investors, the PPM, and personal solicitations by Wolfe, Harrington, and others, SteadiVest raised approximately $1,585,000 from seventeen investors. However, Wolfe and Harrington never allocated the funds as outlined in the PPM. Escrow accounts were not set up; instead, investors' money was commingled with other business funds and used to pay bills and support the daily operations of SteadiVest.

¶ 5. The Division presented evidence showing that all of the investors' money was used to prop up SteadiVest or to personally benefit Wolfe and Harrington. For example, between March 19 and 24, 2008, SteadiVest received $495,000 in investments. The money was deposited into SteadiVest's checking account, and on March 24, 2008, $475,000 was transferred to another of its companies, MTW Investment Financing, LLC. On the same day, MTW used $461,770 to pay off five prior MTW/SteadiVest investors, one of whom was Harrington. Harrington received $306,302 to pay off his promissory notes, which had not yet matured. Harrington also received a salary increase from $100,000 to $150,000. Wolfe used the SteadiVest credit card for personal expenses, including a trip to Disney World, multiple airline tickets, clothing, furniture, almost $5,000 in personal restaurant charges, and more than $22,000 in "miscellaneous personal charges."

¶ 6. Wolfe filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in March 2009. The court converted the bankruptcy to Chapter 7 and added all of the SteadiVest companies. In July 2009, several investors filed suit against Wolfe, Harrington, and other officers in the Circuit Court of Rankin County alleging fraud, negligent misrepresentation, conversion, and conspiracy. The case was removed to the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi, then referred to the bankruptcy court.

¶ 7. On November 18, 2009, the Division issued a Summary Cease and Desist Order against SteadiVest. A Summary Cease and Desist Order is also known as a "temporary" or "pending" order or notice. When the Division has reason to believe a person has engaged in conduct prohibited under the Mississippi Securities Act, the Division enters a summary order directing the person to cease and desist illegal activity. See Miss.Code Ann. § 75-71-715 (Rev.2009). The respondent then has thirty days to request a hearing. Miss. Sec. Act R. 803.1 After the hearing, the hearing officer submits findings of fact and conclusions of law. The Secretary of State reviews the hearing officer's findings and enters a Final Order. Miss. Sec. Act R. 821.

¶ 8. The Summary Order against SteadiVest indicated that the Division began investigating SteadiVest in May 2009 after receiving a consumer complaint about the company. The Division alleged that SteadiVest was a Ponzi scheme and that it had "mislead [sic] and deceived its investors in order to pay off mounting debt and keep its numerous subsidiaries afloat." The Division accused SteadiVest of "mislead[ing] investors through a PPM [ ... ] which SteadiVest had no intention of fully honoring; through material misstatements of its CEO, Marshall Wolfe; and through material omissions in sales presentations and materials presented to its investors." A Final Cease and Desist Order against SteadiVest was executed on January 5, 2010.

¶ 9. On January 26, 2010, the Division issued a second Summary Cease and Desist Order and a Notice of Intent to Impose an Administrative Penalty, this time against Wolfe and Harrington, alleging that forward-looking statements in the PPM and personal statements made to investors were misleading and deceptive. The Division said that the numbers used to show potential profit were improbable, were not supported by financials or other evidence, and did not account for the poor economic environment and housing crisis. The Division charged Wolfe and Harrington with five violations:

Wolfe and Harrington each requested an administrative hearing. The administrative hearing officer approved a motion to bifurcate filed by the Division, which allowed issues A, C, and D to be resolved by formal briefing and issues B and E to be resolved by live testimony and argument.

¶ 10. The hearing officer issued a ruling on September 2, 2010. He determined that there was not enough evidence to reach a conclusion as to Issue C (use of investment funds for personal gain), but he found against Wolfe and Harrington on Issues A and D (failure to place investment funds in an escrow account and failure to maintain adequate books and records). The hearing officer suggested that the Secretary of State impose a penalty of $1,585,000, the amount raised from the offering, with Wolfe paying two-thirds and Harrington paying one-third of that amount. Thereafter, Wolfe and Harrington withdrew their request for a live hearing, and the Division agreed to dismiss charges B and E.

¶ 11. On December 1, 2010, the Secretary of State issued a Final Cease and Desist Order against Wolfe and Harrington; Wolfe was fined $850,000, and Harrington was fined $170,000. Wolfe and Harrington appealed to Chancery Court of Hinds County, First Judicial District, and their appeals were consolidated. All parties submitted full briefing to the chancellor, and a hearing was held on January 25, 2012. The chancellor affirmed the Secretary of State's Final Order. Wolfe and Harrington appealed to this Court.

Standard of Review

¶ 12. "When this Court reviews a decision by a chancery or circuit court concerning an agency action, it applies the same standard of review that the lower courts are bound to follow." Miss. Sierra Club, Inc. v. Miss. Dep't of Envtl. Quality, 819 So.2d 515, 519 (¶ 15) (Miss.2002). As for the chancellor's review of factual findings, by statutory mandate, "[t]he findings of the secretary of state as to the facts, if supported by competent material and substantial evidence, are conclusive." Miss. Code Ann. § 75-71-601 (Rev.2009) (repealed 2010).2 However, "statutory interpretation is a question of law that is reviewed de novo." W.C. Fore v. Miss. Dep't of Revenue, 90 So.3d 572, 577 (¶ 12) (Miss. 2012).

¶ 13. Generally, an administrative agency decision will be reversed only if it "(1) was unsupported by substantial evidence; (2) was arbitrary and capricious; (3) was beyond the power of the administrative agency to make; or (4) violated the complaining party's statutory or constitutional right." Id. This Court has said the following about substantial evidence and arbitrary decisions:

Sierra Club v. Miss. Envtl. Quality Permit Bd., 943 So.2d 673, 678 (¶ 11) (Miss. 2006).

Discussion

¶ 14. Wolfe and Harrington were charged with violating Mississippi Code Section 75-71-501, which provides:

Miss.Code Ann. § 75-71-501 (Rev.2009) (repealed 2010). There exists a dearth of caselaw on Mississippi securities law, however, Mississippi's regulations are similar to the federal securities regulations, and we are able to look to federal caselaw for guidance.3 In fact, "[Section] 75-71-501 is virtually identical to § 17(a) of the Securities Act of 1933[.]" Allyn v. Wortman, 725 So.2d 94, 102 (Miss.1998). Section 17(a) is codified at 15 U.S.C. § 77q(a)(1), and it provides:

15 U.S.C. § 77q(a)(1) (2006). Rule 10b-5 also contains language nearly identical to Section 75-71-501 and Section 17(a). See 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5 (2006).4

¶ 15. The hearing officer found, and the Secretary of State and the chancellor both affirmed, that Wolfe and Harrington had violated Mississippi Code Section 75-71-501 because they had failed to comply with the terms of the PPM by not placing investment funds in an escrow account and by not maintaining adequate records of SteadiVest's financial operating activities. On appeal, Wolfe asserts that (1) the chancellor's findings were not supported by substantial evidence; (2) the PPM contained sufficient warnings, which rendered the alleged misrepresentations immaterial as a matter of law; and (3) the penalties imposed were not provided for in the statute and were arbitrary, capricious, and unconstitutional. Wolfe also adopts Harrington's arguments. Harrington asserts that: (1) the hearing officer applied the wrong burden of proof; (2) proof of scienter should have been required; (3) Harrington was not responsible for depositing funds into an escrow account, but even if that allegation was true, failure to do so is not a violation of Section 75-71-501; (4) Harrington did not fail to maintain books and records, but even if that allegation was true, failure to do so is not a violation of Section 75-71-501; (5) the hearing officer should have found that Harrington did not use funds for personal gain; (6) Section 75-71-501 is unconstitutionally vague as applied; and (7) the penalty imposed was improper and excessive. The issues have been reorganized for the purpose of discussion.

I. Whether the hearing officer applied the wrong burden of proof.

¶ 16. Harrington asserts that the hearing officer erred in applying the preponderance of the evidence standard, and he claims the burden of proof should have been clear and convincing evidence. The Division rebuts that the Mississippi Securities Act Rules provide that the preponderance of the evidence standard applies. The Division is correct that Rule 817(B) provides that "[u]nless otherwise specified by law, the standard of proof at the hearing shall be by a preponderance of the evidence standard." Miss. Sec. Act R. 817(B). Harrington claims that Mississippi caselaw has "specified otherwise" by requiring clear and convincing evidence in fraud cases. The dissent agrees with Harrington, doing a solid job of describing the elements and burden of proof applicable to a common law fraud claim sounding in tort. However, both the dissent and Harrington fail to grasp that the instant case is a securities case, brought pursuant to statutory law — not common law — by a state agency to enforce said securities law. Also, the plain language of Section 75-71-501(3) does not contemplate the actual commission of a fraud, but rather "any act, practice[,] or course of business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit[.]" (Emphasis added.) Accordingly, there exists no applicable statutory requirement that fraud be proven at all; it is enough to satisfy the statute to show the existence of an act, practice, or course of business that would operate as a deceit.

¶ 17. While common law fraud does require clear and convincing evidence, the United States Supreme Court has held that "the antifraud provisions of the securities laws are not coextensive with common law doctrines of fraud," and the Supreme Court has upheld the preponderance of the evidence standard in federal antifraud cases. Herman & MacLean v. Huddleston, 459 U.S. 375, 387-89, 103 S.Ct. 683, 74 L.Ed.2d 548 (1983); Steadman v. SEC, 450 U.S. 91, 92, 96, 101 S.Ct. 999, 67 L.Ed.2d 69 (1981). As stated above, Section 75-71-501 is virtually identical to Section 17(a) of the federal securities act, and the United States Supreme Court has held that "proof by a preponderance of the evidence suffices to establish liability" in a fraud action brought under Section 17(a). Huddleston, 459 U.S. at 387, 103 S.Ct. 683. See also Steadman, 450 U.S. at 92, 101 S.Ct. 999.

¶ 18. Alternatively, in one Mississippi case in which investors sued an investment solicitor for fraud, the Court held that fraud "must be proven by clear and convincing evidence." Holland v. Mayfield, 826 So.2d 664, 674 (¶ 45) (Miss.1999) (citations omitted). However, the cases cited for that principle in Holland were not investment securities cases, and the Holland Court did not address the preponderance of the evidence standard or the Mississippi Securities Act Rules. Because the Holland Court failed to address the Mississippi Securities Act Rules, and because Rule 817(B) specifically provides that the preponderance of the evidence standard should be applied, we hold that the Holland Court erred in applying the clear and convincing standard without explaining the departure from the Rules.

¶ 19. To bolster his claim that clear and convincing evidence should be required, Harrington asserts that "this is a quasi-criminal matter where a higher burden of proof should be required," but he does not provide any support for that position. He also argues that, because of the large fine that could be levied against him, he should be entitled to the same protection given to those subject to punitive damages, which would require a clear and convincing burden of proof. See Miss.Code Ann. § 11-1-65 (Supp.2013). Finally, he asserts the clear and convincing standard is required in other administrative proceedings — such as proceedings for unemployment benefits and lawyer disbarment — but he does not explain why that standard should be applied here, in light of Rule 817.

¶ 20. The Division rebuts that the United States Supreme Court has upheld the preponderance of the evidence standard where similar concerns were at issue. In Steadman, the Court upheld the use of the preponderance of the evidence standard in light of a dissenting opinion that took issue with the standard, arguing that "severe sanctions" had been imposed on Steadman under the antifraud provisions of the securities acts, including being "barred permanently from practicing his profession." Steadman, 450 U.S. at 104, 101 S.Ct. 999 (Powell, J., dissenting). The Court also affirmed the use of the preponderance standard in civil antifraud proceedings in Huddleston, writing:

Huddleston, 459 U.S. at 389-90, 103 S.Ct. 683 (footnote omitted). We hold that the hearing officer was correct in applying the preponderance of the evidence standard based on Mississippi Securities Act Rule 817 and federal case law.

II. Whether proof of scienter should have been required to prove fraud.

¶ 21. Harrington asserts that proof of scienter should have been required. "Scienter" refers to "knowing or intentional misconduct." Aaron v. SEC, 446 U.S. 680, 696, 100 S.Ct. 1945, 64 L.Ed.2d 611 (1980). See also May field Motor Co. v. Parker, 222 Miss. 152, 75 So.2d 435, 437 (Miss.1954) (discussing "what amounts to proof of scienter," the Court held that it must be shown that representations were made "with actual knowledge of their falsity, or without knowing whether they were true or false, or under such circumstances that he ought to have known that they were false, whether he did or not") (quoting H.D. Sojourner & Co. v. Joseph, 186 Miss. 755, 191 So. 418, 421 (1939)).

¶ 22. As set forth above, Section 17(a) of the federal Securities Act of 1933 is virtually identical to Mississippi's Section 75-71-501, and the Division points out that the United States Supreme Court has held "that the language of § 17(a) requires scienter under § 17(a)(1), but not under § 17(a)(2) or § 17(a)(3)." Aaron, 446 U.S. at 697, 100 S.Ct. 1945. The Supreme Court's discussion on the point was as follows:

Aaron, 446 U.S. at 696-97, 100 S.Ct. 1945 (footnotes omitted). See also SEC v. Evolution Capital Advisors, LLC, 866 F.Supp.2d 661, 667 (S.D.Tex.2011) ("no scienter is required" under "Sections 17(a)(2) and 17(a)(3) of the Securities Act"). Applying the Supreme Court's reasoning to the nearly identical Mississippi statute, scienter would be required only for subsection (1) of Section 75-71-501, but it would not be required for subsections (2) and (3).5 Wolfe and Harrington were charged with violating subsections (2) and (3), so only those subsections are at issue in the instant matter.

¶ 23. Other state courts have adopted the rationale from Aaron v. SEC in regard to similar state laws. See Sec'y of State v. Tretiak, 117 Nev. 299, 22 P.3d 1134, 1141 (Nev.2001) (scienter not required for securities fraud initiated under Nevada Code Sections 90.570(2) and (3), which are almost identical to Sections 17(a)(2) and (3) of the federal code); State v. Shama Res. Ltd. P'ship, 127 Idaho 267, 899 P.2d 977, 982 (1995) (intent or scienter not required to establish fraud under Idaho Code Sections 30-1403(2) and (3), which are virtually identical to Sections 17(a)(2) and (3)); People v. Whitlow, 89 Ill.2d 322, 60 Ill.Dec. 587, 433 N.E.2d 629, 634 (1982) (scienter is an essential element of the offense under the Illinois Code section analogous to Section 17(a)(1), but not an element of the offenses under the sections analogous to Sections 17(a)(2) and (3)); State v. Gunnison, 127 Ariz. 110, 618 P.2d 604, 607 (1980) ("scienter is not an element of a violation of A.R.S. § 44-1991(2), even though it may be an element of A.R.S. § 44-1991(1)," those sections being virtually identical to Sections 17(a)(1) and (a)(2)).

¶ 24. Sections 17(a)(2) and (a)(3) of the federal Securities Act are identical to Mississippi Code Sections 75-71-501(2) and (3). Those subsections are "devoid of any suggestion" of a scienter requirement, and the focus is on the effect of Wolfe's and Harrington's conduct, rather than on their intent. See Aaron, 446 U.S. at 696-97, 100 S.Ct. 1945. Scienter is not a required element for charges brought under Mississippi Code Sections 75-71-501(2) and (3), which are the only sections at issue here. Therefore, the hearing officer and chancellor did not err by not making a specific finding regarding scienter, because they were not required to do so.

III. Whether the PPM contained sufficient warnings, which rendered the alleged misrepresentations immaterial as a matter of law.

¶ 25. Wolfe and Harrington assert that the "bespeaks caution" doctrine should be applied because the PPM contained sufficient warnings, which rendered the alleged misrepresentations immaterial. According to the bespeaks caution doctrine, "sufficient cautionary language renders alleged misrepresentations immaterial as a matter of law." Allyn, 725 So.2d at 103 (¶ 43) (quoting Moorhead v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 949 F.2d 243, 245-46 (8th Cir.1991)). The Division asserts that the bespeaks caution doctrine applies only to predictions about business results, not to statements of fact. See Calliott v. HFS, Inc., 2000 WL 351753, *6 (N.D.Tex. Mar.31, 2000). The "alleged misrepresentations" at issue are the promises to put investment funds in escrow and to maintain books and records.

¶ 26. Wolfe asks the Court to "read the PPM in its entirety, just as any potential investor should have," and he claims that it is "replete with warnings, cautions, ALL CAPS, and bold print[,] which stood as alarms for anyone that considered placing their money in this high-risk venture." Wolfe addresses the main allegations against him and points to two excerpts from the PPM, which he apparently considers to be warnings sufficient to render the allegations immaterial. The cautionary language that Wolfe references has nothing to do with the allegations that he claims are rendered immaterial by those warnings. He pointed to no other language in the PPM pertaining to the promises at issue. The PPM did include numerous warnings about the risks involved, but the promises to hold investor funds in escrow and to maintain records have little to do with the risk of the investment. Those were promises pertaining to business practices with which Wolfe and Harrington failed to comply.

¶ 27. In Rubinstein v. Collins, the Fifth Circuit explained the bespeaks caution doctrine as follows:

Rubinstein v. Collins, 20 F.3d 160, 166-68 (5th Cir.1994) (footnotes omitted). "Predictive" statements include "economic predictions and forecasts." Id. at 162. Predictive statements are those such as the representations in the PPM that SteadiVest projected $60,000,000 in revenue and $20,000,000 in earnings over the first five years. On the other hand, assurances that investments would be held in escrow for a certain period of time and that records would be maintained are not predictive. The bespeaks caution doctrine does not apply to the allegations at issue because they did not involve predictive statements; they were simply promises to perform certain duties.

IV. Whether Harrington's conduct constituted a violation of Section 75-71-501.

¶ 28. Harrington claims that he did not have a duty to deposit funds in an escrow account or to maintain books and records, but even if he did, failure to do those things did not violate Section 75-71-501. He also claims that there was insufficient evidence to prove that he used investment funds for personal gain. Harrington does not provide support for these arguments, nor does the Division cite any cases in support of its arguments in response. The specific issue of whether violating promises in a PPM constitutes a violation of Section 75-71-501 has not been previously considered by the Court.

A. Failure to deposit funds in an escrow account

¶ 29. The PPM included several statements that "subscription payments [would] be held in escrow" until either $1,000,000 was raised or until September 30, 2008, whichever occurred first. But escrow accounts were never set up, and investors' funds were deposited in an operating account and used to pay daily operating expenses. Harrington claims that he did not make the promises in the PPM, and he was not responsible for fulfilling them.

¶ 30. Harrington simply claims that he did not handle investor money, and it was not his responsibility to set up an escrow account and make sure investment funds were deposited into it. Harrington says that the comptroller "handled all day-to-day banking and financial matters for MTW under direction from Wolfe."6 Harrington also claims that he had no knowledge that an escrow account was not set up or that the investment funds were being deposited into an operating account. Harrington's brief did not address the fact that his title was chief financial officer, nor did he explain why, as CFO, he had no knowledge of how the money was handled. The point was addressed at oral argument, and Harrington's attorney argued that Harrington's titles did not mean anything, and although he had the title of CFO, Harrington actually had no knowledge of the company's finances.

¶ 31. Officers of a corporation must exercise utmost good faith and loyalty in discharging their duties. Fought v. Morris, 543 So.2d 167, 171 (Miss.1989); Gibson v. Manuel, 534 So.2d 199, 201 (Miss.1988).7 If Harrington — as president, CFO, and COO — truly did not know how the investors' money was being handled, then he violated a fiduciary duty to the investors who purchased membership interests in SteadiVest. He was not acting in good faith when he discussed investment opportunities, as he did not know whether his claims were accurate and whether the company would act responsibly with investors' money. The Summary Order identified at least eight investors who spoke with Harrington — Mike and Sue Yarbro, Rick Lacey, Hal Parker, Danny Gray, Alex Breeland, Lee Breeland, and Bobby Isonhood. Harrington told them that SteadiVest was doing well and was in good financial condition.

¶ 32. The PPM instructed investors to contact Harrington with any questions or for more information about the offering. And Harrington actually spoke with investors about SteadiVest's financial condition and the membership offering. Thus, it seems unlikely that Harrington truly knew nothing of the company's financial state. The hearing officer found that both Wolfe and Harrington exhibited "reckless disregard for the truth," and he found sufficient evidence to conclude that Harrington had failed to ensure the investors' money was put into escrow accounts. Harrington's conclusory statements, with no supporting facts or evidence, and his claims that he had no knowledge about the status of the escrow accounts are insufficient to contradict the hearing officer's findings.

¶ 33. Alternatively, Harrington claims that, even if the allegation was true, failure to deposit funds in an escrow account would not be a violation of Section 75-71-501. He claims that the hearing officer failed to identify how the conduct violated 75-71-501, and he claims that the failure was a violation of due process. Section 75-71-501 provides that, with regard to the sale of securities, it is unlawful:

Miss.Code Ann. § 75-71-501(2), (3) (Rev. 2009) (repealed 2010). Clearly, the specific act of failing to deposit funds into an escrow account is not explicitly prohibited by Section 75-71-501. However, that section does prohibit making untrue statements and engaging in practices that are or would be fraudulent or deceitful. Id. The assurance that funds would be held in escrow likely would be a "material fact" to investors, as holding the funds in escrow would provide some safety for their investments.

¶ 34. The PPM promised that investment funds would be held in an escrow account. They were not. Instead, investors' money was deposited into an operating account and used to cover daily expenses. Thus, false statements were made in the PPM, and the use of investors' money to cover daily expenses was deceitful and fraudulent. We hold that the chancellor did not err in affirming that the conduct was a violation of Section 75-71-501.

B. Failure to maintain books and records

¶ 35. The PPM included a statement that SteadiVest would "maintain full and complete records and books of accounting showing assets, liabilities[,] and the capital accounts of the Members, revenues and expenditures, and all other aspects of the operations, transactions[,] and financial condition of the Company." Further, it said records were to be kept at the SteadiVest office, and members/investors were to have access to them at any time.

¶ 36. Harrington claims he was not responsible for keeping books and records; he puts that responsibility on the comptroller and on Wolfe, as the CEO. He also claims that the hearing officer failed to specify what books and records Harrington supposedly was responsible for and what records were missing. Finally, he says he could not have provided any records because the request for records was not made until a year after he left the company. Again, Harrington fails to address any responsibility he may have had as president, CFO, and COO.

¶ 37. Harrington goes on to state that, in fact, SteadiVest did provide the Division with "numerous business and financial records," including several checking account statements, credit card statements, investor subscription documents, loan documents, QuickBooks general ledger accounting entries, and human resources files. That assertion is specious, at best. Printouts of SteadiVest's credit card statements and checking accounts would not satisfy the promise to maintain books and records showing how investors' funds were managed (although it is ironic that SteadiVest's checking account is where the investment funds actually went). The hearing officer found sufficient evidence to conclude that Harrington had failed to maintain books and records, as promised in the PPM. Harrington's attempt to shift blame and his conclusory statements regarding his lack of responsibility are insufficient to support a finding that the hearing officer erred.

¶ 38. Harrington also claims that, even if the allegation was true, failure to maintain books and records would not be a violation of Section 75-71-501. He claims that, again, the hearing officer failed to identify how the conduct violated Section 75-71-501, and he claims this was a violation of due process. Again, Harrington does not provide any support for his argument. Like the previous issue, the specific act of failing to maintain books and records is not explicitly prohibited by Section 75-71-501, but making untrue statements and engaging in practices that are or would be fraudulent or deceitful is prohibited. Miss.Code Ann. § 75-71-501(2), (3) (Rev.2009) (repealed 2010). The PPM promised that books and records would be maintained and would be available for investors to review at any time. That was not done. As such, the promise was untrue, misleading, and part of the overall fraud committed by Wolfe and Harrington. We find no error in the chancellor's affirmation that the conduct constituted a violation of Section 75-71-501.

C. Use of investment funds for personal gain

¶ 39. Harrington asserts that the hearing officer should have made a finding that Harrington did not use investment funds for personal gain. Harrington claims that the hearing officer found that there was insufficient evidence to support the claim that he used investment funds for personal gain, but that he failed to make a finding in favor of Harrington. He asks the Court to enter judgment in his favor as to the claim that he used investor funds for personal gain.

¶ 40. The hearing officer said that the record was "not presently sufficient to make a conclusion of law" on the issue, and any conclusion on the issue would have to await further proceedings. Therefore, the hearing officer did not conclude that Harrington did not use investment funds for personal gain, as Harrington suggests. Rather, he found that the issue could not be determined from the record and that it would have to be determined in a later proceeding. The Division asserts that the issue is not ripe for review because it has not been fully decided. We agree. The hearing officer did not make a finding on the issue, and the chancellor did not review it. "The well-recognized rule is that a trial court will not be put in error on appeal for a matter not presented to it for decision." McDonald v. McDonald, 39 So.3d 868, 885 (¶ 54) (Miss.2010) (quoting Mills v. Nichols, 467 So.2d 924, 931 (Miss. 1985)). The issue is not properly before the Court.

V. Whether Section 75-71-501 is unconstitutionally vague as applied in the instant case.

¶ 41. Harrington asserts that Section 75-71-501 is unconstitutionally vague as applied in the instant case and that his due process rights have been violated. He writes that "due process is violated when a statute fails to provide a reasonable person of ordinary intelligence fair notice of what is prohibited, or is so standardless that it authorizes or encourages seriously discriminatory enforcement." See Hill v. Colorado, 530 U.S. 703, 732, 120 S.Ct. 2480, 147 L.Ed.2d 597 (2000). He asserts that neither the Division nor the hearing officer explained how he violated Section 75-71-501, so his due process rights have been violated. The Division responds that "no special intelligence is required to understand that the statute prohibits lying to promote the sale of securities." Harrington's argument on the issue is a restatement of his position that his conduct did not violate Section 75-71-501, which was discussed in the previous section. The issue is without merit.

VI. Whether the chancellor's findings were supported by substantial evidence.

¶ 42. Wolfe asserts that the hearing officer's decision and the chancellor's findings were not supported by substantial evidence; he claims the Division failed to prove reasonable reliance; and he complains that there has been no hearing.

A. Reasonable Reliance

¶ 43. Wolfe claims that "reasonable reliance" was not proven, and he lists eight factors that should be used "to determine whether a plaintiff `justifiably relied' on a defendant's representations." See Geisenberger v. John Hancock Distrib., Inc., 774 F.Supp. 1045, 1050-51 (S.D.Miss.1991). Geisenberger dealt with Rule 10b-5 litigation brought by an individual, not by the State. The instant matter is not a private cause of action, so Geisenberger is distinguishable.8

¶ 44. Other state and federal courts have reached the conclusion that the requirements in private causes of action are not the same as in enforcement cases brought by the State. Those courts have held that, along with scienter, reliance is not an element of proving securities violations in enforcement actions. See Geman v. SEC, 334 F.3d 1183, 1191 (10th Cir.2003) ("enforcement action by the Commission is much different from a common law action for damages ... SEC is not required to prove reliance or injury in enforcement actions"); SEC v. Rana Research, Inc., 8 F.3d 1358, 1364 (9th Cir. 1993) ("SEC need not prove reliance in its action for injunctive relief on the basis of violations of section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5."); SEC v. Blavin, 760 F.2d 706, 711 (6th Cir.1985) ("Unlike private litigants seeking damages, the Commission is not required to prove that any investor actually relied on the misrepresentations...."); Sec'y of State v. Tretiak, 117 Nev. 299, 22 P.3d 1134, 1141 (Nev.2001) (like scienter, reliance is not a required element of securities fraud in actions initiated under NRS 90.570(2) and (3));9 Esser Distrib. Co., Inc. v. Steidl, 149 Wis.2d 64, 437 N.W.2d 884, 886-87 (1989) (no reliance requirement in securities fraud action); Bradley v. Hullander, 272 S.C. 6, 249 S.E.2d 486, 494 (1978) (reliance and causation are not necessary elements to prove fraud under South Carolina securities law); State of Idaho, Dep't of Fin. v. Tenney, 124 Idaho 243, 858 P.2d 782, 788 (App.1993) (detrimental reliance not required in securities enforcement action brought by the state). Based on the cases cited here, we adopt the rule that, along with scienter, reliance is not an element of fraud in securities enforcement actions brought by the State. Thus, the issue is without merit.

B. Formal Hearing

¶ 45. Wolfe takes issue with the fact there has not been a formal hearing. His argument is without merit. Wolfe and Harrington agreed to have three issues resolved by formal briefing and two issues resolved by live testimony and argument at a hearing. After the hearing officer ruled on the three issues that were briefed, Wolfe and Harrington withdrew their requests for a live hearing, and the Division agreed to dismiss the remaining charges. At oral argument, counsel for Wolfe claimed that Wolfe did not withdraw his request for a formal hearing. However, the record includes an agreed order dated November 30, 2010, entitled "Order of Withdrawal and Partial Dismissal," which was signed by the Secretary of State's attorney, Wolfe, Harrington, and the administrative hearing officer. The order provided that Wolfe and Harrington withdrew their requests for a hearing, that the scheduled hearing would be cancelled, and that the Division dismissed with prejudice the remaining allegations. A copy of the agreed order was in the record and in the record excerpts submitted by Wolfe and Harrington. Wolfe cannot now complain that he was not given a hearing when he agreed to some of the issues being resolved by briefing and then withdrew his request for a hearing as to the remaining issues so that they would be dropped. "Because of judicial estoppel, a party cannot assume a position at one stage of a proceeding and then take a contrary stand later in the same litigation." In re Estate of Richardson, 903 So.2d 51, 56 (¶ 17) (Miss.2005) (quoting Dockins v. Allred, 849 So.2d 151, 155 (¶ 7) (Miss.2003)).

¶ 46. Further, the record indicates that the parties submitted briefs to the chancellor, and a hearing was held on January 25, 2012. However, a court reporter was not present at the hearing, thus, there is no transcript for the Court to review. At oral argument, the parties could not explain why they chose to have an "off the record" hearing, but they stated they made the same arguments before the chancellor that they made before this Court. Wolfe's argument that he did not receive a hearing is disingenuous. He waived his right to a hearing on some of the issues, which were then dismissed, and he did have a hearing in chancery court on appeal. The argument is without merit.

C. Evidence

¶ 47. The only evidence in the record is that provided by the Division. Both Wolfe and Harrington simply deny any wrongdoing and try to lay the blame elsewhere, but they fail to provide any evidence, witnesses, or affidavits to support their positions. The Division asserts that Wolfe and Harrington were both officers of Steadi-Vest during the relevant time period — Wolfe as CEO and Harrington as president, CFO, and COO. Therefore, the Division claims both Wolfe and Harrington "assumed a fiduciary duty to investors to perform the functions of his office with the care that an ordinary prudent person would reasonably be expected to exercise in a like position and under similar circumstances." See Miss.Code Ann. § 79-4-8.42 (Rev.2013), and Fought v. Morris, 543 So.2d 167, 171 (Miss.1989) ("officers of a corporation stand in a fiduciary relationship to the corporation and its stockholders.... includ[ing] exercising the utmost good faith and loyalty in discharge of the corporate office"). The Division claims that Wolfe's and Harrington's proclaimed ignorance of how the investors' money was handled was a breach of their fiduciary duty.

¶ 48. The Division is correct that we have held that officers of a corporation must exercise utmost good faith and loyalty in discharging their duties. Fought, 543 So.2d at 171; Gibson, 534 So.2d at 201. As discussed above, if Wolfe and Harrington truly did not know how the investors' money was being handled, then they were not acting in good faith and they violated fiduciary duties to the investors who purchased membership interests in SteadiVest in reliance on statements made and information provided by Wolfe and Harrington. Wolfe signed the January 2008 letter sent to potential investors that outlined the membership offering, and the PPM instructed investors to contact Harrington with any questions or for more information about the offering.

¶ 49. The Summary Order identified at least eight investors who spoke with Wolfe and Harrington — Mike and Sue Yarbro, Rick Lacey, Hal Parker, Danny Gray, Alex Breeland, Lee Breeland, and Bobby Isonhood. These investors were told that SteadiVest was doing well, was in good financial condition, and would continue to be profitable. It does not seem plausible that Wolfe and Harrington — the individuals acting as the company's President, CEO, CFO, and COO — honestly did not know about SteadiVest's financial condition. The hearing officer found that both Wolfe and Harrington exhibited "reckless disregard for the truth." The hearing officer considered the evidence and determined that Wolfe's and Harrington's conduct violated Section 75-71-501.

¶ 50. In an appeal from an administrative agency decision, the agency's decision must be supported by substantial evidence. Sierra Club, 943 So.2d at 678 (¶ 11). In this context, "[s]ubstantial evidence is `something less than a preponderance of the evidence but more than a scintilla or glimmer.'" Id. (quoting Weems, 653 So.2d at 280-81). There is more than a scintilla of evidence here. "An administrative appeal is not a means to have a court re-weigh evidence and reach a different conclusion." Sierra Club, 943 So.2d at 677 (¶ 10). We find that the Division presented sufficient evidence, and the chancellor did not err in affirming the Secretary of State's decision that Wolfe and Harrington committed two violations of Section 75-71-501, because they failed to comply with the terms of the PPM by not placing investment funds in an escrow account and by not maintaining adequate books and records.

VII. Whether the penalties imposed were improper under the statute, arbitrary, capricious, unconstitutional, and/or excessive.

¶ 51. The hearing officer imposed penalties on Wolfe and Harrington under Mississippi Code Section 75-71-715, which allows the imposition of an administrative penalty for violation of Mississippi's securities regulations. That section provides:

Miss.Code Ann. § 75-71-715(2) (Rev.2009) (repealed 2010). According to the above-quoted section, the penalty can be up to $25,000 for each offense, and each violation is considered a separate offense. Id. Further, in determining the amount of a sanction, the Secretary of State "shall consider... the frequency, persistence, and willfulness of the conduct ... [and] the number of persons adversely affected by the conduct[.]" Id. (emphasis added).

¶ 52. The Secretary of State found that Wolfe and Harrington had committed two violations against seventeen investors, and he applied the $25,000 maximum for each violation against each investor:

Wolfe was assessed a penalty of $850,000, the maximum penalty he could have received under the formula. Harrington was assessed a penalty of $170,000. Wolfe argues that the penalties imposed were not provided for in the statute and were arbitrary, capricious, and unconstitutional and therefore violated his due process rights. Likewise, Harrington asserts that the penalties were improper, excessive, and imposed in an arbitrary and capricious manner. Wolfe and Harrington seem to think the fine should be no more than $50,000 ($25,000 for two violations), split between the two of them.

¶ 53. Wolfe and Harrington both assert that the multiplication of the fine by the seventeen investors was improper. Wolfe claims that the Division failed to present testimony from the investors and failed to prove that they had been defrauded. Wolfe argues: "Perhaps these seventeen investors cannot be identified.... Perhaps there were more investors. Or less." Harrington argues that the "entire process was arbitrary and capricious" because there was no evidence to support multiplying the two violations by seventeen investors. Because the Division did not present evidence about the seventeen investors and there was no testimony from any of them, Harrington says that to conclude "that there were 17 separate violations of the two different offenses is rote speculation."

¶ 54. The Division did, in fact, identify at least seventeen investors. The Summary Order issued on January 26, 2010, which commenced the action, identified at least eight individuals who claimed to have spoken personally with both Wolfe and Harrington and who ultimately invested in the company. Further, the Division attached numerous exhibits to its brief submitted to the hearing officer, and one exhibit was a capitalization table that identified seventeen investors by name. Several of these investors later filed suit against Wolfe and Harrington, alleging fraud, negligent misrepresentation, conversion, and conspiracy in regard to their investments in SteadiVest. Notably, Wolfe is listed as one of the investors on the capitalization table, which shows that he invested $1,000. The other investments ranged from $15,000 to $284,000. Several of the investors identified in the Summary Order are not included on the capitalization table, so it is possible that there were more than seventeen investors.

¶ 55. Wolfe and Harrington were alleged to have defrauded investors of approximately $1.5 million. After the issues had been briefed and the hearing officer had considered the evidence, the hearing officer made a recommendation to the Secretary of State, suggesting a penalty of $1,585,000, based on the total investment amount. The Secretary of State considered the hearing officer's recommendation, as well as Section 75-71-715 and the number of violations at issue. The Secretary of State assessed penalties less than the recommended amount, but supposedly based on the method of calculation set forth in Section 75-71-715, of $850,000 to Wolfe and $170,000 to Harrington, for a total of $1,020,000. While we do not find that the manner in which the penalties were assessed rises to the level of being arbitrary or capricious, we do find a lack of evidence regarding the specific number of investors and the violations committed against each.

¶ 56. We affirm the finding that Wolfe and Harrington each committed two violations of Section 75-71-501, because they failed to comply with the terms of the PPM by not placing investment funds in an escrow account and by not maintaining adequate records of SteadiVest's financial operating activities. Because Section 75-71-715 provides that "each violation shall be considered as a separate offense," we agree that Wolfe and Harrington should each be sanctioned for two separate offenses. However, we do not find a basis in the law for the Secretary of State's method of calculating the penalties by multiplying the number of violations by the number of investors.

¶ 57. Section 75-71-715 provides that "the number of persons adversely affected by the conduct" shall be considered, but we hold that is a factor to be used-along with frequency, persistence, willfulness, and the violator's resources-in determining the amount of the sanction up to $25,000. The number of persons affected is not to be used as a multiplier for each violation. For example, a violation that occurred only once and which affected only two people may warrant a sanction of $5,000, but a violation that occurred multiple times and affected fifteen people may warrant the maximum sanction of $25,000. We have not found support for the Secretary of State's method of calculating the amount of the penalty by multiplying the $25,000 sanction per violation times the number of persons affected. Further, while the Division did identify investors by name, the exact number of investors is unclear, and it is possible that there were more than seventeen.

¶ 58. Wolfe and Harrington each committed two violations of Section 75-71-501, and we do not agree with Wolfe and Harrington that the amount of the sanctions should be divided between them. The amount of sanctions against each should be determined by considering the factors set forth in Section 75-71-715 and the number of violations committed. We reverse on the issue of sanctions, and remand the case to the chancery court for calculation and imposition of sanctions against both Wolfe and Harrington under Section 75-71-715, consistent with the instant opinion.

Conclusion

¶ 59. Based on the foregoing, we find that the chancellor did not err in affirming the Secretary of State's finding that Wolfe and Harrington had violated Mississippi Code Section 75-71-501 because they failed to comply with the terms of the PPM by not placing investment funds in an escrow account and by not maintaining adequate records of SteadiVest's financial operating activities. The Secretary of State's decision was supported by substantial evidence, was not arbitrary or capricious, did not go beyond the Secretary of State's power, and did not violate Wolfe's or Harrington's statutory or constitutional rights. See W.C. Fore, 90 So.3d at 577 (¶ 12); Sierra Club, 943 So.2d at 678 (¶ 10). However, we find that the method used to assess penalties against Wolfe and Harrington was improper, and we reverse on that issue. We remand for the chancery court to calculate and assess penalties against Wolfe and Harrington consistent with the instant opinion.

¶ 60. AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART AND REMANDED.

WALLER, C.J., RANDOLPH, P.J., LAMAR, KITCHENS, AND KING, JJ., CONCUR. DICKINSON, P.J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY CHANDLER AND PIERCE, JJ.

DICKINSON, Presiding Justice, Dissenting:

¶ 61. The majority should not, in my view, affirm the Secretary of State's finding of fraud because the Secretary of State made no finding that anyone detrimentally relied on any false representation. Indeed, the Secretary of State could not have made this finding because there has been no formal hearing on the matter. All we have are briefs. No witnesses. No evidence. No testimony regarding the level of sophistication of the investors. In fact, the record does not even disclose the names of the seventeen investors.

¶ 62. The majority views this case as a securities regulatory action where the Secretary of State properly found Harrington and Wolfe made representations that possibly could have defrauded someone, but simply made an arithmetic error on the "penalty." Any fair reading of the law requires more. And any fair reading of the facts in this case clearly demonstrates that the majority has strayed from the record and that the Secretary of State acted as surrogate plaintiff, plaintiff's counsel, trial judge, and trial jury in a fraud case.

¶ 63. The majority responds to the absence of any proof of fraud by saying that there does not have to be any fraud — just a subjective finding by the Secretary of State that there might have been some fraud. But the record does not support the majority's implication that the Secretary of State did not find actual fraud. In its brief, the Secretary of State clearly states: "The record is clear that 17 investors were defrauded." (Emphasis added.)

¶ 64. But even if the Secretary of State had argued the theory advanced by the majority, this case still should be reversed. The majority, claiming to strictly construe Section 75-71-501(3)'s language, fails to do so. The statute does not say that a violation occurs when one commits an act or practice that the Secretary of State subjectively believes might possibly operate as a fraud or deceit. Rather, it requires an "act, practice or course of business which operates or would operate (not might operate) as a fraud or deceit...." (Emphasis added.)

¶ 65. The Secretary of State represents to us that the record includes clear evidence that Harrington and Wolfe defrauded seventeen investors. There is no such proof in the record that has been made available to me. And I see none pointed to by the majority. There is no evidence whatsoever that anyone — let alone seventeen unnamed investors — detrimentally relied on anything represented by Harrington or Wolfe.

¶ 66. But even accepting the majority's theory that the Secretary of State did not find fraud, but rather that investors "would" have been defrauded, what is the proof of that? None. Nor could there be, since all of the alleged fraudulent conduct occurred in the past. This is not a case of alleged ongoing fraudulent conduct. So it defies logic to presume that the Secretary of State could find that Harrington and Wolfe committed acts that "would operate as a fraud" when there is no proof that anyone might have relied, was going to rely, or did rely to his or her detriment on any false representation.

¶ 67. If the majority intends to say the Legislature has given the Secretary of State the power and authority to find a violation for every representation in a securities offering that the Secretary of State subjectively believes might (as opposed to did or, unless abated, is going to) operate as a fraud, then it is enough for me to say that I simply reject that tortured interpretation of the statute. In my view, some proof is required that someone actually did detrimentally rely, or actually would have detrimentally relied, on the representations. The Secretary of State clearly found that Harrington and Wolfe did commit fraud, so I will explain my vote to reverse based on that finding, rather than on what the majority believes the Secretary of State might have found.

¶ 68. The word fraud is understood by nearly everyone who can spell it (including my esteemed colleagues in the majority), to mean an intentional, material, less than truthful, representation upon which the speaker intends the victim to rely, and upon which the victim does actually, detrimentally, rely.10 This Court has applied that meaning since before Mississippi became a state, and the English were employing it in the Common Law when Henry VIII schemed a way to marry Anne Boleyn. Law students must know and apply that meaning on law school and bar exams.

¶ 69. So why would we think the Legislature inserted the word "fraud" in Section 75-71-501 and expected us to apply a different meaning without telling us? The simple answer is, it would not — and did not. I certainly do not believe the Legislature expected us to rummage around in federal caselaw for a definition. And the same is true for the burden of proof for a fraud claim which, in Mississippi (as opposed to a few federal courts), has always been by clear and convincing evidence.

The standard of proof for fraud is clear and convincing evidence.

¶ 70. It is well-established law in Mississippi that a litigant must prove fraud by clear and convincing evidence.11 But with all due respect, I believe the majority has improperly relied on an incorrect interpretation of Administrative Rule 817,12 and on decisions rendered by federal courts concerning federal (not Mississippi) law, to lower that burden to a preponderance of the evidence for violations of Mississippi's securities-fraud claims.

¶ 71. Rule 817(b) states that "unless otherwise specified by law, the standard of proof at the hearing shall be by preponderance of the evidence standard."13 This, of course, raises the question of whether a different standard of proof has been "specified by law." Clearly, one has. The standard of proof for fraud claims is "by clear and convincing evidence." So say the "conclusions of law" in thousands of decisions rendered by chancellors, and even more jury instructions given by circuit judges and approved by this Court.14 So say both the old and new Mississippi Model Jury Instructions.15 If a legal rule as well-known, well-defined, and universally accepted as the burden of proof in a fraud case does not qualify as being "specified by law," then Rule 817 is devoid of meaning.

¶ 72. When confronted by contradictory authority in Holland v. Mayfield16 — wherein this Court applied a clear and convincing burden of proof to a securities-fraud case — the majority simply overrules it, stating only that "the Holland Court erred in applying the clear and convincing standard without explaining the departure from the Rules." In my view, the Holland Court had nothing to explain, since it did not depart from the Rules.

Fraud requires detrimental reliance.

¶ 73. The time-tested law of fraud that this Court has consistently followed requires proof of:

¶ 74. In Geisenberger v. John Hancock Distributors, Inc., a federal court found that Section 75-71-501 requires proof of reasonable reliance "consistent with federal rule 10b-5."18 The majority correctly points out that, in Allyn v. Wortman, we declined to follow Geisenberger;19 but the majority misapprehends the reason, which had nothing to do with the reasonable-reliance requirement for fraud. In Allyn, we determined that "there is no express provision for an individual cause of action or for private damages in the code regarding a violation of § 75-71-501," and it was on that point of law that we refused to follow Geisenberger.20

¶ 75. Both scienter and reliance are, and should be, necessary elements of fraud. The record is devoid of any findings by the Secretary of State that Wolf and Harrington knowingly or intentionally misled investors. The record is also devoid of any proof that anyone relied on any false representation, or that any false representation induced anyone to do anything.

¶ 76. Also, I note that, had Wolf and Harrington placed the funds in an escrow account as the PPM stated, it would have made no difference in this case, because the PPM also states that investments would remain in escrow only until SteadiVest raised one million dollars or until September 20, 2008, whichever first occurred. SteadiVest generated more than one million dollars within the first few months of its offering. After that, under the terms of the PPM, the money properly could have been placed in the company's operating account. So it seems to me unlikely that the failure to place the investment in escrow proximately caused anyone damage. But we will never know, because we have no testimony or proof of any kind from any investor.

CONCLUSION

¶ 77. Claims of fraud must be proven by clear and convincing evidence, and scienter and detrimental reliance are necessary elements of fraud. Because the Secretary of State applied the wrong standard of proof and failed to establish a claim of fraud, I would reverse and remand for a proper hearing.

CHANDLER AND PIERCE, JJ., JOIN THIS OPINION.