ORDER

DANA L. CHRISTENSEN, Chief District Judge.

Before the Court is Defendant Howard C. Roberts' Motion in limine Regarding Medical Records and Testimony. (Doc. 18.) Roberts asks the Court to exclude all medical records and medical provider testimony as to the cause of Plaintiff Brendan Adams' injuries because Adams failed to provide any expert reports. (Id. at 1.) For the reasons explained, the Court grants the motion. Because the parties are familiar with the facts, they will not be restated.

Discussion

In his Complaint, Adams brings claims for assault,1 trespass, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. (Doc. 1 at 5-6.) Montana law requires that a plaintiff who seeks damages for personal injury (where the injury is one that is subjective or not otherwise plainly apparent) must introduce expert testimony to establish the cause and permanence of the injury. Cain v. Stevenson, 706 P.2d 128, 131 (Mont. 1985). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(a)(2) requires litigants to disclose certain expert reports if they intend to use an expert at trial.

Rule 26 applies to two categories of experts: those who are specifically retained for trial, and those who are not specifically retained but will provide testimony that falls within Federal Rules of Evidence 702, 703, or 705. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(B)-(C). Specifically-retained experts must comply with Rule 26(a)(2)(B)'s more rigorous disclosure requirements,2 whereas a witness not specifically retained for trial, such as a treating physician, is generally exempt from the specificity required of retained experts so long as their testimony concerns opinions formed during the course of treatment, i.e., those pertaining to "care, treatment and prognosis." See Rule 26(a)(2)(C); Goodman v. Staples The Office Superstore, LLC, 644 F.3d 817, 826 (9th Cir. 2011)3; (Doc. 14 at 6). Contrary to Adams' contention, these witnesses are not entirely exempt from a reporting requirement. The 2010 Amendment to Rule 26, added subsection (a)(2)(C) which provides that these witnesses must produce a report that states "the subject matter on which the witness is expected to present evidence under Federal Rule of Evidence 702, 703, or 705; and a summary of the facts and opinions to which the witness is expected to testify." Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(C).

However, non-retained witnesses may become subject to 26(a)(2)(B)'s strictures where their testimony falls outside the scope of treatment. Goodman, 644 F.3d at 826. This often occurs when a treating physician consults outside records in order to testify as to whether a certain event caused certain injuries. See id.

Where a party fails to disclose a necessary report, that party may not use the non-disclosed information at trial "unless the failure was substantially justified or is harmless." Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1). This rule is mandatory, and is designed to "give[] teeth" to Rule 26's disclosure requirements. Joseph v. Linehaul Logistics Inc., 2012 WL 3779202 at *1 (D. Mont. Aug. 31, 2012).

Adams argues that no report was required because treating witnesses are fact, not expert, witnesses. (Doc. 20 at 2.) Adams is partially correct insomuch as a treating physician may be both a fact and expert witness. See, e.g, United States v. Figueroa-Lopez, 125 F.3d 1241, 1246 (9th Cir. 1997). Whether a certain witness is an expert (and therefore whether a disclosure is required) centers on the particular testimony offered and whether it falls under Federal Rule of Evidence 701 or 702. Fed. R. Evid. 701, Advisory Committee's Note, 2000 Amendments. Testimony is considered "expert" when it is based on "scientific, technical or other specialized knowledge." Id.

Federal Rule 701 provides:

Fed. R. Evid. 701. The Committee Comments to the 2000 Amendment clarify that Rule 701 is not to be used as a way to "channel[] testimony that is actually expert testimony" under Rule 702 to avoid the disclosure requirement's of Rule 26. Rule 701 is generally limited to testimony based on sensory perceptions, common knowledge, or things a lay person is qualified to observe. Opinion testimony of lay witnesses, 5 Handbook of Fed. Evid. § 701:1 (8th ed.).

Roberts asks the Court to exclude any testimony that attempts to attribute the cause of Adams' injuries to the alleged altercation with Roberts. (Doc. 19 at 2.) Testimony on this subject is expert testimony that requires disclosure under Rule 26. Adams failed to submit any expert reports—either a detailed 26(a)(2)(B) report or a more general 26(a)(2)(C) report. Adams does not argue that this failure was "substantially justified" or "harmless." Therefore, the Court is required under Rule 37(c)(1) to exclude any such testimony.

Notwithstanding his contention that no report was required, Adams argues that the Court ought to defer ruling on this motion until specific objection is brought at trial as it did in Walden v. Maryland Casualty Company. (Doc. 20.) However, the plaintiffs in Walden submitted a Rule 26(a)(2)(C) report. See 2018 WL 6445549, at *2. Here, because Adams has not submitted any reports, the Court requires no context-based information for its decision. BNSF Ry. Co. v. Quad City Testing Lab., Inc., No. CV-07-170-BLG-RFC, 2010 WL 4337827, at *1 (D. Mont. Oct. 26, 2010). Accordingly,

IT IS ORDERED that Defendants' Motion (Doc. 18) is GRANTED. Adams may not introduce any testimony or evidence from his care providers attributing the cause of his injuries to an altercation with Roberts. Adams also may not introduce testimony as to care, treatment and prognosis where such testimony is admissible under Federal Rules of Evidence 702, 703, and 705.