BEASLEY, Justice.
We consider whether the Court of Appeals erred by reversing in part the trial court's order granting summary judgment in favor of defendant. We reverse that decision by the Court of Appeals.
Plaintiff Stephanie L. Needham (Plaintiff Needham) and defendant had been involved in a long-term domestic relationship but they separated before 20 November 2009 when the events described below occurred. The couple had three children during the course of the relationship, all of whom were minors at the time of the incident that led to the present action.
On 26 September 2012, plaintiff filed a complaint alleging individual claims against defendant as well as claims asserted in her capacity as guardian ad litem on behalf of the three unemancipated minors. On the children's behalf, plaintiff brought claims seeking compensatory damages based on negligence, premises liability, negligent infliction of emotional distress, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and gross negligence, plus punitive damages. Plaintiff alleges in the complaint that around 1:25 a.m. on 20 November 2009, when she and the unemancipated minors still occupied defendant's home, defendant surreptitiously entered the home through the garage and attic. As defendant attempted to penetrate into the interior of the home via the attic stairs, he caused the attic ladder to unfold into the hallway below, striking plaintiff Needham on the back of her head, neck, and, shoulders. Plaintiff Needham sustained serious and permanent injuries. The unemancipated minors awoke because of the noise, observed plaintiff being struck by the ladder, and "recoiled in terror screaming ... and watched in shock as [defendant] descended the ladder shouting obscenities at their fallen mother[.]" Plaintiff Needham alleged that the children suffered emotional distress and psychological injuries, including post-traumatic stress disorder.
Defendant filed an answer and counterclaims followed by a motion for summary judgment in his favor on all claims asserted in the action. In his summary judgment motion, defendant argued, inter alia, that no issue of material fact existed regarding the unemancipated minors' claims because plaintiff's claims on their behalf are barred under the parent-child immunity doctrine. After hearing the motion, the trial court entered an order on 3 February 2014 granting summary judgment in defendant's favor and dismissing all the children's claims.1 Plaintiff appealed.
Using a de novo standard of review, the Court of Appeals agreed with plaintiff's argument that the parent-child immunity doctrine neither bars the unemancipated minors' claims based on gross negligence and intentional infliction of emotional distress, nor does it defeat their claim for punitive damages.2 Needham v. Price, ___ N.C.App. ___, ___, 768 S.E.2d 160, 164 (2015). Relying on this Court's decision in Holt, the Court of Appeals explained that "[t]he parent-child immunity doctrine `bar[s] actions between unemancipated children and their parents based on ordinary negligence.'" Id. at ___, 768 S.E.2d at 164 (second alteration in original) (quoting Doe v. Holt, 332 N.C. 90, 95, 418 S.E.2d 511, 514 (1992)). The Court of Appeals recognized the exception to the parent-child immunity doctrine found in Holt that any injuries sustained by unemancipated minors arising from a parent's willful and malicious acts may be actionable. Id. at ___, 768 S.E.2d at 164 (citing Holt, 332 N.C. at 96, 418 S.E.2d at (514)). The Court of Appeals also concluded that the terms "willful and wanton conduct" and "gross negligence" are used interchangeably in describing conduct falling between ordinary negligence and intentional conduct. Id. at ___, 768 S.E.2d at 164 (quoting Yancey v. Lea, 354 N.C. 48, 52, 550 S.E.2d 155, 157 (2001)). The Court of Appeals ultimately concluded that because gross negligence and intentional infliction of emotional distress require conduct that goes beyond ordinary negligence, an unemancipated minor could pursue those claims against a parent. Id. at ___, 768 S.E.2d at 164 (citations omitted). In analyzing the forecast of evidence regarding the unemancipated minors' intentional infliction of emotional distress and gross negligence claims, the Court of Appeals held that the trial court erred by dismissing those claims as well as the related punitive damages claim. Id. at ___, 768 S.E.2d at 165-66 (citations omitted). This Court allowed defendant's petition for discretionary review.
In Holt, this Court examined whether unemancipated minors could pursue an action against their father in tort arising from repeated incidents of rape and sexual molestation over nine years. Holt, 332 N.C. at 91-92, 418 S.E.2d at 512. This Court recognized that the purpose of the parent-child immunity doctrine is "maintenance of family harmony" so that "suits by children against their parents for negligent injury" do not "destroy parental authority and undermine the security of the home." Id. at 95, 418 S.E.2d at 514 (quoting Small v. Morrison, 185 N.C. 577, 584, 118 S.E. 12, 15 (1923)). Therefore, this Court concluded that except where statutorily abrogated, id. at 93, 418 S.E.2d at 512-13, the parent-child immunity doctrine "bar[s] actions between unemancipated children and their parents based on ordinary negligence," id. at 95, 418 S.E.2d at 514. This Court also concluded that "the parent-child immunity doctrine in North Carolina has never applied to, and may not be applied to, actions by unemancipated minors to recover for injuries resulting from their parent's willful and malicious acts." Id. at 96, 418 S.E.2d at 514.
In Holt this Court took great care to emphasize the importance of allowing unemancipated minors to seek damages for injuries suffered as a result of a parent's willful and malicious conduct through repeated use of that phrase. Id. at 94-97, 418 S.E.2d at 513-15. An act is willful "when it is done purposely and deliberately in violation of law" or "when it is done knowingly" and for a particular purpose. Id. at 95, 418 S.E.2d at 514 (quoting Foster v. Hyman, 197 N.C. 189, 191, 148 S.E. 36, 37 (1929)). An act is malicious when committed deliberately ... "without just cause", excuse[,] or justification, and is "reasonably calculated to injure another." Id. at 96, 418 S.E.2d at 514 (quoting Betts v. Jones, 208 N.C. 410, 411, 181 S.E. 334, 335 (1935)). Therefore, the term "willful and malicious acts" refers to intentional acts. See Holt, Id. at 96, 418 S.E.2d at 514.
The Court of Appeals concluded that the terms "willful and wanton conduct" and "gross negligence" apply to conduct that falls "between ordinary negligence and intentional conduct." Needham, ___ N.C.App. at ___, 768 S.E.2d at 164 (quoting Yancey v. Lea, 354 N.C. at 52, 550 S.E.2d at 157). However, based upon this Court's holding in Holt, the standard for determining whether an unemancipated child's claim can survive summary judgment in an action for damages against a parent is whether the parent's actions are "willful and malicious." Anything short of willful and malicious conduct does not support a valid claim against a parent. We therefore hold that there must be willful and malicious conduct for an unemancipated child's claims to survive summary judgment in an action for damages against a parent.
Notably, the unemancipated minors here were bystanders to plaintiff Needham's injuries while the children in Holt were direct victims of repeated sexual abuse by their father over the course of many years. There was no evidence forecast to show that defendant's conduct was directed towards the unemancipated minors. There was also no evidence forecast to show that defendant's conduct rose to the level of malicious conduct "reasonably calculated to injure another." See Holt, 332 N.C. at 96, 418 S.E.2d at 514. We hold that defendant's conduct did not rise to the level of willful and malicious conduct against the unemancipated minors.
We therefore hold that the trial court's entry of summary judgment in favor of defendant on the children's claims for intentional infliction of emotional distress and gross negligence, as well as their related punitive damages claim, was correct, and that the Court of Appeals erred in reversing that portion of the trial court's order. Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals on the issue before this Court and remand this case to that court for further remand to the trial court for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. The remaining issues addressed by the Court of Appeals were not before this Court and that court's decision as to these issues remains undisturbed.
REVERSED IN PART AND REMANDED.
