BEASLEY, Judge.
The Town of Cedar Point (Defendant) and several financial institutions (included in the suit for notice purposes only) appeal from the trial court's entry of summary judgment in favor of Waterway Drive Property Owners' Association, Inc., by and through its members, (Plaintiffs) declaring Front Street/Waterway Drive a private road. For the following reasons, we affirm the orders of the trial court.
On 13 August 2010 Plaintiffs brought suit against Defendant to (1) establish by declaratory judgment that Defendant has no ownership interest to the area of Cedar Point known as "Front Street," which forms at least part of the street named Waterway Drive; (2) in the alternative, request compensation through inverse condemnation for a "taking" of the Front Street area; (3) in the alternative, request compensation
The evidence forecast by the parties' submissions to the trial court shows the following facts. It is undisputed that Front Street/Waterway Drive was dedicated to public use. In 1936, a landowner named John S. Jones filed a subdivision plat ("1936 Plat") in Carteret County wherein he indicated that a portion of his land abutting the Intracoastal Waterway was to be used for a fifty-foot wide right-of-way named "Front Street." From around the 1950s until about the early 1970s, the area designated as Front Street between Hill Street and Bell Street was used for vehicular traffic.
In 1978, Carteret County franchised a cable TV company to install cable in public streets in the area; cable was installed on Front Street. This was later franchised by Defendant in 1989. Defendant was incorporated in 1988. In 1988, Defendant franchised West Carteret Water Corporation to construct and maintain a water main system, which was installed on Front Street, along with a fire hydrant.
In 1989, Defendant adopted a Resolution granting the mayor authority to accept dedications of certain streets, of which Front Street/Waterway Drive was not included. A catch-all provision was included to extend that authority roughly one month into the future for any dedications offered in that time. In 1990, Defendant recorded a Notice of Acceptance that claims Defendant previously accepted several dedicated streets, including Front Street.
Around 1990, Plaintiffs paved a portion of Front Street at their own expense, renamed it Waterway Drive without petitioning Defendant for a name change, and posted a sign reading "Private Road" at the entrance. Defendant never objected to these actions. The eastern end of the street remains unpaved. Residents receive mail at post boxes at one end of the street, not at each individual residence.
There is evidence of Defendant clearing debris (consisting of a carpet) from the area of Waterway Drive following a hurricane in 1996. In 1998, Defendant had an additional fire hydrant installed on Waterway Drive. In 2001, Defendant contracted for garbage trucks to use the street to pick up garbage from the property residents. There is evidence of Defendant patching asphalt in 2006 and 2010.
There is evidence of payments by the property owners, in the form of personal checks, for maintenance and repair of the road from the 1970s through the 1990s and of the Association's by-laws and agreement that it would be responsible for maintenance and repairs. There is evidence in the form of a deed, deposition, and town minutes, of a private easement existing on Waterway Drive for the use of property owners.
In 2006, Defendant sent the property owners a letter stating that Defendant had previously accepted the dedication and planned on making improvements to the street. This prompted discussions between the parties such that in 2010 the Plaintiffs formally petitioned Defendant to abandon the street, maintaining the claim that it is a private street. Defendant held a public hearing and declined. Plaintiffs filed a declaration of withdrawal, followed by the instant lawsuit.
Prior to the summary judgment hearing, Defendant submitted the affidavit of John R. Jones, son of the original Front Street dedicator. Plaintiffs noticed a deposition of Mr. Jones and issued and served a subpoena for his appearance at the deposition. Mr. Jones, through counsel, objected to the subpoena and moved to quash it on the grounds that it imposed an undue burden on him for health reasons. In response, Plaintiffs filed a motion to compel Mr. Jones to appear to be deposed or, in the alternative, to strike Mr. Jones' affidavit on the grounds that lack of an opportunity to depose Mr. Jones would "unduly prejudice Plaintiffs." The trial court granted Plaintiffs' motion to strike the Jones affidavit and denied their motion to compel by an order entered 13 December 2011.
As to the motions by both parties for partial summary judgment, the trial court gave the following order, in pertinent part, on 14 February 2012:
Defendant timely filed notice of appeal to this Court on 14 March 2012.
"Our standard of review of an appeal from summary judgment is de novo; such judgment is appropriate only when the record shows that `there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that any party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.'" In re Will of Jones, 362 N.C. 569, 573, 669 S.E.2d 572, 576 (2008) (quoting Forbis v. Neal, 361 N.C. 519, 524, 649 S.E.2d 382, 385 (2007)).
Defendant first argues that the trial court erred in finding Waterway Drive to be a private road and thus in granting summary judgment to Plaintiffs. Specifically, Defendant
There is no argument that a dedication was not made, so it is not necessary to examine the merits of the dedication. Thus, our discussion turns on the merits of any purported acceptance.
Kraft v. Town of Mt. Olive, 183 N.C. App. 415, 420-21, 645 S.E.2d 132, 137 (2007) (citations omitted)(internal quotation marks omitted). Defendant argues that the dedication was accepted expressly through formal acceptance, implicitly through acts of control, and through its inclusion on an official map. It also argues that Plaintiffs attempt to withdraw the dedication is ineffective as a matter of law. We examine each in turn.
"Express acceptance can occur, inter alia, by `a formal ratification, resolution, or order by proper officials, the adoption of an ordinance, a town council's vote of approval, or the signing of a written instrument by proper authorities.'" Kraft, 183 N.C.App. at 420-21, 645 S.E.2d at 137 (citation omitted). Defendants claim that the dedication was accepted through the Resolution in 1989 and by the Notice of Acceptance of Dedication in 1990.
Plaintiff correctly asserts that the Resolution does not mention either Front Street or Waterway Drive. The catch-all provision pertains only to those dedications made from the date of the Resolution (27 June 1989) to 31 July 1989. The catch-all states, "Such other streets as shall be offered for dedication prior to July 31, 1989." The word `shall' indicates a prospective perspective. Further, the Resolution only serves to grant the mayor power to accept; it does not itself accept any dedications. Consequently, the Resolution is not, by itself, sufficient evidence of express acceptance of the dedication.
Thus, Defendant turns to the Notice of Acceptance: this document declares that the town has previously accepted several dedications, including Front Street. However, this still fails to satisfy the requirement of an express acceptance because it does not actually accept the dedication, but merely notes a previous acceptance of which there is no express record. See Kraft, 183 N.C.App. at 420-21, 645 S.E.2d at 137 (requiring some sort of written express acceptance or evidence of a vote). Even if this Notice was intended as an acceptance, our precedent deems intent and acceptance as separate requirements, despite the fact that the former informs the latter. Kraft, 183 N.C.App. at 418, 645 S.E.2d at 135 ("Where an intention to dedicate is found, and followed by an acceptance by the public, the dedication is complete." (emphasis added)).
Further, the validity of the Notice is called in to question, as according to the testimony of the Town Administrator, several of the streets listed in this Notice as having been previously accepted were and are still maintained by the Department of Transportation and were never actually accepted for dedication by the town.
We are not able to conclude that such a document provides evidence of express acceptance. Consequently, we find that neither document independently establishes acceptance and that, when read together, the documents do nothing more than loosely establish an intent to accept, either prospectively or retrospectively. Because this is not evidence of actual acceptance, we find no express acceptance of the dedication.
Kraft, 183 N.C.App. at 420-21, 645 S.E.2d at 137 (alteration in original) (citations omitted)(internal quotation marks omitted). "[M]erely providing municipal services to homeowners in a subdivision within a municipality does not constitute an implied acceptance by the municipality of dedication of a road when the homeowners have paid for those services by the payment of their ad valorem taxes." Concerned Citizens of Brunswick County Taxpayers Ass'n v. Holden Beach Enterprises, Inc., 95 N.C. App. 38, 46, 381 S.E.2d 810, 815 (1989), rev'd on other grounds sub nom. Concerned Citizens of Brunswick County Taxpayers Ass'n v. State ex rel. Rhodes, 329 N.C. 37, 404 S.E.2d 677 (1991).
Defendant argues that its control over the street is evidenced from its improvements (a water main in 1988 and fire hydrants in 1988 and 1998; cable TV lines in 1989), repairs (cleaning storm debris after hurricanes in 1996, 1999, and 2006), and patching asphalt in 2006 and 2010, plus sending garbage trucks down it weekly from 2001 on, adding it to the town's map in 2005, refusing to abandon it on Plaintiff's request in 2010, and applying for a permit to improve it in 2010.
In Kraft, this Court found town acceptance of a dedication implicit by making improvements and repairs to the road.
Kraft, 183 N.C.App. at 421, 645 S.E.2d at 137. This is distinguishable from the case sub judice.
In Defendant's own deposition, it stated that the trash collection was paid for by citizen's taxes and garbage fees. Further, this activity started in 2001, less than twenty years ago. Excepting only the addition of the water main, fire hydrants, and cable lines, none of Defendant's claims establish control for the requisite period of twenty years, if they even establish control at all. Thus, if these three additions dating back to the 1980's fail to establish control, there can be no implied acceptance, regardless of the control that may have begun in 2001, because the length of the time of control is not long enough.
Defendants fail to establish control over Waterway Drive with the additions of the water main, fire hydrants, and cable lines. Unlike in Kraft, where the utilities work on the road in question was performed by the town itself, see 183 N.C.App. at 421, 645 S.E.2d at 137, the water main work on Waterway Drive was performed by the water company. The town did not perform the work. The same is true of the cable TV lines. This case is further distinguishable from Kraft because the town's own recorded minutes from 27 April 2010 state that the taxpayers paid for the installation of the hydrants but the town is not responsible for their maintenance or for the water main maintenance. Thus, not only does Concerned Citizens of Brunswick County appear to resolve this due to the fact that the homeowners own taxes paid for the hydrant installation, see 95 N.C.App. at 46, 381 S.E.2d at 815, but the town has maintained no control over the street as a result of the installation because they have no maintenance responsibility.
Because these three additions which date back to the 1980s fail to establish control and Defendant provides no other evidence of control for the requisite period of time, there is
Defendants next claim that the town manifested acceptance through inclusion of the street on an official map in 2005. "[S]imply including the road on the town map is insufficient evidence of the town's intent to accept the road for public use." Wiggins v. Short, 122 N.C. App. 322, 326, 469 S.E.2d 571, 575 (1996). More evidence is needed: "Acceptance may be manifested not only by maintenance and use as a public street, but by official adoption of a map delineating the area as a street, followed by other official acts recognizing its character as such." Tower Dev. Partners v. Zell, 120 N.C. App. 136, 141, 461 S.E.2d 17, 21 (1995)(emphasis added) (citation omitted). As discussed above, there is no evidence of official acts following this inclusion in 2005 that would suffice to mark acceptance of the road.
Defendant argues that Plaintiffs' attempt to withdraw the dedication was ineffective as a matter of law due to the fact that the dedication had already been accepted, Plaintiffs are not successors-in-interest to the dedicator, and/or the street is necessary for access to the lots should they be sold. We disagree.
North Carolina law presumes any dedicated land abandoned if it has "not... been actually opened and used by the public within 15 years from and after the dedication thereof." N.C. Gen.Stat. § 136-96 (2011)(emphasis added). While the presumption does not occur until a filing of withdrawal is made, the clock begins to run on the fifteen year period from the time of dedication. Id. "The dedication of a street... may not be withdrawn if the dedication has been accepted
Defendant's argument that withdrawal is ineffective because the dedication had been accepted necessarily fails based on our above discussion in which we found no such acceptance. With regard to Defendant's argument that the individual property owners are not the successors in interest to the original owner, John Jones, the record is full of references to Plaintiff's members as owners of the properties through which the street runs and which derive from John Jones' original property. Further, this argument is waived for failure to raise it before the trial court. See Regions Bank v. Baxley Commercial Props., LLC, 206 N.C. App. 293, 298-99, 697 S.E.2d 417, 421 (2010) (citations omitted)("In order to preserve an issue for appellate review, the appellant must have raised that specific issue before the trial court to allow it to make a ruling on that issue.... [I]t cannot `swap horses between courts in order to get a better mount [on appeal].'").
Finally, Defendant's argument on the basis of necessary ingress and egress to any lots or parcels sold along it also fails. Plaintiff provided deposition testimony, evidence in a property owner's deed (Defendant's own exhibit), and statements from the Town's meeting minutes indicating that a private easement existed for property owners to use the street for ingress and egress, which runs to all heirs, assigns, and successors in interest. Thus, this argument is without merit; public access is not required in order to ensure ingress or egress to the property owners and their successors in interest.
We note that there is ambiguity in the record as to whether Defendant accepted some portion of the original dedication, now referred to as Sunset Drive, prior to Plaintiffs' withdrawal of the Waterway Drive portion or whether this portion was abandoned by Defendant. Such acceptance would render
Deans v. Mansfield, 210 N.C. App. 222, 226, 707 S.E.2d 658, 662 (2011) (citations omitted)(internal quotation marks, brackets, and ellipses omitted). North Carolina law presumes the use of another's land is permissive, and, as such, the party claiming the easement must rebut this presumption with a showing of hostile use. Yadkin Valley Land Co., L.L.C. v. Baker, 141 N.C. App. 636, 639, 539 S.E.2d 685, 688 (2000). Thus, we need not examine the evidence of permissive use provided by Plaintiffs unless Defendant's evidence successfully rebuts this presumption sufficiently for a prima facie showing of hostility.
"Mere use alone of a purported easement is not sufficient to establish the element of hostile use...." Koenig v. Town of Kure Beach, 178 N.C. App. 500, 504, 631 S.E.2d 884, 888 (2006). In Dickinson v. Pake, 284 N.C. 576, 201 S.E.2d 897 (1974), our Supreme Court found that even the "slight maintenance" of "raking leaves and scattering oyster shells in the roadway" may constitute hostile use under a claim of right. Id. at 583, 201 S.E.2d at 901. However, the "slight maintenance" found in this case was continuous for the requisite period. Id. There was no single instance of raking leaves or spreading shells that operated to make the use hostile, but rather the continued maintenance "to keep [the road] in passable condition" over the entire use did so. Id.
Here, the only evidence of hostile use other than the public using the road for non-automotive travel is sporadic maintenance by the town, including removal of debris, installation of water mains and fire hydrants, and patching potholes. By Defendant's own admission in its deposition, it does not consider its removal of debris after hurricanes maintenance. Such removal of debris is better categorized as waste or refuse removal, a service that the property owners paid for in their property taxes. There is no evidence on the record to indicate whether the installation of a water main and fire hydrants was permissive or not. Thus this fact does not help Defendant meet its burden. Considering, as discussed above, the taxpayers themselves paid for the installation of these hydrants, the evidence actually suggests that such installation was indeed permissive.
There are only two instances of pothole repairs and they occur in 2006 and 2010. Even though the use by the public may have continued for the requisite twenty years, because that alone is insufficient, see Koenig, 178 N.C.App. at 504, 631 S.E.2d at 888, the Defendants' evidence does not exemplify a hostile use until 2006. Thus, even if these two single acts are sufficient to put Plaintiffs on notice of Defendant's claim of right, these acts do not meet the required length of time to claim a prescriptive easement. Consequently, Defendant failed to meet its burden and permissive use is presumed.
Defendant argues that the trial court erred in striking the John Jones affidavit from the record. "We review an order
Barringer, 197 N.C.App. at 253, 677 S.E.2d at 475 (citations omitted)(internal quotation marks and brackets omitted).
"[O]ur review is limited to the record" before us. Kerr v. Long, 189 N.C. App. 331, 334, 657 S.E.2d 920, 922 (2008). There is nothing in the record indicating that any party requested that the trial court make findings of fact and conclusions of law in its order granting Plaintiffs' motion to strike Mr. Jones' affidavit. Accordingly, there is nothing upon which we can review the trial court's discretionary order and we dismiss Defendant's argument on this point. See Barringer, 197 N.C.App. at 253, 677 S.E.2d at 475.
However, we note that even if the record were adequate to permit our review, Defendant fails to show it was prejudiced by the decision of the trial court.
"Supporting and opposing affidavits shall be made on personal knowledge, shall set forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence, and shall show affirmatively that the affiant is competent to testify to the matters stated therein." N.C. Gen.Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 56(e) (2011).
First, Defendant relies on the fact that the affiant, John R. Jones, is the son of the dedicator, John S. Jones, and original owner of the plats across which the street passes. However, this is irrelevant as it is clear from the affidavit that John R. Jones is not the owner of any of the lots that touch the street. Thus, his intent for the street to be public is of no matter here.
Second, Defendant argues that the affidavit is needed to explain county commissioner minutes in the 1950s and demonstrate that government funds were expended on the maintenance of the street in the mid-1950s. However, the affidavit does not allege personal knowledge of the county commissioner minutes, as it fails to allege that the affiant was present at these meetings. Further, it is clear from the affidavit that these government funds were not expended by Defendant because the town had not yet been incorporated. While the affiant freely admits he does not know where these government funds came from, it is irrelevant because this single act of clearing the street following a storm is not sufficient to establish control, as discussed above. Additionally, as Plaintiffs argue, the evidence on the record includes the deposition of the Clerk to the County Board of Commissioners, who declared that there were no records of any such maintenance ever occurring or being requested. Consequently, Defendant has failed to establish that they were prejudiced the trial court's striking of this affidavit. The decision of the trial court should be affirmed.
Lastly, we note that Defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying its cross-motion for partial summary judgment which would have determined the street in question to be public. "Issues not presented in a party's brief, or in support of which no reason or argument is stated, will be taken as abandoned." N.C. R.App. P. 28(b)(6). Defendant asserts this argument in its brief under its "Issues Presented" section, but fails to make a clear argument in the body of the brief. It is thus abandoned. It is concluded in the first section of Defendant's brief after each argument for a finding of acceptance of the dedication that the trial court erred in this manner, despite being set
For the reasons stated above, the order of the trial court is affirmed.
Affirmed.
Judge ELMORE concurs.
Judge STROUD dissents.
STROUD, Judge concurring in part and dissenting in part.
I agree with the majority that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in striking the John Jones affidavit. I therefore concur in section IV of the majority's opinion. I must respectfully dissent as to the remainder, however, as I believe that the evidence shows that the Town of Cedar Point has expressly accepted the portion of Front Street now part of Waterway Drive and that there are genuine issues of material fact as to whether plaintiffs' withdrawal was effective and whether the Town has acquired a prescriptive easement as to the portion of Waterway Drive outside of the original Front Street dedication.
Although I agree that this appeal is from a final order and is thus subject to review, the majority does not address why this appeal is not interlocutory except by a footnote. I believe that we should address this issue more fully. Both parties had filed motions for partial summary judgment which limited the scope of their request to the issues regarding dedication of the street as shown on the map and excluding the additional area, known as the "encroachment area." The plaintiff's motion for partial summary judgment requested that the trial court grant the relief sought in their first claim for relief: which was specifically for
Defendant's' motion is also entitled as a motion for partial summary judgment and requests summary judgment on the following issues:
A ruling only upon both of the motions for partial summary judgment would still leave open the issues raised in (1) plaintiffs' third claim, which was "in the alternative" to the first claim and (2) defendant's counterclaim as to a determination of any prescriptive easement rights over the encroachment area, as specifically noted in footnote 1 of defendant's motion for partial summary judgment.
I respectfully disagree with the majority's analysis as to the issues of acceptance and withdrawal. Therefore, I dissent as to section II of the majority opinion.
Beeson v. Palombo, ___ N.C.App. ___, ___, 727 S.E.2d 343, 346-47 (2012).
"Dedication is a form of transfer whereby an individual grants to the public rights of use in his or her lands." Kraft v. Town of Mt. Olive, 183 N.C. App. 415, 418, 645 S.E.2d 132, 135 (2007) (citation omitted). "Because North Carolina does not have statutory guidelines for dedicating streets to the public, the common law principles of offer and acceptance apply." Tower Development Partners v. Zell, 120 N.C. App. 136, 140, 461 S.E.2d 17, 20 (1995). The original owner's intent to "dedicate must clearly appear, though such intention may be shown by deed, by words, or by acts." Id. (quotation marks, citation, and emphasis omitted).
Bumgarner v. Reneau, 105 N.C. App. 362, 366, 413 S.E.2d 565, 568 (quotation marks and citations omitted), aff'd as modified, 332 N.C. 624, 422 S.E.2d 686 (1992). Acceptance by a proper public authority can be express or implied. Metcalf v. Black Dog Realty, LLC, 200 N.C. App. 619, 631, 684 S.E.2d 709, 718 (2009).
"Express acceptance can occur, inter alia, by a formal ratification, resolution, or order by proper officials, the adoption of an ordinance, a town council's vote of approval, or the signing of a written instrument by proper authorities." Kraft, 183 N.C.App. at 420, 645 S.E.2d at 137 (citation and quotation marks omitted). Both parties agree that the 1936 plat dedicates the portion of John S. Jones' land known as Front Street to public use, so the first contested issue is whether the Town of Cedar Point accepted the 1936 dedication of the right-of-way known as Front Street
On 27 June 1989 the Town of Cedar Point Board of Commissioners passed a resolution authorizing "the Mayor, as agent for the town, to accept the dedication of" six specific streets and "7. Such other streets as shall be offered for dedication prior to July 31, 1989." In the following year, 1990, the Town of Cedar Point issued a "Notice of Acceptance of Dedication", stating that Cedar Point
Both the 1989 Resolution and the 1990 Notice of Acceptance were also recorded with the Carteret County Register of Deeds. The question is whether these provisions are sufficient to constitute an acceptance by official written instrument.
An acceptance is a manifestation of intent to be bound following an offer. See Parker v. Glosson, 182 N.C. App. 229, 232, 641 S.E.2d 735, 737 (2007). In the context of a dedication, an acceptance must demonstrate the intent of the town or municipality to assent to the offer of the dedicator.
Dedications are normally considered under the rubric of the common law of offer and acceptance. See Tower Development Partners, 120 N.C.App. at 140, 461 S.E.2d at 20. However, where the acceptance is by resolution or ordinance, it is proper to construe the text purported to accept the dedication under the rules for statutory construction. See Clark v. City of Charlotte, 66 N.C. App. 437, 439, 311 S.E.2d 71, 72 (1984) (stating that the rules of statutory construction apply to local ordinances). A basic rule of statutory construction is that courts should "give effect to the intent of the legislature." Wal-Mart Stores East, Inc. v. Hinton, 197 N.C. App. 30, 39, 676 S.E.2d 634, 642 (2009) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
The 1989 Resolution clearly and in plain language indicates that the Town of Cedar Point authorized the Mayor to accept dedicated streets with that resolution. The only question is whether provision 7 includes the Front Street dedication. Plaintiffs contend that the language of provision 7 of the 1989 Resolution is clear. That provision uses the
"[W]hen the meaning of a statute is in doubt, reference may be made to the title and context of an act to determine the legislative purpose." Preston v. Thompson, 53 N.C. App. 290, 292, 280 S.E.2d 780, 782, disc. rev. denied, 304 N.C. 392, 285 S.E.2d 833 (1981). The 1989 Resolution is entitled "Resolution Authorizing the Town of Cedar Point to Accept Certain Streets Within the Town." The creation of public rights-of-way by acceptance of a dedication is one of the important powers of a city or town. See N.C. Gen.Stat. § 160A-296(a) (establishing that cities have general authority over public streets, including to acquire "land therefor by dedication"). Given that the Town of Cedar Point was only incorporated in 1988, the Town could not have formally accepted past dedications much earlier than this resolution.
The intent of this resolution as a whole is to accept past dedications of rights of way as part of the initial organization and establishment of the Town of Cedar Point. All six of the listed streets were dedicated prior to the Resolution, as they are listed in the Resolution by their recorded plat numbers. Read literally, provision 7 would be the only future-looking provision in an otherwise backward-looking document, and a quite limited one at that. Therefore, it is more rational to read provision 7 as authorizing acceptance of all dedications that "shall have been dedicated" before 31 July 1989. See Burgess v. Joseph Schlitz Brewing Co., 298 N.C. 520, 524, 259 S.E.2d 248, 251 (1979) (stating that "the words and phrases of a statute must be interpreted contextually, in a manner which harmonizes with the other provisions of the statute and which gives effect to the reason and purpose of the statute." (citations omitted)). Read this way, it operates as a catch-all backward-looking authorization of acceptance of prior dedications that, after 1988, fall under the jurisdiction of Cedar Point.
Read in context with the above authorization and rules of construction, the 1990 Notice confirms that the Town intended to accept Front Street. Although replete with errors, such as accepting streets that had not been dedicated and inconsistent dates, the 1990 Notice indicates that the Mayor, with authorization from the Town, did in fact accept Front Street. In the relevant parts, this Notice describes the Front Street dedication in detail and notes that it has been accepted. The Notice specifically mentions Front Street, describes the location of the right-of-way, and references the correct plat. This document could be read as having the opposite tense problem from the 1989 resolution in that it refers to the relevant dedication as having been previously accepted (as opposed to stating that the dedication "is hereby accepted" or something to that effect). It could also be read as confirming the prior acceptance of Front Street as expressed in the 1989 Resolution, indicating that the Town believed that Front Street was "previously accepted" by the 1989 Resolution. Either way, as it clearly references the Front Street dedication in a document indicating that the listed streets have been accepted, it demonstrates the intent of the Town of Cedar Point to accept the dedication made by John S. Jones. I would hold that this intent to accept manifested in an official writing signed by the Mayor of the Town of Cedar Point, read together with the 1989 Resolution authorizing acceptance of rights-of-way for the newly-formed town, is more than sufficient to constitute express acceptance of the Front Street dedication.
"It is now well settled that the dedication of a street may not be withdrawn, if the dedication has been accepted and the street or any part of it is actually opened and used by the public." Food Town Stores, Inc. v. City of Salisbury, 300 N.C. 21, 29, 265 S.E.2d 123, 129 (1980) (quotation marks, citation, and parentheses omitted, emphasis in original).
Moreover, abandonment is not presumed retroactively once a withdrawal is filed. Janicki v. Lorek, 255 N.C. 53, 58, 120 S.E.2d 413, 417 (1961) (holding that if the dedication is accepted and opened to the public "at any time before withdrawal, the dedication is complete and it may not thereafter be withdrawn." (citation and emphasis omitted)); see Osborne v. Town of North Wilkesboro, 280 N.C. 696, 700, 187 S.E.2d 102, 104 (1972) (noting that "[i]f the authorities for the statutory period fail to use the dedicated strips, the right to use is destroyed by a withdrawal." (emphasis added)). Thus, a dedication only becomes subject to withdrawal under § 136-96 after fifteen years of non-use, but the conclusive presumption of abandonment does not become effective until the filing of the withdrawal. See Steadman, 251 N.C. at 516, 112 S.E.2d at 107; Janicki, 255 N.C. at 58, 120 S.E.2d at 417. If the withdrawal was filed after both public acceptance and use of at least part of the dedicated land, that withdrawal will not be effective, even if the land remained unused for the initial fifteen year period after the dedication. Janicki, 255 N.C. at 58, 120 S.E.2d at 417.
Here, although the Town's acceptance was significantly more than fifteen years after the initial dedication, plaintiffs' withdrawal was filed only in 2010. Another part of Front Street, the section east of Jones Street now called Sunset Drive, has been formally opened, paved, and incorporated into the town's street system. It is not clear when that section of Front Street was accepted and opened by the Town. "[T]he dedication of a street may not be withdrawn, if the dedication has been accepted and the street or any part of it is actually opened and used by the public." Food Town Stores, Inc., 300 N.C. at 29, 265 S.E.2d at 129 (quotation marks, citation, and parentheses omitted, emphasis in original). Thus, if the Town had opened Sunset Drive before plaintiffs' withdrawal, the withdrawal of the portion of Front Street on Waterway Drive would be ineffective. Therefore, I would hold that there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether plaintiffs' withdrawal was effective.
I would also hold that there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the Town acquired a prescriptive easement over that area of Waterway Drive outside of the Front Street dedication. Therefore, I dissent from Section III of the majority opinion.
It is undisputed that at least part of the street known as Waterway Drive includes land outside of the 1936 Front Street dedication. Defendants contend that they have prescriptive rights over that encroachment area outside of Front Street and that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in plaintiffs' favor on this claim. Plaintiffs counter that the public's use of Waterway
Deans v. Mansfield, 210 N.C. App. 222, 226, 707 S.E.2d 658, 662 (2011) (quotation marks, citations, brackets, and ellipses omitted).
Here, there is substantial evidence of public use, but conflicting evidence about whether the use was in such a manner as to "manifest and give notice that the use is being made under a claim of right." Id. Use by the public of a right-of-way alone is generally insufficient to establish hostile use. Koenig v. Town of Kure Beach, 178 N.C. App. 500, 504, 631 S.E.2d 884, 888 (2006) (observing that "[m]ere use alone of a purported easement is not sufficient to establish the element of hostile use."); see Roten v. Critcher, 135 N.C. App. 469, 475, 521 S.E.2d 140, 144-45 (1999) (holding that evidence of twenty continuous years of public use of the road in question failed to rebut the permissive use presumption). "Notice of a claim of right may be given in a number of ways, including... by open and visible acts such as repairing or maintaining the way over another's land." Johnson v. Stanley, 96 N.C. App. 72, 75, 384 S.E.2d 577, 579 (1989) (citations omitted).
The evidence tending to support hostile use is as follows: The public has used Waterway Drive as a pedestrian and bicycle right-of-way for over twenty years, including since the residents erected a "Private Drive" sign along Waterway Drive in the early 1980s. The West Carteret Water Company installed a water main under Waterway Drive and the Town of Cedar Point installed fire hydrants along the street, although there is no evidence indicating whether this action was permissive or not.
Although the maintenance here was quite minor, our Supreme Court has found similarly minor maintenance to be sufficient evidence of hostile use to avoid a directed verdict. In Dickinson v. Pake, the Supreme Court found that the evidence was sufficient to rebut the presumption of permissive use and that the case should have gone to the jury. Dickinson v. Pake, 284 N.C. 576, 584, 201 S.E.2d 897, 902 (1974). The plaintiffs in that case had used the unpaved road for over twenty years to access their property and "performed what slight maintenance was required to keep [the road] in passable condition." Id. at 582-83, 201 S.E.2d at 901. That maintenance consisted of raking leaves and scattering seashells on the roadway. Id. at 583, 201 S.E.2d 897.
As here, the landowners in Dickinson also modified the road by placing "shrubbery and old tires along one edge of the road so as to restrict travel to the well-defined roadway." Id. at 582, 201 S.E.2d 897. There was no indication that the plaintiffs had ever asked for or received permission to use the road. Id. at 583, 201 S.E.2d at 902. The Court held that this evidence "would permit, but not compel a jury to find" in the plaintiffs' favor. Id. at 583, 201 S.E.2d at 902. The majority finds that Dickinson is distinguishable because the maintenance in that case was continual. I note, however, that the court in Dickinson did not mention the frequency of the repairs or when they began.
Plaintiff contends that the evidence only supports a conclusion that the public's use was permissive. The landowners believed Waterway Drive was private, and were aware of the public's use of Waterway Drive, but thought that the public's use was merely permissive and therefore never directly objected to the public's use. "Mere failure of the owner of the servient tenement to object — even if he was aware of the use — is insufficient" to establish hostile use, Caldwell v. Branch, 181 N.C. App. 107, 111, 638 S.E.2d 552, 555 (2007), disc. rev. denied, 361 N.C. 690, 654 S.E.2d 248 (2007). Here, although an objection was never directly expressed, the "Private Drive" sign could communicate a lack of permission.
Perhaps most significantly, plaintiffs paved a large portion of Waterway Drive themselves without asking for permission from the Town. This fact, while highly relevant, see Town of Sparta, 97 N.C.App. at 87, 387 S.E.2d at 176 ("The defendants appearing at the Town Council meeting and apparently asking for their consideration in paving the `street' gives rise to a strong inference that he thought it was a public way since the town could not pave a private driveway."), is not dispositive. In Concerned Citizens, the landowner and his predecessor in interest had graded and paved the road in question. Concerned Citizens, 329 N.C. at 41-42, 404 S.E.2d at 680. The associated costs were paid entirely by the landowner. Id. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court found that the evidence in that case went "far beyond what this Court has required to establish the use as being `hostile,' thus repelling any inference that it is permissive." Id. at 51, 404 S.E.2d at 686.
Thus, neither party's cited facts are dispositive on the issue of hostile use. Any individual piece of the evidence as presented here would likely be insufficient to rebut the permissive use presumption. Taken together, however, I would hold that they demonstrate a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the public's use of Waterway Drive was hostile and that the trial court erred in granting
For the foregoing reasons, I would reverse the trial court's order granting summary judgment for plaintiffs and remand for entry of summary judgment for the Town on the issue of acceptance. I would also reverse the trial court's order as to the issue of plaintiffs' withdrawal and a prescriptive easement over the encroachment area and remand for further proceedings regarding the parties' rights to that area. Therefore, I respectfully dissent in part.