MEMORANDUM OPINION DENYING DISCHARGE

BENJAMIN A. KAHN, UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY JUDGE.

This adversary proceeding came before the Court for trial on September 28, 2017. James C. Lanik appeared as chapter 7 trustee ("Trustee") and William P. Miller as the Bankruptcy Administrator ("BA") ("Plaintiffs"). Jennifer Adams Ledford appeared as counsel for Charles Ross and Shearon Blake Young ("Defendants" or "Debtors"), defendants in this adversary proceeding and the debtors in the underlying chapter 7 bankruptcy case, Case No. 16-10434 ("Main Case"). This Memorandum Opinion shall constitute the Court's findings of fact and conclusions of law under Fed. R. Civ. P. 52, made applicable to this adversary proceeding by Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7052. For the reasons stated below, judgment will be entered in favor of Plaintiffs and against Defendants, denying Defendants' discharge as a result of the unauthorized transfer of property of the estate with the intent to hinder, delay, or defraud an officer of the estate charged with custody of the property under title 11.

I. Jurisdiction and Authority

The Court has jurisdiction over the subject matter of this proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 157 and 1334 as a matter arising under title 11. Under 11 U.S.C. § 157(a), the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina has referred this case and this proceeding to this Court by its Local Rule 83.11. This is a core proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(F), in which this Court has statutory and constitutional authority to enter final judgments. Additionally, the parties have consented to this Court entering final judgments on all matters. See Joint Scheduling Memorandum [Doc. 17], ¶ D.

II. Background

Charles Ross Young ("Mr. Young") lost his job in 2014. As a result, Defendants filed a joint voluntary petition on May 2, 2016. In their schedules, Defendants each claimed a $30,000 exemption for their residence and a $5,000 exemption for their interior furnishings as well as jewelry and clothing. The tax value of their residence was $569,100, though Defendants listed the property for sale at $549,000 and never received an offer. Nationstar Mortgage ("Nationstar") held a reverse mortgage lien on the property, with a payoff value of $477,874.76, and initiated foreclosure proceedings prior to the Defendants filing. Defendants planned to surrender their residence in satisfaction of this debt.

On May 25, Nationstar moved for relief from the automatic stay due to Defendants' ongoing default on their reverse mortgage. [Main Case, Doc. 10, pp. 3-4] ("Nationstar Motion"). Nationstar claimed arrears of $29,981.96, comprised of unpaid taxes and insurance as well as inspections, appraisals, and attorney fees and costs.

Shortly thereafter, the Trustee filed an objection to the Nationstar Motion. The Trustee requested a hearing to determine the value of the real property in question, alleging sufficient equity to protect Nationstar's interest. The Court set a hearing on the Nationstar Motion and the Trustee's Objection for June 15, 2016, which was subsequently continued until July 26. The Trustee's objection was based on an investigation of Defendants' residence, which revealed that it was a five-bedroom, waterfront home on Lake Tillery, listed for sale at $549,000. Photographs of the interior and exterior of the property portrayed an attractive, clean, and maintained residence with a boat house and dock on the water. In the Trustee's experience, the location and appearance of the home indicated the potential for available non-exempt equity.

As a result of his preliminary investigation, and in advance of the meeting of creditors, the Trustee initiated negotiations with Defendants' counsel regarding the potential non-exempt equity in Defendants' home and furnishings. Later, at the 341 meeting, the attorney for Defendants stated on the record — and in the presence of Defendants — that Defendants agreed to a sale of some of the furnishings in their home for the benefit of the estate and their creditors. The Trustee then informed Defendants and Defendants' attorney that a licensed auctioneer would be in touch to visit their residence to assess the Defendants' personal property so that the Trustee could sell any excess property above their exemptions for the benefit of the bankruptcy estate.

As agreed, the auctioneer visited Defendants at their home in mid-June. The auctioneer found a three-story home with five bedrooms, four of which were fully-furnished, as well as five bathrooms, an upstairs living area with a dining room set, a fully-furnished main floor, porches with furniture, and a boat with a boat house. The auctioneer, relying on conversations with the Trustee and Defendants, understood that Defendants were moving to a smaller home and that surplus property would be available for sale by the estate. During a walk-through of the residence with Defendants, Defendants identified specific personal property they intended to take to their new home. Based upon these statements from Defendants and his understanding from the Trustee, the auctioneer expected to sell the remaining, unidentified property, including the main and middle floor living area furnishings, bedroom furnishings in the two bedrooms on the top floor, and several large appliances. The auctioneer also expected to sell the boat and any personal property within the boat house.

After the visit with the auctioneer, the Trustee continued negotiations with Defendants, Defendants' counsel, and the BA in an effort to settle these exemption issues and issues pending in other related adversary proceedings. These negotiations resulted in a Motion to Approve Settlement Agreement, which the Trustee filed on July 22 and amended on July 25. [Main Case, Doc. 23, 27] (as amended at Doc. 27, the "Settlement Motion"). The Settlement Motion reflected a compromise whereby Defendants would retain only those furnishings necessary to furnish their new residence. Consistent with the Defendants' identification of the personal property they intended to keep during the walk through with the auctioneer, the parties agreed that the Trustee would sell the Lake Tillery residence and all surplus personal property located at the Lake Tillery residence that was not needed to furnish the Defendants' new residence for the benefit of the bankruptcy estate. With respect to the personal property, the settlement agreement specifically provided:

Settlement Motion ¶ 7.(a). The Trustee served the Settlement Motion on each of the Defendants individually and their counsel. Id. at 5.1

As for the residence, the settlement contemplated that the Trustee would market and sell it, satisfy any outstanding liens including tax liens and the lien held by Nationstar, and thereafter, the Defendants and the bankruptcy estate would equally share any remaining value until the Defendants received proceeds equal to their allowed residential exemptions.

Despite this agreement, when the auctioneer returned to the property in early August to prepare the remaining furnishings for sale, the house had been entirely cleared of all saleable personal property.2 Unbeknownst to the Trustee, the auctioneer, or the Defendants' attorney, Defendants had removed property previously unidentified to the auctioneer and hired another auction company to sell all the remaining saleable assets in the house. Defendants testified that they sold these other items because they knew they would not be taking them to their new home; indeed, Defendants identified and sold these items prior to moving in order to pay for moving costs. Defendants did not seek authority from the Court to sell the property. Of the specific items sold on July 9, the auctioneer had expected to sell, among other items, a leather sofa, a chair with ottoman, a red chair, a Victrola, a stereo with electronic turn table, and other furnishings.

Unaware of the Defendants' disposition of the personal property and prior to the second visit to the home by the auctioneer, the Trustee continued preparing for the auction as agreed, and filed a motion for authority to conduct a public auction of real and personal property as contemplated by the Settlement Motion ("Motion for Sale"). On August 18, the Court approved the Settlement Motion. On August 23, the Court conducted a hearing on the Motion for Sale. At the sale hearing, the Trustee informed the Court about the recently discovered unauthorized disposition of estate property by Defendants. The BA requested approval of the sale in case any saleable items were found, but further requested that the approval be without prejudice to the Trustee or the BA seeking further relief against the Defendants due to the unauthorized disposition of estate property. The Court approved the sale with this reservation of rights. See Order Authorizing Trustee to Sell Personal and Real Property [Docs. 49 and 50, p. 3]. The Trustee moved ahead with his attempts to sell the real property, but did not receive any meaningful offers for the property and ultimately abandoned the real property to the secured lender.

On October 31, 2016, the Trustee initiated this adversary proceeding, objecting to the Defendants' discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2). [Doc. 1] ("Trustee's Complaint"). The Trustee also moved to extend the discharge objection deadline, which the Court granted.3 See [Main Case, Docs. 62, 69]. No discharge has been entered in the case.

III. Discussion

In their complaint, Plaintiffs seek denial of Defendants' discharge under Section 727(a)(2) [Doc. 28, p. 3], and request that the Court enter a monetary judgment against the Defendants, requiring them to reimburse the estate for the value of the property transferred either under Section 542(a) or pursuant to a claim for common law conversion. [Doc. 28, pp. 6-7].

A. Defendants' Discharge

Plaintiffs make no small request; "[a] debtor's ability to obtain a discharge of her debts is one of the most important advantages offered by the Bankruptcy Code." In re Evans, 538 B.R. 268, 283 (Bankr. W.D. Va. 2015). However, title 11 specifically prohibits a court from granting a discharge where:

11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2). Under the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, an objecting party must carry the initial burden of proving a prima facie objection to a general discharge. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4005; Farouki v. Emirates Bank Int'l, Ltd., 14 F.3d 244, 249 n.17 (4th Cir. 1994). "Although the burden may shift to the debtor to provide satisfactory, explanatory evidence once the [objector] has established a prima facie case, the ultimate burden rests with the [party objecting to the discharge]." Farouki, 14 F.3d at 249. Further, an objection to a discharge must be proven by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. Finally, a discharge denial under Section 727 is "construed liberally in favor of the debtor and strictly against those objecting to discharge." In re Adeeb, 787 F.2d 1339, 1342 (9th Cir. 1986); see also In re Chalasani, 92 F.3d 1300, 1310 (2d Cir. 1996); In re Bowen, 498 B.R. 584, 587-88 (Bankr. W.D. Va. 2013) ("The denial of a discharge is an extreme penalty, and, as such, section 727(a) is generally construed liberally in the debtor's favor.").

Courts within the Fourth Circuit require an objecting party to establish four elements for a prima facie case under Section 727(a)(2):

See, e.g., In re Evans, 538 B.R. 268, 284 (Bankr. W.D. Va. 2015). In this case, Plaintiffs allege, and Defendants do not deny, that property was transferred after the bankruptcy petition was filed, thus establishing elements (1) and (3). Defendants sold personal property to Thompson Auctions. [Exhibit 12, Interrogatories Answer, p. 4]. This sale took place on July 9, 2016, several months after their petition was filed in May of the same year. [Exhibit 12, Interrogatories Answer, p. 4].

1. Defendants' Transfer of Property of the Estate

Plaintiffs argue that Defendants sold property of the estate. [Trial Brief of Plaintiffs, AP Doc. 28, p. 4]. At trial and in their answers to Plaintiffs' interrogatories, Defendants argue that the personal property sold did not belong to the estate because no specific furnishings had been identified in the Settlement Motion. [Exhibit 12, Interrogatories Answer, p. 3]. Defendants' argument is disingenuous, lacks credibility, and is legally incorrect in any event.

a. Defendants' Exemptions Did Not Remove the Home Furnishings from Property of the Estate

At the commencement of Defendants' case, their legal and equitable interests in property, including personal property at their residence, became part of the bankruptcy estate. 11 U.S.C. § 541. Generally, debtors may claim exemptions in real and personal property as provided in Section 522 and applicable North Carolina law. "Unless a party in interest objects, the property claimed as exempt ... is exempt." 11 U.S.C. § 522; see also Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4003 ("[A] party in interest may file an objection to the list of property claimed as exempt within 30 days after the meeting of creditors held under § 341(a) is concluded or within 30 days after any amendment to the list or supplemental schedules is filed, whichever is later.").

Here, the Defendants listed various pieces of the personal property at their residence in their exemptions, and assigned dollar values to the exemptions in each of the pieces of property. Defendants asserted the exemption under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1C-1601(a)(4), which permits each Debtor to exempt their

This section permits debtors to exempt value in property, rather than the specific property. See In re Gregory, 487 B.R. 444, 449-52 (Bankr. E.D.N.C. 2013).5 Therefore, when a debtor claims an exemption in household goods, "the trustee is not required to object to preserve the estate's right to retain any value beyond the value of the exempt interest claimed by the debtor." Id. (citing Schwab v. Reilly, 560 U.S. 770, 794-95, 130 S.Ct. 2652, 2669, 177 L.Ed.2d 234 (2010)).6 As such, the personal property remained property of the estate, subject to the Defendants' claim to a portion of its value as set forth in their exemptions.

b. The Settlement Agreement Did Not Remove Defendants' Furnishings from Property of the Estate.

Although the settlement resolved any valuation issues by providing for a sale of a portion of the property for the benefit of the estate, it did not have the effect of removing all of the Defendants' furnishings at the Lake Tillery house from property of the estate. In the meantime, the Trustee proposed (and the Court approved) a settlement to resolve any valuation issues. The resulting Settlement Motion permitted Defendants to move only that personal property identified to the auctioneer during his visit, with the remaining property to be sold by the estate free and clear of the Defendants' claim for exemptions.

Mr. Young's testimony in this case lacked credibility. When confronted with inconsistencies between his testimony and bankruptcy schedules, he testified that he had not reviewed his bankruptcy schedules prior to filing them with the Court. He also testified that he was unaware of the terms of the settlement reached with the estate, despite conceding that he met with the auctioneer and identified to the auctioneer furniture that he intended to keep. The auctioneer credibly testified that the Defendants became agitated during the tour of the premises. The Trustee credibly testified that he called Defendants' counsel after the auctioneer's property tour, that counsel spoke with the Defendants, and thereafter reassured the Trustee that the Defendants were willing to abide by the terms of the settlement, despite their protests during the tour. Mr. Young also testified that he did not receive copies of the Settlement Motion or speak with his attorney about the terms of the settlement,7 and that he believed that he was permitted to keep or sell whatever personal property he chose in the house without limitation. This testimony was not credible. It is wholly unreasonable for anyone to believe as the Defendant professed that he could remove all saleable property from the house and leave nothing for the estate. Such an arrangement could hardly be called a settlement. Thus, Defendants sold property of the estate as contemplated by Section 727(a)(2).

2. Defendants' Intent

"In order for the court to deny discharge under section 727(a)(2), the objecting party must prove that the debtor had the actual intent to `hinder, delay, or defraud;' constructive intent is not sufficient." In re Bowen, 498 B.R. 584, 588 (Bankr. W.D. Va. 2013) (citing In re Smoot, 265 B.R. 128, 142 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 1999), subsequently aff'd sub nom. Tavenner v. Smoot, 257 F.3d 401 (4th Cir. 2001); Zanderman, Inc. v. Sandoval (In re Sandoval), 153 F.3d 722, 1998 WL 497475, *2 (4th Cir. 1998) (unpublished)). Section 727(a)(2) is written in the disjunctive, requiring a specific intent by the debtor to hinder, delay, or defraud. In re McGalliard, 183 B.R. 726, 732 (Bankr. M.D.N.C. 1995) (emphasis added). Therefore, intent to defraud is not necessary under § 727(a)(2). Id. It is sufficient that the debtor had a specific intent to defraud, or to hinder or delay creditors. Id.

In McGalliard, this Court considered the showing necessary to establish an intent to hinder or delay creditors under § 727(a)(2).

Id. at 732. The Court further explained:

Id. at 732-33.

Similarly, specific intent to defraud frequently must be shown by circumstantial evidence. Because "direct evidence of fraudulent intent is rarely available, actual intent may be inferred through the presence of `badges of fraud[,]'" such as:

In re Bowen, 498 B.R. 584, 588 (Bankr. W.D. Va. 2013) (quoting Smoot, 265 B.R. at 142). A finding of intent to delay, hinder, or defraud does not require any one specific indicator and a single indicator alone may be sufficient. Id.

In Smoot, the chapter 7 trustee satisfied a prima facie case of intent to defraud with a showing of several elements. 265 B.R. at 142. There, the debtor transferred available cash to a related family entity controlled by him on the same day he received it "with full knowledge that he had already been found liable in another case and that the court had taken the amount of damages under advisement." Id. The court held that, where the debtor made transfers of substantially all of his available estate to a related entity for inadequate consideration while he was insolvent, and in doing so retained control over the related entity to which the transfer was made, the trustee had sufficiently demonstrated a prima facie case that the debtor intended the transfer to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors as required by section 727(a)(2). Id. at 142-43.

Hiding the details of a transaction also may indicate an intent to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors. The debtor in In re Rahmi "intentionally hid the details regarding the receipt and disbursement of" post-petition settlement proceeds received in another litigation. 535 B.R. 655, 661 (Bankr. N.D.W. Va. 2015). The debtor also manipulated bank statements to hide these funds, which the trustee did not uncover until the trustee acquired a complete bank statement. Id. The court ultimately concluded:

Id. at 662.

Liquidating assets into cash also is indicative of the requisite intent to hinder or delay creditors. As stated by this Court in McGalliard:

183 B.R. at 734.

The evidence in this case reflects many of the badges of fraud recognized in Bowen, Smoot, and Rahmi, and further demonstrates an intent to hinder or delay creditors as contemplated by McGalliard. As a preliminary matter, and as noted above, the Defendants' testimony at trial was not credible; when it suited them, Defendants claimed a lack of commitment, knowledge, or understanding despite evidence to the contrary, and despite Mr. Young's concession that he understood the "oral agreement."

The evidence also demonstrated many of the specific factors and circumstances in McGalliard and Bowen. First, satisfying both the first and the fifth factors in Bowen and the first factor in McGalliard, there is a direct relationship between Defendants and the transferee in that the Defendants reserved the cash from the sale of the estate property for themselves. As in McGalliard, the Defendants in this case reduced estate assets to cash immediately prior to the Trustee taking possession of the assets under the terms of the settlement, and at a time when they knew the sale of the assets by the Trustee was imminent. The Defendants concede they retained the cash for personal benefit. The fact that Defendants contracted with the auction company to sell estate assets for their personal benefit immediately prior to an agreed auction of those assets by the Trustee, and then personally expended the proceeds themselves is strongly indicative of fraudulent intent, but also demonstrates a specific intent to hinder or delay creditors.

Second, Defendants were insolvent at the time of the transfer. Their petition lists $554,385.50 in liabilities owed as of May, 2016. Their Lake Tillery home was abandoned by the Trustee because it could not be sold for an amount in excess of the liens despite pre-petition and post-petition marketing. Thus, Defendants were unable to pay their debts at the time of the surplus property sale. Third, Defendants transferred the entire saleable portion of their estate. Defendants conceded that every saleable asset at the house either was moved or sold, and that they left nothing for the estate as reasonably contemplated by the settlement.

Fourth, Defendants did not inform either their attorney or the Trustee of the sale, and left the depletion of the estate assets for the auctioneer to discover after the sale, their move, and their disposition of the proceeds of the auction. Their actions were wholly irreconcilable with the terms of the settlement. The Settlement Motion permitted the estate to sell all of the Defendants' furnishings with the exception of those items identified to the auctioneer. Although his testimony was inconsistent regarding the terms of the settlement, Mr. Young testified as to the Defendants' understanding of the Settlement Motion, and the motion clearly stated that they would retain only the items identified to the auctioneer. Despite the terms of the motion, Defendants sold or otherwise disposed of all of the saleable furnishings in their Lake Tillery home, without any disclosure to parties in interest or authority from the Court.

Defendants attempt to explain their behavior as a misunderstanding as to exactly which property had been identified pursuant to the Settlement Motion. This excuse is logically untenable for at least two reasons. First, Defendants sold surplus property prior to their move after agreeing that surplus property would be available for sale on behalf of the estate. Second, Defendants removed or sold every saleable furnishing in their home. Thus, there is no confusion as to which property was available; before the hearing on the sale motion took place, all of the personal property was gone.

Regardless of the illogic of the Defendants' arguments, this professed lack of understanding is insufficient to rebut the Trustee's prima facie case. The court in Smoot rejected similar arguments, stating:

Smoot, 265 B.R. at 143.

In summary, Defendants' arguments are insufficient to outweigh evidence introduced by Plaintiffs or to rebut the Trustee's prima facie case. Defendants fail to explain why they removed or sold all of their personal property after agreeing that such property would be available for the estate, why they withheld this information from their attorney and the Trustee, and why they failed to disclose the absence of furnishings at their Lake Tillery home despite contrary representations in the Settlement Motion. As in Rahmi, Defendants' conduct "shows a pattern of concealment and nondisclosure sufficient to support the conclusion that ... [Defendants] acted with the intent to hinder, delay, and defraud" the Trustee. 535 B.R. at 662. As a result, Defendants' discharge will be denied under Section 727(a)(2).

B. Plaintiffs' Remedy

Plaintiffs request damages caused by Defendants' sale of estate property. Specifically, Plaintiffs request turnover of the personal property, or the value thereof, under 11 U.S.C. § 542(a) or relief pursuant to conversion principles. [Doc. 28, pp. 6-7]. Plaintiffs contend that the estate is entitled to a money judgment for the proceeds of the estate property sold by Defendants under Section 542(a).

Filing a bankruptcy petition establishes an estate comprised of a debtor's legal or equitable interests in property, including proceeds from the sale or transfer of the debtor's property. 11 U.S.C. § 541. A debtor is required to deliver to the bankruptcy trustee, and account for, property that may be used, sold, or leased for the benefit of the estate. 11 U.S.C. § 542. A trustee may move under Section 541 to compel a debtor to turnover property of the estate. In re Gabriel, 390 B.R. 816, 821 (Bankr. D.S.C. 2008) (citing Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7001(1)). Historically, a turnover motion required a trustee to prove that a debtor was either in possession of the property or identifiable proceeds of the property. Maggio v. Zeitz, 333 U.S. 56, 62, 68 S.Ct. 401, 92 S.Ct. 476 (1948). However:

In re Price, No. 06-62721-MGD, 2006 WL 6589883, at *2 (Bankr. N.D. Ga. Sept. 20, 2006) (citing several cases) (internal quotations omitted).

Additionally, even under the then Bankruptcy Act, the Supreme Court recognized that the "dissipation of property of the estate could constitute contempt." In re Gentry, 275 B.R. 747, 750 (Bankr. W.D. Va. 2001) (citing Maggio, 333 U.S. at 64, 68 S.Ct. 401). "The enactment of the Bankruptcy Code, and specifically § 542 thereof, altered pre-Code practice to require that the trustee show only that the party subject to the turnover motion possessed the property of the estate during the bankruptcy case." Id. Today:

Id. at 751 (internal citations omitted).

In this case, the Trustee is entitled to a money judgment for the proceeds Defendants received from the unauthorized sale of property of the estate under Section 542(a). Plaintiffs' evidence, however, was insufficient to establish the amount of any further damages.

V. Conclusion

For the reasons set forth above, the Court will enter orders contemporaneously with this memorandum opinion: (1) denying Defendants' discharge; and (2) awarding the Trustee monetary damages in the amount of $937.50 against the Defendants, jointly and severally.

SO ORDERED.