CONNOLLY, J.
The appellant, Bruce Simon, sued the appellee, Mary Kay Drake, M.D., for medical malpractice. A jury returned a verdict for Drake. Simon appeals from the district court's evidentiary rulings. During trial, the court permitted Drake to question
In a memorandum opinion, the Nebraska Court of Appeals concluded that the trial court erroneously admitted Garvin's testimony about the standard of care. But it concluded that the error was not prejudicial because the parties' designated experts provided similar evidence. We granted Simon's petition for further review of the Court of Appeals' conclusion that Simon was not prejudiced by the trial court's erroneous admission of Garvin's testimony. We reverse. The court's ruling denied Simon any opportunity to challenge the presumptive validity and weight that a jury would have given to Simon's own treating physician testifying as an expert against him.
In 2006, Simon's primary care physician began treating Simon for back and hip pain. In June 2007, Simon first saw Garvin, an orthopedic surgeon at the University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC). Garvin ordered × rays that showed Simon had moderate arthritis in both hips, but more in his right hip. Simon knew that he would eventually need a hip replacement.
In July, Garvin ordered hip injections for Simon at UNMC's radiology department. Simon's primary care physician testified that Simon's hip pain could be treated with anti-inflammatory medication and hip injections that contained steroids and long-acting numbing medications. To guide the needle for an injection, orthopedic radiologists use a fluoroscopic-guided hip injection procedure. That is, they rely on × rays to determine the bone's location and whether they have successfully reached the joint, which is revealed by a color contrast in the injection.
Simon was warned of a risk of infection associated with the procedure and signed a consent form. The record shows that Simon is a large man. The radiology department used a 3½-inch needle to inject his hip joint. Simon described the July 2007 injection as a 10-minute procedure involving no pain and requiring only one attempt to inject his hip joint. He followed the radiology department's directions, and 3 days later, he received significant pain relief that lasted until March or April 2008.
In May 2008, Garvin ordered Simon's second hip injection at UNMC. Drake was UNMC's radiology residency director. Brad Hilger, a first-year resident physician at UNMC under Drake's supervision, performed the 2008 injections. Hilger read Simon the consent form and discussed the possible risks, including infection, which Hilger explained were usually low. Simon signed the consent.
Hilger used "CloraPrep," an antiseptic solution, to sterilize Simon's skin before attempting an injection. He did not sterilize Simon's skin again during the procedure. Before beginning, Hilger was concerned that the 2½-inch needle on the instrument tray might be too short and consulted Drake, who was watching from behind a partition screen. Hilger and Drake both testified that they normally use a 3½-inch needle. At trial, Drake admitted that she had never used a 2½-inch needle for a hip injection. The assisting technician testified that a 2½-inch needle is sometimes referred to as a "pediatric needle." But after Drake walked around the partition and looked at Simon and the needle, she told Hilger that although the needle looked a little
Hilger made an unsuccessful attempt to inject Simon's hip joint with the 2½-inch needle, but he was unsure whether the needle was too short or whether he had missed the femur. Drake testified that from looking at the fluoroscopy machine, she thought that the needle had deflected off to the side of Simon's femur bone. She told Hilger to redirect and try again. On the second attempt, Hilger again failed to hit the bone. Drake determined that the needle had not hit the bone and removed it. She stated that they needed a longer needle and asked the technician to find a 5½-inch needle for her, but one was not available.
After a few minutes, the technician returned with a 7- or 7½-inch needle. By this time, Simon was nervous. He said that he would come back another day but that Drake told him to sit still and she would have the injection finished in a few minutes. On her second attempt with the 7-inch needle, Drake injected the medication into Simon's hip joint. The record shows a total of four needle penetrations: two with the 2½-inch needle and two with the 7-inch needle. Drake testified that she had not previously made more than two attempts to inject a hip joint. Hilger estimated that the procedure took 25 minutes from the time Simon was sterilized until Drake's successful injection.
After he left UNMC, Simon said that he felt overly sore but attributed it to the multiple injections. He followed Drake's directions, but the pain progressed through the weekend. Around 2:30 a.m. on the following Tuesday, Simon was in terrible pain. He was taken by ambulance to the hospital and treated for a staphylococcus aureus infection, which resulted in his admission to intensive care. Simon's primary care physician testified that the infection was life threatening. Simon underwent a debridement procedure to remove unhealthy tissue and clean out the infection from his hip joint. When he returned home 5 days later, his infection seemed to be under control.
But the debridement procedure failed to remove all of the infection. In August, Garvin performed another debridement procedure to remove the necrotic (dead) cartilage, tissue, and bone in Simon's hip joint and femur. The infection had abscessed in his hip joint and destroyed it. Garvin had to remove Simon's femur head and replaced it with a "spacer," an artificial ball that delivers antibiotics to the joint and the femur. But the spacer was not structurally sound and rotated out of the socket easily. Simon was unable to walk and had significant pain. He required strong pain medication and nursing care until he could receive a hip replacement when the infection cleared up. In November 2008, Garvin performed a total hip replacement. Simon had extensive rehabilitation until October 2009.
In November 2009, Simon sued Drake, alleging that she was negligent in her treatment and in her failure to obtain his informed consent. Drake answered that Simon had consented to the procedure knowing that there was a risk of infection and that she had performed the procedure within the standard of care.
Before trial, Simon moved in limine to exclude Garvin's opinions in a deposition and at trial regarding the standard of care and causation. Simon argued that Garvin's opinions were irrelevant because he was Simon's treating physician and neither party had retained him as an expert. The court agreed. It had previously entered a progression order requiring the parties to
Before calling Garvin, Drake's attorney sought to clarify what questions he could ask Garvin. He conceded that he had not designated Garvin as an expert but stated that he would ask Garvin only whether multiple penetrations with a needle were "a complication." Simon's counsel protested that Garvin's proposed testimony would be an opinion regarding the standard of care and that Garvin was not a designated expert. Drake's counsel, however, assured the court that he would not ask Garvin about the standard of care or whether using a 2½-inch needle violated the standard of care. The court ruled that Drake's counsel could ask Garvin about multiple needle penetrations.
Garvin testified that he had occasionally performed hip injections. Drake's attorney then asked, "Is there a standard size needle that one uses?" Simon objected, but the court overruled Simon's continuing objection to that line of questioning. Garvin testified that the needles came in a range of sizes and that the proper length depended upon the patient's size: "I would say two-and-a-half to four-and-a-half would cover most. Occasionally you might use a large needle."
In a side bar, Simon objected that Drake's counsel had said he would not ask these questions about the standard needle size. The court agreed. But when Simon asked the court to instruct the jury to disregard Garvin's testimony about the needle size, the court stated, "I find it to be harmless error and I'm going to leave it the way it is."
Garvin further testified that infection is a recognized complication of hip injections and that based on his experience, it is not uncommon with arthritic hips to place the needle more than once to get it in the correct site. He said that he knew of no literature that correlated the length of the procedure or the number of penetrations with an increased risk of infection.
Three medical experts testified for Simon. These experts generally opined that the procedures used by Hilger and Drake fell below the standard of care for using sterile techniques to prevent infection. Between them, they opined that Simon's risk of infection had been increased by the following actions:
Drake countered with one expert. He opined that Simon's skin would have remained sterile during the entire procedure and that four attempts at a hip injection did not violate the standard of care. He believed that Simon's previous hip injection could have caused scar tissue that made a successful injection more difficult. Finally, he stated that a 3½-inch needle is the standard size but that its use is not always required, depending on the patient's size. He believed Drake's decision to try the injection with a 2½-inch needle was within the standard of care. But on cross-examination, Drake's expert conceded
In his closing argument, Drake's attorney emphasized Garvin's testimony:
The jury returned a unanimous verdict for Drake. The court overruled Simon's motion for a new trial.
Simon appealed to the Court of Appeals, which affirmed. The Court of Appeals concluded that any error in the admission of Garvin's testimony was harmless because Simon could not establish prejudice:
Simon assigns that the Court of Appeals erred as follows:
In proceedings where the Nebraska Evidence Rules apply, the admissibility of evidence is controlled by the Nebraska Evidence Rules; judicial discretion is involved only when the rules make discretion a factor in determining admissibility.
The Court of Appeals did not explain why the trial court's admission of Garvin's testimony was error. We address that issue first because it is relevant to why we are reversing the Court of Appeals' decision with directions to vacate the district court's judgment and remand the cause for a new trial.
Neb. Evid. R. 702
We review a trial court's decision to admit or exclude expert testimony under the appropriate standards for abuse of discretion.
But Garvin did not limit his testimony to his perceptions of Simon. And in medical malpractice cases, expert testimony by a medical professional is normally required to establish causation and the standard of care under the circumstances.
The record shows that the trial started on May 9, 2011. Previously, on May 2, the court determined that because Drake had not designated Garvin as an expert, Garvin could not testify on the standard of care or medical causation. And during the side bar at trial, Simon's counsel argued that he had never had an opportunity to depose Garvin about his expert opinions.
Yet, despite its previous ruling that Garvin could not testify to the standard of care and medical causation, the court permitted Garvin to testify, over objection, to the issues that required expert testimony. Garvin's testimony that the correct needle size can vary and that multiple injections are not uncommon was an opinion that Drake did not violate the standard of care in using a 2½-inch needle. His testimony that the medical literature failed to show a correlation between multiple needle penetrations and an increased risk of infection was an opinion that Drake's multiple injections had not increased Simon's risk of infection. So the court permitted Garvin to testify to standard of care issues that were obviously not focused on his observations of Simon.
Furthermore, the court's combined rulings permitted Garvin to testify as an expert while denying Simon any opportunity to discover facts relevant to Garvin's qualifications as an expert on hip injections or to discover the data that he had relied on for his opinion on the increased risk of infection.
Moreover, we disagree with the Court of Appeals that Garvin's testimony was substantially similar to the testimony of the parties' designated experts. Compared to the testimony of a hired expert, a juror was likely to give great weight to Garvin's opinion because he was Simon's treating physician and testifying as an expert against his own patient. And the court's rulings meant that Simon had no meaningful opportunity to challenge the presumptive validity and weight of Garvin's opinions.
The jurors' assumption of Simon's trust in his doctor is no small matter. Jurors know from their own experience that a treating physician carries the patient's endorsement of trust. This was amply illustrated by Drake's attorney's closing argument. And contrary to the Court of Appeals' opinion, Simon was not required to object to this argument to preserve a claim of prejudice resulting from the admission of Garvin's testimony.
Although the court refused to give a curative instruction because it concluded that the error was harmless, this statement was effectively an overruling of Simon's objections. And after the court admitted Garvin's testimony, Drake was entitled to argue its probative effect in closing. So Simon did not waive an objection to improper argument. Instead, the argument shows that the Court of Appeals erred in concluding that Garvin was just another expert in a battle of experts. Although the substance of Garvin's
We addressed a similar issue in Barry v. Bohi.
The panel found that the plaintiff's physician had met the standard of care under the circumstances. In the subsequent suit, the court received the report into evidence, so the jury would have reviewed the report during deliberations. It returned a verdict for the defendant physician.
On appeal, we concluded that the court improperly admitted the report for those treatment dates in which the physician was not qualified under the act. We rejected the defendant physician's argument that the error was not prejudicial because there was independent evidence to establish that he had met the requisite standard of care:
As in this case, the plaintiff's selection in Barry of an expert physician signified her trust in his opinion. In Barry, because of the plaintiff's confidence in the expert's opinion, the jury would have given significant weight to it. In this case, this effect was amplified when Garvin, testifying as an "expert" against Simon, was his own treating physician. And we cannot conclude that the weight the jury likely would have given to Garvin's opinions was not the tipping point when Drake's only expert conceded that he would not have used a 2½-inch needle to inject Simon. We conclude that Barry controls here and that prejudice is presumed.
We conclude that the trial court erred in admitting Garvin's testimony regarding standard of care issues when he was not
REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS.
STEPHAN, J., participating on briefs.
WRIGHT, MILLER-LERMAN, and CASSEL, JJ., not participating.