MEMORANDUM ORDER

JOSEPH N. LAPLANTE, District Judge.

This defamation action turns on whether this court has specific personal jurisdiction over the defendants on the basis of articles written by one and published by the other. The plaintiffs, Scottsdale Capital Advisors Corp. and one of its executive officers, John Hurry (collectively "Scottsdale"), have brought this action based on an alleged injury wrought by a publication, The Deal, LLC, and one of its writers, William Meagher, through dissemination of three articles that, plaintiffs allege, paint them in a false light. The plaintiffs raise four state-law claims: defamation, invasion of privacy, intentional interference with contractual relations, and tortious interference with prospective economic advantage.

This court has subject-matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a) (diversity). The defendants challenge this court's personal jurisdiction over them, however, and move to dismiss the case on that basis. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(2). After holding oral argument, permitting jurisdictional discovery, and considering the parties' supplemental briefing based on that discovery, the court grants the defendants' motion. Scottsdale has failed to establish that defendants have the minimum contacts with New Hampshire required for this court to exercise personal jurisdiction over them in this action consistent with the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause. Specifically, the plaintiffs have not demonstrated that their claims are related to the defendants' forum-based activities or that the defendants purposefully contacted New Hampshire such that they could expect to answer for their actions here.

Applicable legal standard

"Personal jurisdiction implicates the power of a court over a defendant. . . . [B]oth its source and its outer limits are defined exclusively by the Constitution," namely, the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Foster-Miller, Inc. v. Babcock & Wilcox Can., 46 F.3d 138, 143-44 (1st Cir. 1995) (citing Ins. Corp. of Ir., Ltd. v. Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee, 456 U.S. 694, 702 (1982)); U.S. Const. amend. XIV. "To establish personal jurisdiction in a diversity case, a plaintiff must satisfy both the forum state's long-arm statute and the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment." C.W. Downer & Co. v. Bioriginal Food & Sci. Corp., 771 F.3d 59, 65 (1st Cir. 2014). New Hampshire's applicable long-arm statute is coextensive with federal due process limitations, allowing the court to proceed directly to the due process inquiry. See Phillips Exeter Acad. v. Howard Phillips Fund, 196 F.3d 284, 287 (1st Cir. 1999).

To satisfy the requirements of due process, the defendants must have sufficient "minimum contacts" with the forum "such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice." Int'l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945) (internal quotations omitted). A court may exercise either general or specific jurisdiction over the defendants. Scottsdale asserts that the court has only specific jurisdiction over the defendants.1 Specific jurisdiction "is confined to adjudication of issues deriving from, or connected with, the very controversy that establishes jurisdiction." Goodyear, 564 U.S. at 919 (internal quotations omitted). "[T]he constitutional test for determining specific jurisdiction . . . has three distinct components, namely, relatedness, purposeful availment (sometimes called `minimum contacts'), and reasonableness." Adelson v. Hananel, 652 F.3d 75, 80-81 (1st Cir. 2011) (internal quotations and citations omitted).

Scottsdale bears the burden of demonstrating that these three components are satisfied by "proffer[ing] evidence which, if credited, is sufficient to support findings of all facts essential to personal jurisdiction."2 A Corp. v. All Am. Plumbing, Inc., 812 F.3d 54, 58 (1st Cir. 2016) (quoting Phillips v. Prairie Eye Ctr., 530 F.3d 22, 26 (1st Cir. 2008)). "To satisfy the prima facie standard in a specific jurisdiction case, a plaintiff may not rest on mere allegations but, rather, must submit competent evidence showing sufficient dispute-related contacts between the defendant and the forum." Carreras v. PMG Collins, LLC, 660 F.3d 549, 552 (1st Cir. 2011). The court "view[s] this evidence, together with any evidence proffered by the defendant[s], in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and draw[s] all reasonable inferences therefrom in the plaintiff's favor," albeit without "credit[ing] bald allegations or unsupported conclusions." Id. This approach informs the following factual summary.

Background

A. Genesis of the action

This dispute stems from a series of three articles written by defendant Meagher and published by defendant The Deal in its online business journal, The Deal Pipeline, on December 6, 2013, March 20, 2014, and April 16, 2014.3 In these articles, Meagher reported on an investigation by federal authorities, including the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), into the involvement of Scottsdale, a securities broker-dealer, in the trading of stock in Biozoom Inc.4

The articles follow the course of the alleged investigation and a related lawsuit, which Meagher characterized as a "pumpand-dump case."5 Meagher reported that individuals who traded in Biozoom stock through Scottsdale "enjoyed perks that were not available to other Scottsdale clients," such as paying a lower percentage per transaction than typical clients, placing orders through instant messaging, and wiring funds to institutions located outside the United States and Argentina, where the clients were located.6 He cited a source familiar with the investigations as indicating that "several red flags were raised regarding the Biozoom trades at Scottsdale," but that "no follow-up occurred at the broker-dealer. . . ."7

Scottsdale filed this action on November 18, 2016, within New Hampshire's three-year statute of limitations for defamation claims. See N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 508:4, II. Scottsdale alleges that all three articles contain false statements about the plaintiffs.8 Specifically, it contends that the plaintiffs "had not been under any criminal or regulatory investigation at the time Mr. Meagher's articles were published. . . . were not involved in any `pump and dump scheme' and never gave special treatment to Biozoom shareholders."9

B. The parties' contacts with the forum

Though not dispositive of the personal jurisdiction question for the reasons discussed infra, the court notes, as an initial matter, that none of the parties to this action possesses substantial connections to this state. Meagher resides in California and, by his own account, has never visited New Hampshire.10 The Deal is a limited liability company formed under the laws of Delaware, with offices in New York, California, and Washington DC.11 It employs no New Hampshire residents.12 Its sole member, The Street, Inc., likewise organized under Delaware law, maintains its principal place of business in New York, and has no New Hampshire office.13

Nor do the plaintiffs have any connections to New Hampshire. Scottsdale is an Arizona corporation with its principal place of business in that state.14 Hurry, one of its executive officers, resides and does business in Nevada.15 The plaintiffs do not allege that they conduct any business in New Hampshire or on behalf of any New Hampshire-based clients. Simply put, as the plaintiffs conceded at oral argument, they sued in New Hampshire because its statute of limitations does not time-bar their claims.16

The parties agree, therefore, that the court's analysis must turn on the defendants' business-related contacts with the forum. The parties do not dispute that those contacts — to the extent they exist — would arise out of The Deal's publication of its online business journal, The Deal Pipeline, and specifically its publication of the three allegedly defamatory articles, to any residents of New Hampshire. The jurisdictional discovery conducted by the parties sketches the contours of that publication in this state.

The Deal Pipeline is an online business journal.17 Institutional organizations and individuals (though predominantly the former) must subscribe to The Deal Pipeline to access its full content through The Deal's online portal or to receive email newsletters18 containing links to articles published in The Deal Pipeline.19 Because content on The Deal Pipeline sits behind a pay wall, it is accessible only to those with whom The Deal has entered into a subscriber agreement.

At the time it published Meagher's articles, and in the time since, The Deal has had only one subscriber in New Hampshire — Dartmouth College.20 According to The Deal's records, no user accessed these three articles through the Dartmouth subscription.21 Nor did either of the two users of the Dartmouth subscription who had signed up to receive "The DealFlow Report" at the time the articles were published open the attachments containing links to the March 25 or April 22 articles; and no evidence suggests either opened the attachment containing a link to the December 10 article.22 Indeed, according to data collected through Google Analytics,23 not a single user who read these articles through The Deal's online portal was located in New Hampshire.24

Because no evidence suggests that anyone in New Hampshire — Dartmouth-affiliated or otherwise — viewed the three allegedly-defamatory articles, the plaintiffs focus on other contacts between The Deal and Dartmouth. For example, The Deal solicited Dartmouth's subscription, and renewals thereof, through emails and telephone calls specifically directed at Dartmouth.25 Furthermore, during the time period between January 1, 2013 and June 2017, 81 individuals were registered to use The Deal's online portal under Dartmouth's subscription.26 Approximately 30 to 40 students each year were permitted to access The Deal's online portal via IP authentication (that is, without entering a log-in name or password).27 The Deal registered a total of 7,232 "sessions" by Dartmouth users visiting its online portal during this time period.28 The Deal also communicated directly with between 32 and 48 individuals at Dartmouth by email during this time,29 including regular circulation of "The DealFlow Report" to the two Dartmouthaffiliated individuals who had signed up for it.

Analysis

"[T]he constitutional test for determining specific jurisdiction . . . has three distinct components, namely, relatedness, purposeful availment (sometimes called `minimum contacts') and reasonableness." Adelson, 652 F.3d at 80-81 (internal quotations and citations omitted). The court addresses these components in that order, see United States v. Swiss Am. Bank, Ltd., 274 F.3d 610, 621 (1st Cir. 2001) (quoting Phillips Exeter Acad., 196 F.3d at 288), and concludes that the plaintiffs have not made a prima facie showing that this court may exercise personal jurisdiction over the defendants.

A. Relatedness

To satisfy the relatedness requirement, a suit must "arise out of, or be related to, the defendant's in-forum activities. . . ." Ticketmaster-N.Y., Inc. v. Alioto, 26 F.3d 201, 206 (1st Cir. 1994). The burden is on the plaintiffs to "show a nexus between [his] claims and the defendants' forum-based activities. Although this is a `relaxed standard,' it nevertheless requires [the court] to hone in `on the relationship between the defendant and the forum.'" A Corp., 812 F.3d 54, 59 (1st Cir. 2016). This requirement "ensures that the element of causation remains in the forefront of the due process investigation" and "authorizes the court to take into account the strength (or weakness) of the plaintiff's relatedness showing in passing upon the fundamental fairness of allowing the suit to proceed." Ticketmaster-N.Y., 26 F.3d at 207.

Scottsdale focuses its relatedness argument on The Deal's ongoing business relationship in New Hampshire through its subscription agreement with Dartmouth.30 If this action arose out of that agreement itself — that is, if this were an action for breach of contract — the court would evaluate the parties' "`prior negotiations and contemplated future consequences, along with . . . the parties' actual course of dealing . . . in determining whether the defendant' has minimum contacts with the forum" arising from that contract. Swiss Am. Bank, 274 F.3d at 621 (quoting Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 478 (1985)). The existence of the contract, "by itself, cannot automatically establish" the defendants' contacts with the forum giving rise to relatedness, however. Id. It is "but an intermediate step serving to tie up prior business negotiations with future consequences which themselves are the real object of the business transaction." Id. (quoting Burger King, 471 U.S. at 479) (analyzing minimum contacts in the relatedness context)).

The contract and The Deal's efforts to obtain it are less relevant in this instance because the plaintiffs' cause of action does not arise from the contract itself. It lies in tort — specifically, defamation arising from the publication of purportedly defamatory news articles. "The tort of libel is generally held to occur wherever the offending material is circulated," because the "reputation of the libel victim may suffer harm even in a state where he has hitherto been anonymous." Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 465 U.S. 770, 777 (1984). The evidence establishes that the particular articles at issue in this case — the "offending material" — though theoretically accessible to Dartmouth-affiliated individuals because of the subscription agreement, were never accessed by any such individuals via that agreement, or by any other individual in New Hampshire. Absent any viewing of the allegedly-libelous statements in New Hampshire, the plaintiffs' reputations in New Hampshire cannot have been blemished by the articles' publication.

The plaintiffs therefore have not met their burden of demonstrating that their claims "directly arise out of, or relate to" the defendants' New Hampshire activity. See Sawtelle v. Farrell, 70 F.3d 1381, 1389 (1st Cir. 1995); see also Christian v. Barricade Books, Inc., 2003 DNH 78, 8-9 (Barbadoro, J.) (relatedness requirement not satisfied where book sold into New Hampshire was returned to the defendant, uncirculated). Even had the plaintiffs carried that burden, their personal jurisdiction argument would fail at the next step.

B. Purposeful availment

The purposeful availment element "is only satisfied when the defendant purposefully and voluntarily directs his activities toward the forum so that he should expect, by virtue of the benefit he receives, to be subject to the court's jurisdiction based on these contacts." Swiss Am. Bank, 274 F.3d at 624. The Supreme Court has adopted, and the First Circuit Court of Appeals has employed, "an effects test for determining purposeful availment in the context of defamation cases." Noonan v. Winston Co., 135 F.3d 85, 90 (1st Cir. 1998) (citing Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783, 789 (1984)). This test, unlike that for relatedness, focuses on the location at which the effects of the alleged defamation are directed and where they are felt. Id. It is ordinarily "to be applied only after the relatedness prong has already been satisfied." Swiss Am. Bank, 274 F.3d at 623. While the plaintiffs have not made that showing here, the court addresses the purposeful availment element in the interest of completeness.

Scottsdale argues that the analysis outlined in Calder v. Jones is inapposite here because, unlike the plaintiff in that case, Scottsdale is not a resident of the forum.31 It argues, instead, that the court should analyze this requirement under a different defamation case, Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 465 U.S. 770 (1984), which dealt with a non-forum plaintiff's libel claim.

The court notes at the outset that the plaintiff's residence does not appear to be dispositive under either Calder or Keeton.32 Rather, in finding personal jurisdiction, both cases focus on the extent of the activities that an out-of-state defendant intentionally directs toward the forum state and the extent to which effects of that conduct were felt in the forum state. Whether the plaintiff resides in the forum is only one factor in that analysis.

The plaintiff in Calder, a libel action, resided in California, where she bought suit against two reporters based in Florida. 465 U.S. at 785. The Supreme Court found personal jurisdiction over the defendants in California because "California [was] the focal point both of the story and of the harm suffered." Id. at 789. The Court drew that conclusion from the extent of the reporters' Florida-based conduct directed toward California and the extent of the effects of that conduct on the plaintiff's reputation in that state. Id. at 789.

In Keeton, the Supreme Court likewise focused on the extent of the defendant's contacts with the forum — specifically, the thousands of magazines containing the allegedly-libelous statements that it circulated in New Hampshire — and the effects of those contacts on the plaintiff's reputation in New Hampshire. 465 U.S. at 773-74 ("Respondent's regular circulation of magazines in the forum State is sufficient to support an assertion of jurisdiction in a libel action based on the contents of the magazine."). The plaintiff's residence in New York did not prevent her reputation from being harmed in New Hampshire when the defendant purposefully circulated a large number of magazines in this state, regardless of whether the defendant also circulated the magazines (and thus harmed the plaintiff) in other states. Id.

Applying the same analysis here, the court finds that the plaintiffs have not satisfied the purposeful availment prong. First, the circulation of the allegedly-defamatory articles in New Hampshire is negligible. See Noonan, 135 F.3d at 91 ("The size of a distribution of offending material helps determine whether a defendant acted intentionally."). Though some 7,000 members of the Dartmouth community theoretically had access to The Deal Pipeline, the plaintiffs do not dispute the defendants' representation that only 30 users were signed up to use that subscription to access The Deal's online portal at the time the articles were published, and that only two users actually received an email newsletter containing active links to the articles. Such "thin distribution may indicate a lack of purposeful contact," and it appears to do so here. Id.

Regardless of the number of individuals who could have accessed the offending articles through Dartmouth's subscription to The Deal Pipeline, the evidence presented suggests that none did. Unlike in Keeton and Calder, where New Hampshire residents read the allegedly libelous statements, presumably, damaging the plaintiffs' reputations, Scottsdale's reputation in New Hampshire cannot be impacted by the statements allegedly published in New Hampshire if no one in New Hampshire saw the statements. Though this fact is most relevant to the relatedness analysis, it also supports the defendants' position that they did not purposefully direct the effects of the allegedly-defamatory statements toward New Hampshire, and that, in fact, those statements had no effect on the plaintiffs' reputations in New Hampshire.

Setting the effects test aside,33 plaintiffs suggest that the defendants purposefully availed themselves of the forum under the analysis set forth in Zippo Mfg. Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc., 952 F.Supp. 1119, 1127 (W.D. Pa. 1997). In light of the clear precedent from the Supreme Court and First Circuit Court of Appeals setting forth the analysis for determining purposeful availment in defamation actions, the court is disinclined to import a new or different standard applied, in Zippo, to determine whether a defendant conducted business in the forum in the context of a trademark infringement action. Even if the court were so inclined, Zippo is distinguishable because the defendant had "sold passwords to approximately 3,000 subscribers in Pennsylvania and entered into seven contracts with Internet access providers to furnish its services to their customers in Pennsylvania." Zippo, 952 F.Supp. 1126. No such evidence of extensive, purposeful contact with New Hampshire exists here.

In light of the undisputed evidence of limited activity directed by Meagher and The Deal at New Hampshire, and the absence of any evidence that such activity had any effect on the plaintiffs' reputations in New Hampshire, the plaintiffs have not satisfied the purposeful availment element.34

C. Reasonableness

The final variable in the specific jurisdiction calculus is "whether the exercise of jurisdiction is reasonable. . . ." Noonan, 135 F.3d at 89. In assessing reasonableness, the court takes into account the following considerations:

A Corp., 812 F.3d at 61 (quoting Downer, 771 F.3d at 69). Where, as here, the plaintiffs fail to satisfy the first two elements of the due process inquiry — relatedness and purposeful availment — the court "need not dwell on these socalled `gestalt' factors." Id.; see also Ticketmaster-N.Y., 26 F.3d at 210 ("[T]he reasonableness prong of the due process inquiry evokes a sliding scale: the weaker the plaintiff's showing on the first two prongs (relatedness and purposeful availment), the less a defendant need show in terms of unreasonableness to defeat jurisdiction."). On balance, these factors weigh against finding jurisdiction, particularly in light of the plaintiffs' history of serial litigation invoking these claims.35

1. The defendants' burdens of appearance

The defendants' burdens of appearing in New Hampshire and the inconvenience to the plaintiffs weigh somewhat against finding jurisdiction here. While that burden on The Deal, a corporate defendant located in New York, is not heavy, the burden on Meagher, an individual residing in California, may be. Ticketmaster-N.Y., 26 F.3d at 210 ("The burden associated with forcing a California resident to appear in a Massachusetts court is onerous in terms of distance. . . ."); but see Sawtelle, 70 F.3d at 1395 ("this factor becomes meaningful only where a party can demonstrate a `special or unusual burden'").

"As the First Circuit has explained, however, the `burden of appearance' factor is important primarily because `it provides a mechanism through which courts may guard against harassment.'" R&R Auction Co., LLC v. Johnson, 2016 DNH 40, 23 (Barbadoro, J.) (quoting Ticketmaster-N.Y., 26 F.3d at 211). This is not the first action that Scottsdale has brought against the defendants for defamation. In May 2016, Scottsdale sued the defendants in New York, where The Deal is located. It withdrew that action on the eve of the deadline for defendants' motion to dismiss, forcing the defendants to incur the expense of drafting that motion unnecessarily, and then filed this action in New Hampshire.36 Scottsdale also sued FINRA in Arizona over its investigations of Scottsdale.37 The defendants here suggest that "the Plaintiffs' primary strategic purpose" for bringing both the New York and New Hampshire actions "was to coerce Defendants into revealing the identity of Mr. Meagher's confidential source in the hopes that this information would bolster their case against FINRA in Arizona."38 Scottsdale does not deny — nor even address — this allegation in its objection and did not do so at oral argument. This factor, therefore, weighs heavily against the reasonableness of this court finding personal jurisdiction.

2. The forum state's adjudicatory interest

Nor does New Hampshire have a strong interest in exercising jurisdiction here. "The forum state has a demonstrable interest in exercising jurisdiction over one who causes tortious injury within its borders." Ticketmaster-N.Y., 26 F.3d at 211. That interest is "far less compelling," however, where, as here, "the acts comprising the defendants'" allegedly culpable conduct "occurred almost entirely outside of New Hampshire." Sawtelle, 70 F.3d at 1395; see also R&R Auction, 2016 DNH 195, 24-25 (assigning little weight to this factor where tort occurred outside New Hampshire). This factor thus also weighs against finding jurisdiction or, at best, is neutral.

3. The plaintiffs' interest in obtaining relief

Scottsdale argues that its "interest in obtaining convenient and effective relief" is "the most important of the gestalt factors" and weighs in its favor because the statutes of limitations have run in other potential fora.39 This factor does weigh in the plaintiffs' favor, but not as heavily as the plaintiffs contend.

Their complaint in the Arizona action demonstrates that the plaintiffs were aware, and asserted the falsity, of the allegedly defamatory statements by November 2014.40 As of that date, even "New York's draconian one-year statute of limitations for libel,"41 as the plaintiffs describe it, had not yet run. The plaintiffs' decision to wait two years before suing in New Hampshire under identical facts as those asserted in their Arizona complaint undermines their reliance on this factor.

Conclusion

Scottsdale has not satisfied any of the elements of the personal jurisdiction inquiry. They have not shown relatedness because their claim for defamation did not arise from, and was not related to, the defendants' meagre connections with New Hampshire. Nor does The Deal's subscription contract with Dartmouth, representing a minimal distribution of that online business journal in New Hampshire, amount to a purposeful availment of the forum on the defendants' part, especially when that account never accessed the allegedly defamatory articles. The reasonableness factors, weighing on balance against a finding of jurisdiction, are not grounds for personal jurisdiction where the plaintiffs have not demonstrated reasonableness and purposeful availment. The defendants' motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction42 is, therefore, GRANTED. The clerk shall enter judgment accordingly and close the case.

SO ORDERED.