NOT FOR PUBLICATION

OPINION

CHRISTINE M. GRAVELLE, Bankruptcy Judge.

Introduction

Creditors, Sequoia Healthcare Services, LLC ("Sequoia") and Essex Capital Corporation ("Essex") (together, "Movants") come before this Court seeking entry of an order revoking the pro hac vice admission of Jeffrey K. Garfinkle, Esq. ("Mr. Garfinkle"), counsel for McKesson Medical-Surgical Minnesota Supply, Inc. ("McKesson"). After reviewing the written submissions of the parties and conducting oral argument, and for the reasons that follow, this Court DENIES the motion.

Jurisdiction and Venue

The Court has jurisdiction over this contested matter under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334(a) and 157(a) and the Standing Order of the United States District Court dated July 10, 1984, as amended October 17, 2013, referring all bankruptcy cases to the bankruptcy court. This matter is a core proceeding within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(A). Venue is proper in this Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1408. Pursuant to Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7052, the Court issues the following findings of fact and conclusions of law.

Facts and Procedural History

Debtor, Passaic Healthcare Services, LLC ("Debtor") filed a Chapter 11 bankruptcy on December 31, 2014 (the "New Jersey Bankruptcy").1 McKesson is one of the largest creditors of Debtor. On January 5, 2015, local counsel for McKesson filed an application to admit Mr. Garfinkle pro hac vice before the United States Bankruptcy Court, District of New Jersey (the "Application"). Mr. Garfinkle is a shareholder at the firm of Buchalter Nemer ("Buchalter"). He is McKesson's primary national bankruptcy counsel and appears throughout the country for McKesson and its affiliates in that capacity.

Mr. Garfinkle submitted a certification in support of the Application. In the certification he stated that he was a member in good standing of the California bar, and has been since 1991. Additionally, he made the following statement:

The certification further affirmed that, upon admission, Mr. Garfinkle would be bound by the rules of the United States Bankruptcy Court, District of New Jersey, and that he would notify this Court of any matter affecting his good standing before the bar of any jurisdiction.

No one objected to the Application, and on January 13, 2015 this Court entered an order allowing Mr. Garfinkle to appear pro hac vice.

(a) The June 20, 2014 and August 7, 2014 Orders

The referral to which the Application refers is based upon a June 20, 2014 sanction order entered by the United States Court for the Central District of California (the "USDC") stemming from what appears to be complicated litigation involving several California bankruptcy cases (the "California Bankruptcy Cases"). The USDC sanctioned Mr. Garfinkle for (1) his willful disobedience of that court's Stay Orders, and (2) his attempt to justify the violation of the Stay Orders by knowingly presenting a frivolous argument which contradicted the plain language of the Order. His actions forced the trustee and another interested party, Screen Capital International Corp. ("SCIC"), in the California Bankruptcy Cases to respond to four motions and appear for two hearings in addition to those motions. Mr. Garfinkle was ultimately sanctioned in the amount of all reasonable costs and fees incurred by the trustee and SCIC in connection with the four motions and two additional hearings. That court noted that Mr. Garfinkle and Buchalter were to be jointly and severally liable for the costs and fees. It additionally required the parties to serve the order on the State Bar of California and the Standing Committee on Discipline for the Central District of California (the "Standing Committee"). Subsequently, by way of an August 7, 2014 order, the amount of costs and fees was set at $97,000.

Mr. Garfinkle and Buchalter appealed the June 20, 2014 order to the Ninth Circuit. Subsequent to the filing of the appeal, the California Bankruptcy Cases were dismissed.2 Additionally, in a related bankruptcy case in the Southern District of New York the sanctions awarded against Buchalter, Mr. Garfinkle, and payable to SCIC in the California Bankruptcy Cases, were waived and released through a global settlement agreement. That agreement awarded $21,000 to the trustee in the California Bankruptcy Cases. The record is unclear as to how the dismissal of the California Bankruptcy Cases affects the amount payable to the trustee. The record is similarly unclear as to whether, in light of the dismissal of the California Bankruptcy Cases and the resolution of the issue of sanctions, the appeal of the June 20, 2014 order is moot.

As noted in the Application, the Standing Committee has begun an investigation into the referral. The Standing Committee contacted Mr. Garfinkle prior to Debtor's filing and informed him that due to the overlap between the members of the Standing Committee and the law firms involved in the California Bankruptcy Cases, a quorum could not be obtained. Thereafter, in February of 2015 a quorum was reached, and the Standing Committee requested a written response to the June 20, 2014 order from Mr. Garfinkle. After providing his response in March 2015, nothing further had transpired in the matter as of the filing date of this motion. The California State Bar has not commenced any action against Mr. Garfinkle in relation to the June 20, 2014 order.

(b) The October 18, 2013 and March 19, 2014 Orders

Not noted in the Application, and prior to the June 20, 2014 order, on October 18, 2013 a California bankruptcy court entered an order sanctioning Buchalter and its client in another matter for contempt of court for violating the terms of a preliminary injunction. A March 19, 2014 order granting a bill of fees in the amount of $20,000 was entered in that case. Both the sanction order and the bill of fees order were against Buchalter and not Mr. Garfinkle individually. This sanction was resolved in the global settlement in the Southern District of New York bankruptcy case referenced above.

The California State Bar made an initial inquiry into the October 18, 2013 and March 19, 2014 orders, at which point Mr. Garfinkle explained that the sanction was against Buchalter and not him individually. He has not received any further communications from the California State Bar.

(c) The New Jersey Bankruptcy

McKesson has taken an active role in the New Jersey Bankruptcy. One of the main issues in the case surrounds lien priority between McKesson, Essex, and Sequoia on certain assets of Debtor. Those issues are the subject of an associated adversary proceeding, Essex Capital Corporation et al. v. Passaic Healthcare Services, LLC et al., Case No. 15-1047 (the "Adversary Proceeding"). Essex and Sequoia have worked together with a certain commonality of interest. Almost uniformly, the positions taken by Essex and Sequoia have been directly adverse to those of McKesson. The litigation between the parties can be characterized as aggressive and contentious. In addition to their claim that the Application contains material omissions, Movants cite to specific actions of Mr. Garfinkle in the present case to justify the relief they seek. Specifically they reference:

The parties briefed the issues and appeared for oral argument on August 4, 2015.

Legal Analysis

(a) Legal Standards

Out of state attorneys are permitted to seek admission pro hac vice by application. D.N.J. LBR 2090-1. The Local Rules for the United States District Court of New Jersey ("Local Rules") provide the specific requirements for those attorneys seeking admission in this jurisdiction. D.N.J. L. Civ. R. 101.1(c). Specifically, in relevant part, the Local Rules require an applicant for pro hac vice admission to make a certified statement that lists each bar to which the applicant is a member, that the applicant is in good standing in each bar of which he is a member, that no disciplinary proceedings are pending against the attorney in any jurisdiction, and that no discipline has previously been imposed on the applicant in any jurisdiction. D.N.J. L. Civ. R. 101.1(c)(1). If discipline has been imposed within the last five (5) years, the applicant is required to state the date, jurisdiction, nature of the ethics violation, and the penalty imposed. Id. If proceedings are pending, the applicant is required to specify the jurisdiction, the charges, and the likely time of their disposition. Id.

Admission pro hac vice is a privilege, not a right, and the decision to admit out-of-state counsel for a particular case is in the sound discretion of the court. See Leis v. Flynt, 439 U.S. 438, 442 (1979); Mruz v. Caring, Inc., 107 F.Supp.2d 596 (D.N.J. 2000). Federal courts generally take a liberal approach in allowing out-of-state attorneys to practice in federal courts of jurisdictions to which they are not admitted to the bar. Kohlmayer v. National RR Passenger Corp., 124 F.Supp.2d 877, 880 (D.N.J. 2000). "This trend of liberally granting pro hac vice admission stems from the Supreme Court case of Selling v. Radford, 243 U.S. 46 (1917), which held that even where an attorney was no longer a member of a state bar, he was not automatically barred from appearing before the Supreme Court." Id. "Liberal admission is also commonly done as a matter of comity between states." Id. (citing Leis v. Flynt, 439 U.S. 438 (1979)).

A lawyer admitted pro hac vice is within the disciplinary jurisdiction of this Court. D.N.J. L. Civ. R. 101.1(c)(5). Additionally, a lawyer admitted to practice pro hac vice is also subject to the Rules of Professional Conduct of the Supreme Court of the State of New Jersey. N.J. R.P.C. 5.5(c)(2). One such professional conduct rule is that of showing candor towards the tribunal, which states that:

N.J. R.P.C. 3.3.

Courts are endowed with certain powers to sanction inherent in their authority to administer justice in cases before them. See Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 43 (1991); Eash v. Riggins Trucking, Inc., 757 F.2d 557, 561 (3d Cir. 1985). This sanctioning power may be invoked to regulate the conduct of lawyers appearing before a court, and may be used to impose sanctions on lawyers who violate the Rules of Professional Responsibility, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the Local Rules, or the general obligations of practicing attorneys. See Eash, 757 F.2d at 561; Cannon v. Cherry Hill Toyota, Inc., 190 F.R.D. 147, 161 (D.N.J. 1999).

Due to the potency of a federal court's inherent power, such power must be exercised with restraint and discretion. Chambers, 501 U.S. at 44 (citing Roadway Express, Inc. v. Piper, 447 U.S. 752, 764 (1980)). "A primary aspect of this discretion is the ability to fashion an appropriate sanction for conduct which abuses the judicial process." Id. at 44-45. Revocation of pro hac vice admission is a recognized sanction for violation of court orders or disciplinary rules. Data Systems Analysts, Inc. v. Netplex Group, Inc., 187 F.R.D. 181, 183-84 (D.N.J. 1999) (citing Johnson v. Trueblood, 629 F.2d 302, 304 (3d Cir. 1980)).

But, revocation of an attorney's pro hac vice admission is a harsh sanction that should be used sparingly, both due to the lasting hardship on that attorney's reputation, as well as the hardship to the clients, who are deprived of their chosen attorney. See Mruz v. Caring, Inc., 166 F.Supp.2d 61, 70-71 (D.N.J. 2001). Due to the strong interest in the privilege, the Third Circuit has held that prior to revocation "the attorney be given a meaningful opportunity to respond to identified charges." See Johnson, 629 F.2d at 303. "[A]t a minimum, a violation of any disciplinary standard applicable to members of the bar of the court would justify revocation of pro hac vice status." Id. at 304.

Courts in this district have used their inherent powers to revoke attorneys' pro hac vice admissions based on both questionable ethical practices in the case, as well as a pattern of such behavior. See Kohlmayer v. National RR Passenger Corp., 124 F.Supp.2d 877 (Pro hac vice application denied in the interests of judicial economy due to "pattern of uncivilized behavior . . . bordering on the unethical, which has resulted in the waste of judicial time in the past."); In re Complaint of PMD Enterprises, Inc., 215 F.Supp.2d 519, 531 (D.N.J. 2002) (ethical violations of attorney, coupled with history of misconduct in the Third Circuit, warranted revocation of that attorney's pro hac vice admission).3

Courts in other jurisdictions have revoked pro hac vice admissions based on material misrepresentations or omissions in the pro hac vice applications. See United States v. Bennett, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 70089, 2006 WL 2793170 (D. Haw. Sept. 27, 2006) (pro hac vice admission revoked where attorney did not disclose suspension in another jurisdiction even when stayed by pending appeal); United States v. Howell, 936 F.Supp. 774 (D. Kan. 1996)(material omission appropriate for revocation of attorney's pro hac vice admission for failure to list all disciplinary and grievance proceedings in application).

(b) Application of Analysis to Case at Bar

Movants request the revocation of Mr. Garfinkle's pro hac vice admission on several grounds. First, they argue that the Application itself contained material misrepresentations through its omission of the sanctioning orders in the California Bankruptcy Cases. Second, they argue that an alleged pattern of misconduct by Mr. Garfinkle, both in the California Bankruptcy Cases and this jurisdiction, merits revocation of his admission. This Court disagrees with both arguments.

i. Material Misrepresentations/Omissions

Mr. Garfinkle's Application disclosed the referral against him. We do not feel that the brevity with which he described the referral to constitute such a material misrepresentation by omission so as to support revocation of his pro hac vice admission. Initially, we find "discipline" as referenced in D.N.J. L. Civ. R. 101.1(c) to be a distinct concept from the sanctions imposed against Mr. Garfinkle in California.

The distinction is highlighted when comparing the Local Rules regarding pro hac vice admission with the more stringent ABA Model Rule (the "ABA Rule") on such admission. The ABA Rule requires that an application for admission contain:

ABA Model Rule on Pro Hac Vice Admission, Appendix A, ¶¶ 5, 7. Paragraph 5 of the ABA Rule appears to contemplate "discipline" and "sanction" as two different concepts. If sanction were a subset of discipline, it would make the addition of "or sanctioned" in subsection (c) redundant. Similarly, the ABA Rule devotes an entirely separate paragraph to contempt orders. It is unlikely that this paragraph would be necessary if contempt orders fell within the definition of discipline.

Ultimately any comparison to the ABA Rule is for illustrative purposes only, as the District of New Jersey has declined to adopt that rule. There is nothing to lead us to believe that the more limited language of the Local Rules is intended to create a more expansive, catch-all definition of "discipline" in the context of pro hac vice applications. The language of the Local Rules leads to the exact opposite conclusion. D.N.J. L. Civ. R. 101.1(c)(1) requires disclosure of the nature of the ethics violation (for discipline which has previously been imposed) or the charges against the applicant (for pending proceedings). The terminology supports the idea that sanctions are separate from discipline. A sanction may stem from ethics violations, but it need not specify a specific violation. For instance, the June 20, 20144 order references willful disobedience, bad faith, and frivolous filings, but the 15 page order does not cite to a specific rule of professional conduct which Mr. Garfinkle violated. Interpreting the rule this way would require the attorney to speculate and analyze rather than simply report. That does not seem to be the purpose of the rule. By the same token, it would be difficult to articulate the "charge" against Mr. Garfinkle that stems from the June 20, 2014 order without significant speculation. The terms "ethics violations" and "charges" fit far more comfortably within the context of an actual investigation by a state or federal disciplinary committee.

The June 20, 2014 and August 7, 2014 orders required that notice of the sanctions be given to the state and federal disciplinary committees in that jurisdiction. To the extent that providing notice to those committees can constitute the beginnings of disciplinary action, it would then be considered a pending proceeding, which would require Mr. Garfinkle to specify the jurisdiction, the charges, and the likely time of their disposition. D.N.J. L. Civ. R. 101.1(c)(1). Mr. Garfinkle did so on the Application by providing the information that there had been a referral which was in the process of being investigated, and that no additional action had yet been taken. There were no charges to report and there was no proceeding from which to extrapolate a disposition date. Even in that loose definition of "pending proceeding" he has satisfied the requirements for a pro hac vice application.

We have considered the fact that limiting "discipline" in such a manner could potentially lead to a situation where an oft-sanctioned, unethical attorney may be admitted in this District despite a less than stellar track record. Ideally, if an attorney were sanctioned egregiously or often enough in another jurisdiction the disciplinary committees of that jurisdiction would take action, thus triggering the additional requirements of D.N.J. L. Civ. R. 101.1(c)(1). Alternatively, should the courts in this district see such abuse occurring on a regular basis they may choose to change to rule to the more thorough ABA Rule or some variation thereof.

It is this difference between "sanction" of a finding of contempt and "discipline" that distinguishes those cases in which a pro hac vice admission was revoked for a material omission. In the Bennett case the attorney had been suspended from practice in another state. United States v. Bennett, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 70089 at *1-2. However, the suspension was stayed pending the attorney's appeal, and he was allowed to continue to practice law in that jurisdiction. Id. at *10. The court noted that the language of the local rule asked whether the attorney had been suspended, not whether he was currently unable to practice law. Id. at *11. Though stayed by the appeal, the order of suspension was still in existence, thus constituting the misrepresentation. In this matter, the June 20, 2014 order sanctioning Mr. Garfinkle may still be in effect pending the appeal, however the global settlement may also render it moot or resolved. Regardless, it is a sanction and not a discipline and therefore is a wholly dissimilar situation.

The Howell case is sparser as to details. That attorney failed to disclose all past disciplinary proceedings against him on the basis that he was not a member of certain bars which sanctioned him. United States v. Howell, 936 F.Supp. 774. It is important to note that in Howell, the United States District Court for District of Kansas uses the word "sanction" in connection with "disciplinary or grievance proceeding," though it does not specify the nature of those sanctions. Id. at 775, 776. The local rules for that court require the disclosure of any disciplinary or grievance proceeding. D. Kan. Rule 83.5.4(a) (the "Kansas Rule"). This is in contrast to our Local Rules, which only reference disciplinary proceedings. The Kansas Rule also lacks the additional language regarding disclosure of any disciplinary proceedings, which informed our analysis of the Local Rules. Therefore, while considering Howell, we find it to be of limited persuasive value.

Mr. Garfinkle complied with all applicable local rules in his Application. He listed each bar to which he is a member, that he is in good standing in each bar of which he is a member, that no disciplinary proceedings are pending against him in any jurisdiction, and that no discipline has previously been imposed on him in any jurisdiction. Though not necessarily rising to the level of "discipline" Mr. Garfinkle noted the referral against him. Despite having notice, no parties in the case sought any additional information regarding the referral in advance of the Application's objection deadline. Only after the matter became contentious between the parties was this raised as an issue. As the sanctions from the June 20, 2014 and August 7, 2014 do not constitute "discipline" for the purposes of D.N.J. L. Civ. R. 101.1(c), and therefore the Application contained no material misrepresentations or omissions.

ii. Pattern of Misconduct

To support their allegation that Mr. Garfinkle is unfit to practice in this jurisdiction, Movants reference misconduct in the California Bankruptcy Cases including contempt, willful violation of orders of the Court, vexatious litigation, frivolous arguments, gamesmanship, and bad faith conduct as noted in both the June 20, 2014 order as well as the transcript of the May 27, 2014 hearing in advance of that order. They compare that behavior to the conduct in this case, which Movants allege includes unnecessarily multiplying litigation, making misrepresentations to the Court, shifting representations of facts, and asserting frivolous arguments. They cite to numerous specific actions taken by Mr. Garfinkle and McKesson in this case. Mr. Garfinkle obviously takes issue with the contempt findings in the California Bankruptcy Cases, as he has appealed that order. Additionally, he contests the Movants' characterization of his actions in this case.

We do not find the conduct of Mr. Garfinkle sufficient to warrant a revocation of his pro hac vice admission. The behavior of the attorney in the two District of New Jersey cases cited by Movants far exceeds the scope of what is alleged in the matter at bar. The attorney in those cases had one disciplinary action against him pending at the time of his application, with no other history of disciplinary actions. See Kohlmayer v. National RR Passenger Corp., 124 F.Supp.2d 877, 878. However, within the Third Circuit that attorney had at least four separate trial verdicts set aside, or mistrials declared, due to his conduct at trial, including questionable ethics and grossly uncivilized behavior, including threatening to kill opposing counsel and calling him a fat pig. Id. at 880-881; In re Complaint of PMD Enterprises, Inc., 215 F.Supp. 519, 524-26. In PMD Enterprises, the court found that the attorney also had violated three rules of professional conduct through his actions by having an investigator contact an adverse fact witness, ex parte, and offer to pay that witness to review and organize certain documents related to a central issue in that case. Id. at 522-23.

Here, there have been no allegations of grossly uncivilized behavior on the part of Mr. Garfinkle, and this Court has not observed anything other than behavior befitting a member of the bar. The unethical actions allegedly taken by Mr. Garfinkle in this case have either been raised previously, or are overstated. For example, Movants allege that Mr. Garfinkle omitted a material financing agreement in a Motion for Relief from Stay. Mary Rose,5 a partner at Buchalter, certified that she inadvertently omitted that document on an e-mail to McKesson's local counsel. After learning of the omission, it was immediately rectified. It is unclear the basis for Movants seeking sanction against Mr. Garfinkle for an action that another attorney took. Movants do not question the good faith of Mary Rose. The majority of the remainder of the claims involves the legal issues which are presently before this Court and which are still at issue. Mr. Garfinkle satisfactorily addressed the purpose behind all of the filings in question.

This is a far cry from the Kohlmayer and PMD Enterprises cases, which involved an attorney who repeatedly and continually was reprimanded by multiple courts in multiple cases to the level that at least four trials had either verdicts set aside or mistrials declared. Further, that attorney was given the opportunity to correct his behavior before such a harsh sanction as revocation of pro hac vice admission was imposed. The PMD Enterprises court noted that:

There has been no evidence of discipline or sanction or any formal rebuke against Mr. Garfinkle in this district or circuit. At oral argument, Movants noted that another bankruptcy court in this jurisdiction admonished Mr. Garfinkle for not being open with the court. See Case No. 12-12906, December 2, 2012 Transcript at 53:11-18. However, that admonition alone, with nothing more, would not put him in any way "on notice" that his pro hac vice admission would be in peril. Indeed, neither the Movants, nor the Debtor, nor the United States Trustee, nor any other party has sought any relief based upon Mr. Garfinkle's conduct in this case. Rather, Movants brought this motion only after learning the details of the sanction issues in California. Nor has this Court taken any action on its own accord. Despite the Movants alleging multiple instances of what they deem to be misconduct in this one case, in the absence of any fair warning to Mr. Garfinkle the revocation of his pro hac vice application would be an instance of "one strike and you're out." While there may be situations where the conduct of an attorney is so outrageous and beyond the pale so as to require the revocation of his pro hac vice admission as an initial sanction, this is not an example of such conduct.

To the extent that Movants rely on the California Bankruptcy Cases to establish a pattern of misconduct sufficient for revocation of Mr. Garfinkle's pro hac vice admission, such reliance is misplaced as the actions taken by the California courts are not sufficient to provide Mr. Garfinkle with notice that his behavior could result in the loss of privileges to practice law in that or another jurisdiction. At its basis, those courts found that Mr. Garfinkle violated court orders. In this case there has been no allegation that he has done so, and therefore no "pattern" has been established.

This Court does not seek to downplay the serious allegations against Mr. Garfinkle from the California Bankruptcy Cases. A willful violation of court orders, and wasting the time and resources of the court and colleagues, is frowned upon in every jurisdiction in this country. Regardless of the wording of the specific local rules of each jurisdiction, being forthright and disclosing such behavior in advance, whether in an abundance of caution or to fully inform the record, is always appreciated and recommended by this Court. We realize suggesting that attorneys file information in excess of the Local Rules, particularly when that information is unflattering, is an unappealing proposition. But, such disclosure allows any potential issues to be addressed at the time of the application, and additionally allows the applicant to provide context to the behavior. Since the filing of the present motion, Mr. Garfinkle has submitted two pro hac vice applications in other jurisdictions and has certified that in each application he has fully disclosed the sanctions pursuant to the ABA Rule. We encourage him to continue to do so.

Finally, we note that the Movants have requested the harsh sanction of revocation of pro hac vice admission versus less severe sanctions. While we find the request for revocation of Mr. Garfinkle's pro hac vice admission to be a gross overreach for the reasons stated above, we nonetheless considered whether it would be appropriate to fashion an alternative, less severe sanction. We note that this motion has already been publicized on the front page of the New Jersey Law Journal. See Gialanella, David, California Lawyer's Pro Hac Vice Admission Under Fire, N.J. Law Journal, June 2, 2015. As such, Mr. Garfinkle has already been subject to a measure of negative publicity before this matter could even be adjudicated.

In light of the fact that we do not believe that Mr. Garfinkle made any material misrepresentations or omissions on his Application, any such lesser sanction would need to be based on Mr. Garfinkle's actions during the case. There simply is not enough evidence to support a sanction. McKesson, through Mr. Garfinkle, has been an aggressive party in this case. However, that is their right. We have seen nothing that crosses the line from aggressive to abusive. We decline to impose any lesser sanctions in lieu of the revocation of Mr. Garfinkle's pro hac vice admission.

Conclusion

For the reasons stated above, the Court DENIES Movants' Motion to Revoke the Pro Hac Vice Admission of Jeffrey K. Garfinkle.