FAITH S. HOCHBERG, District Judge.
This case comes before the Court on Defendants Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC's and Daimler AG's (collectively, "Mercedes") Motion for Summary Judgment of Indefiniteness with respect to certain claims of U.S. Patent No. 6,313,749, titled "Sleepiness Detection for Vehicle Driver or Machine Operator," (the "'749 patent"). The Court has reviewed the submissions of the parties and considered the motion on the papers in accordance with Fed. R.Civ.P. 78. Also pending before the Court are the parties' submissions regarding their disputed proposed construction of several claim terms in the '749 patent.
Plaintiff Ibormeith IP, LLC ("Ibormeith") brings this action for infringement of the '749 patent. The '749 patent was issued to inventors James Anthony Horne and Louise Ann Reyner on November 6, 2001 and subsequently transferred to Ibormeith, a non-practicing entity. Ibormeith asserts that Mercedes's Attention Assist feature infringes claims 1, 5, 8 and 9 of the '749 patent. Claims 5 and 8 depend from claim 1 and therefore contain each claim limitation in that claim. Claims 1 and 9 both contain a "computational means" limitation, which the parties agree is a means-plus-function limitation performed by a computer and governed by 35 U.S.C. § 112 ¶ 6. "As such, the specification of the ['749] patent must contain an algorithm [or algorithms] to perform the function [or functions] associated with the ["computational means"] limitation, or the limitation is indefinite." Noah Sys., Inc. v. Intuit Inc., 675 F.3d 1302, 1305 (Fed.Cir.2012).
The '749 patent claims a sleepiness monitor for vehicle drivers or machine operators. The monitor functions by "taking account of circadian and sleep parameters of an individual vehicle driver, and/or generic or universal human physiological factors, applicable to a whole class or category of drivers" and integrating that information with "`real-time' behavioural sensing, such as of road condition and driver control action, including steering and acceleration, to provide an (audio-) visual indication of sleepiness." '749 patent col. 2 ll. 55-62.
The specification teaches that there is a known pattern of human predisposition to sleepiness over a 24-hour period (commonly known as circadian rhythm), where likelihood of falling asleep is greatest during early morning and mid-afternoon hours. Id. at col. 2 ll. 43-50. According to the specification, the monitor functions by combining time of day predisposition to sleepiness with a number of other factors affecting a driver's likelihood of falling asleep. The specification discloses that some of these factors are specific to the individual driver — such as recent sleep patterns — and are inputted directly by the driver into the monitor system. Other factors, such as steering behavior, light conditions, cabin temperature, road conditions, and trip duration are measured by
The preferred embodiments section of the specification provides the following description of certain aspects of the invention:
Id. at col. 8 ll. 10-17.
Mercedes contends that the two means-plus-function claim limitations in Claims 1 and 9 (set forth in
Id. at col. 16 ll. 13-30, 50-61 (emphasis added).
The parties filed claim construction briefs disputing the construction of five claim terms in the '749 patent and the Court held a claim construction hearing on April 25, 2012. In its claim construction briefs and at the hearing, Mercedes argued that the means-plus-function "computational means" limitations in Claims 1 and 9 are indefinite, thereby rendering Claims 1 and 9 invalid. Due to the significance of the "computational means" claim limitations to this action,
Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c), a motion for summary judgment will be granted if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). In other words, "[s]ummary judgment may be granted only if there exists no genuine issue of material fact that would permit a reasonable jury to find for the nonmoving party." Miller v. Ind. Hosp., 843 F.2d 139, 143 (3d Cir.1988). All facts and inferences must be construed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Peters v. Del. River Port Auth., 16 F.3d 1346, 1349 (3d Cir.1994). The judge's function is not to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter, but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505. "Consequently, the court must ask whether, on the summary judgment record, reasonable jurors could find facts that demonstrated, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the nonmoving party is entitled to a verdict." In re Paoli R.R. Yard PCB Litig., 916 F.2d 829, 860 (3d Cir. 1990).
The party seeking summary judgment always bears the initial burden of production. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548. This burden requires the moving party to establish either that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party must prevail as a matter of law, or to demonstrate that the nonmoving party has not shown the requisite facts relating to an essential element of an issue on which it bears the burden. Id. at 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548. This burden can be "discharged by `showing' ... that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party's case." Id. at 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548. Once the party seeking summary judgment has carried this initial burden, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party.
To avoid summary judgment, the nonmoving party must then demonstrate facts supporting each element for which it bears the burden, thus establishing the existence of a "genuine issue of material fact" justifying trial. Miller, 843 F.2d at 143; accord Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548. The nonmoving party "must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to material facts." Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986).
"Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party, there is no `genuine issue for trial.'" Id. at 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348 (quoting First Nat'l Bank of Ariz. v. Cities Serv. Co., 391 U.S. 253, 289, 88 S.Ct. 1575, 20 L.Ed.2d 569 (1968)). Further, summary judgment may be granted if the nonmoving party's "evidence is merely colorable or is not significantly probative." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249-50, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
The 35 U.S.C. § 112 ¶ 2 definiteness requirement provides that a patent's claims must "particularly point[] out and distinctly claim[] the subject matter which the applicant regards as his invention." Section 112 ¶ 6 allows for means-plus-function claiming where "[a]n element in a claim for a combination may be expressed as a means or step for performing a specified function without the recital of structure, material, or acts in support thereof,
The structure corresponding to the function in a means-plus-function claim must be "clearly link[ed] or associate[d]... to the function recited in the claim" by the specification or prosecution history. B. Braun Med., Inc. v. Abbott Labs., 124 F.3d 1419, 1424 (Fed.Cir.1997). Additionally, the corresponding structure disclosed "must be adequate; the patent's specification must provide `an adequate disclosure showing what is meant by that [claim] language. If an applicant fails to set forth an adequate disclosure, the applicant has in effect failed to particularly point out and distinctly claim the invention as required by [§ 112 ¶ 2].'" Noah Sys., Inc. v. Intuit Inc. 675 F.3d 1302, 1311-12 (Fed.Cir.2012) (quoting In re Donaldson Co., 16 F.3d at 1195); see also Med. Instrumentation & Diagnostics Corp. v. Elekta AB, 344 F.3d 1205, 1211 (Fed.Cir.2003) ("If the specification is not clear as to the structure that the patentee intends to correspond to the claimed function, then the patentee has not paid that price but is rather attempting to claim in functional terms unbounded by any reference to structure in the specification."). "[A] challenge to a claim containing a means-plus-function limitation as lacking structural support requires a finding, by clear and convincing evidence, that the specification lacks disclosure of structure sufficient to be understood by one skilled in the art as being adequate to perform the recited function." Budde v. Harley-Davidson, Inc., 250 F.3d 1369, 1376-77 (Fed.Cir.2001).
Where a means-plus-function claim limitation is implemented by a computer, the Federal Circuit "has consistently required that the structure disclosed in the specification be more than simply a general purpose computer or microprocessor." Aristocrat, 521 F.3d at 1333. This means that the specification must "disclose an algorithm for performing the claimed function." Net MoneyIN, Inc. v. VeriSign, Inc., 545 F.3d 1359, 1367 (Fed.Cir.2008); see also Aristocrat, 521 F.3d at 1333 ("Thus, in a means-plus-function claim `in which the disclosed structure is a computer, or microprocessor, programmed to carry out an algorithm, the disclosed structure is not the general purpose computer, but rather the special purpose computer programmed to perform the disclosed algorithm.'") (quoting WMS Gaming, Inc. v. Int'l Game Tech., 184 F.3d 1339, 1349 (Fed.Cir.1999)). Put another way, "the corresponding structure for a § 112 ¶ 6 claim for a computer-implemented function is the algorithm disclosed in the specification." Harris Corp. v. Ericsson Inc., 417 F.3d 1241, 1253 (Fed.Cir.2005).
Courts can consider expert opinion on the issue of whether a patent's algorithmic disclosure is sufficient to be understood by one skilled in the art as being adequate to perform the recited function. See Noah Sys., 675 F.3d at 1312; Default Proof Credit Card Sys., Inc. v. Home Depot U.S.A., Inc., 412 F.3d 1291, 1302 (Fed. Cir.2005). However, when a court determines that no algorithm has been disclosed at all, the Court need not consider the parties' expert testimony. See Default Proof Credit Card Sys., 412 F.3d at 1302 ("[T]he testimony of one of ordinary skill in the art cannot supplant the total absence of structure from the specification.").
Where the specification discloses no algorithm for the computer-implemented means to perform the claimed function, the means-plus-function claim limitation lacks sufficient structure under § 112 ¶ 6 and is indefinite under § 112 ¶ 2. See Aristocrat, 521 F.3d at 1337-38. "When the specification discloses some algorithm, on the other hand, the question is whether the disclosed algorithm, from the viewpoint of a person of ordinary skill, is sufficient to define the structure and make the bounds of the claim understandable." Noah Sys., 675 F.3d at 1313 (citing AllVoice Computing PLC v. Nuance Commc'ns, 504 F.3d 1236, 1245 (Fed.Cir.2007)).
Where, as in this case, a means-plus-function claim element claims a means for performing more than one function, "[a]ny algorithm must ... address [all] aspects of [the] functional language." Id. at 1314. The Noah Sys. court further explained:
Id. at 1318-19. Accordingly, the specification of the '749 patent must adequately disclose an algorithm that provides structure in the form of an algorithm to perform each of the functions claimed in the Claim 1 and 9 "computational means" limitations.
The parties do not dispute that the "computational means" limitation in Claim 1 requires a "computational means" for performing three functions: (1) "weighting the operational model
Column 2 Lines 55-62 discloses the following:
This portion of the specification does not disclose an algorithm for performing the claimed functions; rather, it restates the claimed functions. For example, "taking account of circadian and sleep parameters" does not tell one skilled in the art how to "weight[] the operational model according to time of day in relation to the driver or operator circadian rhythm pattern(s)"; it simply states that this function is to be achieved. Likewise, disclosing that the circadian rhythm information is "integrated with `real-time' behavioural sensing, such as of road condition and driver control action, including steering and acceleration," does not explain how the "operational model," which includes "a vehicle or machine operating model," is weighted or how "operator sleepiness condition" is "deriv[ed]" therefrom. This disclosure again restates the claimed function. The disclosure that the above-described integration "provide[s] an (audio-) visual indication of sleepiness" restates the "producing an output determined thereby" function of Claim 1, but does not disclose an algorithm to perform that function.
Therefore, this portion of the specification (Col. 2, lines 55-62) "merely recite[s] functional, not structural, language." Noah Sys., 675 F.3d at 1317. "This type of purely functional language, which simply restates the function associated with the means-plus-function limitation, is insufficient
Column 3 Lines 5-30 is the second location in the specification that Ibormeith argues discloses an algorithm supporting the Claim 1 "computational means" limitation functions; it discloses:
This portion of the specification describes the claimed functions but does not disclose the algorithm by which the computational means performs those functions. Here, the specification discloses that underlying sleepiness condition based on time of day or the driver's previous sleep habits is a factor in the system and that aberrant steering indicates sleepiness, the recognition of which could lead to a warning to the driver. This portion of the specification does not provide the required "explanation of how the computer performs the claimed function." Blackboard, Inc. v. Desire2Learn, Inc., 574 F.3d 1371, 1384 (Fed. Cir.2009) (emphasis added).
Table 10, titled "Sleep Propensity Algorithm — Definition" is the third location in the specification that Ibormeith contends discloses the required algorithm(s). It provides the following equation:
S mod = S circ + S zerox + S rms + S light + S temp + S sleep + S road + S trip '749 patent col. 12 ll. 25-29. Table 10 indicates that the S mod
Table 11, titled "Algorithm Elementals — S," provides as follows:
Id. at col. 12 ll. 45-52. The patent provides no explanation for Table 11. The Court notes, for example, that the "(S)" after each elemental is neither defined nor explained. The patent states that the twenty-four tables "are generally self-explanatory and will not otherwise be discussed." Id. at col. 10 ll. 34-35. The patentee chose not to explain or discuss the often Byzantine tables. This choice not to discuss such a vast array of unexplained tables does not meet the burden of a patentee to "clearly link[] or associate[][the] structure to the function recited in the claim." B. Braun Med., Inc., 124 F.3d at 1424. This choice also makes it difficult for a potential infringer to understand the boundaries of the patent's claims.
Mercedes argues that Table 10 fails to disclose an algorithm for performing any of the Claim 1 "computational means" functions.
With respect to the first function — "weighting the operational model according to time of day in relation to the driver or operator circadian rhythm pattern(s)" — Mercedes argues that, by including the S circ element, Table 10 indicates that this weighting should occur, but fails to disclose how that weighting should occur. Ibormeith argues that the S circ score itself weights the operation model because that score varies by time of day in accordance with human circadian rhythm. Ibormeith contends that Figure 17 provides the corresponding structure for this weighting function. Mercedes points out that Figure 3, titled "LIKELIHOOD OF FALLING ASLEEP," upon which Figure 17 is based, shows likelihood of falling asleep fluctuating between "1 = unlikely" and "4=very likely" throughout a 24-hour cycle and is therefore inconsistent with Table 10, which limits S circ to values between 0 and 1. Ibormeith responds that the patent provides for a choice of scales (0-1 or 1-4) for the sleepiness based on time of day score.
The patent should have more clearly disclosed how the operational model is weighted according to time of day and should have clearly associated Table 10 and Figures 3 and 17 as the associated algorithm for this claimed function. However, the fact that the S circ score ranges in Table 10 and Figure 3 do not match does not demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that someone skilled in the art would not understand Table 10 along with Figures 3 and 17 to disclose structure corresponding to the "weighting the operational model" function.
Mercedes argues that Table 10 fails to disclose an algorithm for "deriving... driver ... sleepiness condition." Table 10 does disclose that the listed elements are added to produce an S mod score, but Table 10 does not disclose how to derive that score. Neither Table 10 nor any other clearly identified portion of the specification states the steps to obtain the listed elements' scores, or how to weight
Table 10 also discloses that each element in the equation is calculated using an "F" factor. See e.g., id. at col. 12 l. 35 ("S light = (F light/100) (I ref — I)"). The unexplained Table 12 states names for each of these "Algorithm Weighting Factors — F," but does not disclose how to calculate or derive the values of the "F" factors. Without such identified steps, the patent does not explain how the various Table 10 elements are to be "individually weighted, according to contributory importance." Id. at col. 3 ll. 39-40. Likewise, for the various "ref" factors stated in Table 10 to calculate each S element, the patent does not disclose actual values or the steps necessary to obtain those values. See e.g., id. at col. 12 l. 35 ("I ref"). While Table 13 states that these "Algorithm Reference Offsets" exist, see id. at col. 13 ll. 12-13 (defining "I ref (kLx) as "Average Ambient Lighting Intensity — Ref Offset[;] Corresponds to moderate daylight"), the patent neither discloses actual values for these reference offsets nor the steps necessary to derive such values. Because this is a means-plus-function claim, these boundaries of the claim belong somewhere in the patent; either in the specification or the tables. For the patent to state that the tables "are generally self-explanatory and will not otherwise be discussed" is simply remarkable. Id. at col. 10 ll. 34-35. Such deliberate vagueness and unwillingness to pin the patent to boundaries of the claims does not disclose an algorithm corresponding to the "deriving ... driver ... sleepiness condition." Essentially, Table 10 is a list of unremarkable factors that can cause driver sleepiness and contains the kernel of an idea for a weighting formula, but does not define any method for deriving or weighting several of the elements (i.e., S zerox, S rms, S light, S temp, S sleep, S road, and S trip).
In its opposition brief, Ibormeith does not respond to Mercedes's discussion of these deficiencies in the patent's disclosure of Table 10 and its elements. Instead, Ibormeith argues that "[t]he [Table 10] factors disclose enough to one of skill how to determine a sleepiness condition, and the law does not require the inventors to disclose every detail for a software program." Opp. Br. 12. Ibormeith also argues that "the patent does not require use of all the Table 10 factors," and that "one of the steps in the algorithm for performing the function is choosing among the available factors." Id. Ibormeith cannot point to any language in the specification that states that the elements of Table 10 are optional.
Ibormeith's "optionality" argument is entirely unpersuasive. As stated earlier, a computer-implemented means-plus-function limitation such as the Claim 1 "computational means" limitation requires disclosure of an algorithm by which the computer achieves the claimed function. Table 10 is the only portion of the specification that provides any algorithm-like
The Court must weigh the patentee's burden to provide disclosure that is "sufficiently
The third and final function of the "computational means" limitation in Claim 1 is "producing an output determined" by the sleepiness condition. Mercedes argues that neither Table 10 nor any other location in the specification discloses a method for performing this function. Ibormeith responds that this function "is simply outputting the result of the sleepiness condition determination so that it can be conveyed to the audio or visual output that interacts with the driver." Opp. Br. 13. Ibormeith points to Figure 17, which shows a curve for S circ sleep propensity based on time of day, with an arrow indicating that S mod might result in an elevated sleep propensity score, and three horizontal lines labeled "Warning Level" 1, 2, and 3. According to Ibormeith, this is sufficient structure for the "producing an output" function even though there is no indication of the numeric value at which these warning levels are triggered. Id.
Even if Table 10 were found to have provided a sufficient structure for the function of "deriving ... driver ... sleepiness condition" (i.e., the S mod score), it does not provide an algorithm that explains how that score is used to produce an output (i.e., an actual warning to the driver). Figure 17 merely discloses that there are warning threshold levels that can be hit by the S mod score from the Table 10 equation, but the specification does not disclose an algorithm for how the "computational means" determines when and how these thresholds are triggered. In Aristocrat, the patentee pointed to certain figures and tables in the specification as algorithms that disclosed the necessary structure for a means-plus-function claim term. The court found that "[t]he figures, tables, and related discussion, however, are not algorithms. They are simply examples of the results of the operation of an unspecified algorithm ... at best, a description of the claimed function of the means-plus-function claim." 521 F.3d at 1335. Figure 17 in the '749 patent, just like the figures and tables discussed in Aristocrat, does not disclose an algorithm for "producing an output determined thereby"; it simply provides an example of the result of that function. In other words, Figure 17 demonstrates that the S mod score might hit a level that triggers a warning, but it provides no step-by-step explanation of the means by which that function is executed.
"[T]he amount of detail that must be included in the specification depends on the subject matter that is described and its role in the invention as a whole." Typhoon Touch, 659 F.3d at 1385. Producing an output based on the derived sleepiness condition is the central function of the monitor claimed by the '749 patent. It is the critical function that would translate the circadian rhythm data, the individual
Because the patent fails to disclose an algorithm that "address[es] [all] aspects of [the] functional language" in the Claim 1 "computational means" limitation, the Court "treat[s] the specification as if no algorithm has been disclosed at all."
The parties do not dispute that Claim 9's "computational means" performs three functions: (1) "computing steering transitions
Ibormeith points to Columns 8 and 9 of the specification and certain Tables as providing disclosure of the algorithm supporting the "computing steering transitions" function. As background, the specification teaches that on "relatively straight road[s] ... steering inputs of an alert driver are characterized by frequent, minor correction." '749 patent col. 3 ll. 51-53. Columns 8 and 9 disclose the measurement of steering wheel movement in three different ways: (1) "deviations of steering wheel position from a straight-ahead reference position — allotted a `zero'
Table 10, discussed above, includes the elements S zerox and S rms, which relate to steering. This takes us to the other tables, which the patentee described as "generally self-explanatory," without further effort to tie the tables to any claim as stated above. Id. at col. 10 ll. 34-35. Table 11 defines S zerox and S rms as "Current Corrective Steering Reversal Rate Deficit" and "Current RMS Corrective Steering Amplitude Surfit," respectively. Table 10 further provides that "S zerox = (F zerox/100) (Z ref-Z)" and "S rms = (F rms/ 100) (R-R ref)." According to Table 12, "F" represents an "Algorithm Weighting Factor[]." Tables 13 and 14 disclose that "Z ref (#/min)" is "Corrective Steering Reversal Rate — Ref Offset Corresponds to `Alert' Driving Subject Dependent," while "Z (# /min)," is "Current Corrective Steering Zero X Rate." Likewise, "R ref (Deg)" is "Corrective Steering RMS Amplitude — Ref Offset Corresponds to `Alert' Driving Subject Dependent," and "R (Deg)" is "Current RMS Corrective Steering Amplitude."
The person of ordinary skill in the art is again left by the patentee to work through Tables 10-14 on his or her own. For many of the same reasons discussed above with respect to the "deriving" function in Claim 1, the patent fails to sufficiently disclose an algorithm for the "computing steering transitions" function of Claim 9. For example, while Tables 10 and 12 state that an "F" weighting factor is used to calculate both S zerox and S rms, the patent fails to disclose any actual "F" factor values or the steps necessary to derive those values. Additionally, Table 13 states that the "Z ref" and "R ref" offsets are "Driving Subject Dependent," yet the patent fails to disclose how these subject dependent reference values are derived or calculated. Because the patent fails to disclose the actual values of these reference offsets or a method to obtain such values, it does not adequately disclose how to derive the S zerox or S rms scores, which are required to "compute[] steering transitions."
Once again, while the portion of Table 10 that relates to steering (S zerox and S rms) appears to disclose an algorithm for "computing steering transitions," the patent fails to disclose the steps necessary to actually perform that suggested algorithm. The drafter of the patent chose not to provide any explanation of the tables accompanying Table 10 or how they interact. Likewise, Ibormeith has failed to point out where the patent discloses the information necessary to derive the required elements of the Table 10 equation. Accordingly, Mercedes has demonstrated by clear and convincing evidence — and Ibormeith has failed to adequately refute — that the patent fails to disclose a sufficient algorithm for the "computing steering transitions" function of Claim 9. Therefore, as a separate and independent ground, the "computational means" limitation in Claim 9 is indefinite.
For the "weighing that computation according to time of day" function, for the same reasons discussed above with
Mercedes argues that the specification fails to disclose an algorithm for performing the "provid[ing] a warning indication of driver sleepiness" function for the same reasons that applied to the "producing an output" function in Claim 1. In its opposition brief, Ibormeith argues that no algorithm is required for the "provid[ing] a warning indication of driver sleepiness" function because this function is carried out by "hardware separate from the specially programmed processor." Opp. Br. 18. This argument is plainly inconsistent with Ibormeith's argument in its opening claim construction brief, in which it described a "warning algorithm at column 8, lines 1-17" that "uses all of the steering and time of day values to calculate a new value for current predisposition to sleepiness" where that "value is compared to warning threshold values, to determine whether a warning output is triggered." Plaintiff's Opening Claim Construction Brief 23.
Ibormeith argues that the "provid[ing] a warning" function is carried out by a visual display panel and not the "computational means": this argument is unpersuasive. Without a computational means for determining when a warning should be provided based on the time of day and computation of steering transitions, the monitor claimed in Claim 9 would be ineffective. The portion of Table 10 that corresponds to the Claim 9 means-plus-function limitation discloses that the S circ, S zerox, and S rms scores are added to produce an S mod score. "Provid[ing] a warning indication of driver sleepiness" requires a computational means for translating that S mod score into a warning. In sum, the specification's disclosure of a visual display panel relaying warnings to the driver, see '749 patent col. 7, ll. 1-3, does not provide the corresponding structure for the "provid[ing] a warning" function in Claim 9. While hardware will surely be involved in the conveyance of a warning to the driver, it does not explain how the monitor determines when the computation of steering transitions and time of day weighing leads to the issuance of a warning. For the same reasons discussed above with respect to the "producing an output" function in Claim 1, the patent fails to disclose an algorithm that supports the "provid[ing] a warning" function. As a separate and independent ground, the "computation means" limitation in Claim 9 is indefinite, because the patent fails to disclose an algorithm that supports all of the claimed functions in the Claim 9 means-plus-function limitation. Therefore, the Court "treat[s] the specification as if no algorithm has been disclosed at all." Noah Sys., 675 F.3d at 1318.
For the foregoing reasons, Mercedes's Motion for Summary Judgment of Indefiniteness is
The Court will not on its own go down that path of figuring out the proper interrelatedness of the formulas in the "self-explanatory" tables accompanying Table 10, where neither the patent itself, the patentee, nor its expert has done so.
