McNULTY, District Judge:
The Plaintiff, Daniel Bock, Jr., ran up charges on a credit card and owed money to the issuer bank. His debt was purchased by Midland Funding LLC ("Midland"), which in turn engaged Defendant Pressler and Pressler ("Pressler") to collect the debt. Pressler sent Bock a collection letter, and then, on Midland's behalf, filed a complaint against Bock in the Superior Court of New Jersey. That state action was settled, but while it was pending, Bock brought this federal court action against Pressler. Here, Bock alleges that Pressler made a false or misleading representation in violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ("FDCPA"), 15 U.S.C. § 1692e, by filing the state complaint without meaningful review by an attorney. Now before the Court are the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment.
FDCPA prohibits a broad range of false, misleading or overreaching tactics in connection with the collection of a debt. See generally 15 U.S.C. § 1692 et seq.; McLaughlin v. Phelan Hallinan & Schmieg, LLP, No. 13-2015, 756 F.3d 240,
The process by which Pressler prepares complaints almost entirely involves automation and non-attorney personnel. There is nothing wrong with that; the FDCPA does not mandate drudgery or enshrine outmoded business methods. The state court complaint filed in the state action here, however, was reviewed by an attorney for approximately four seconds. The case law is sparse, and it is possible for reasonable people to disagree as to what constitutes reasonable attorney review. But whatever reasonable attorney review may be, a four-second scan is not it.
Applying the law to the substantially undisputed facts, I find that Pressler violated the FDCPA when it signed, filed, and served a state-court complaint against Bock without substantial attorney review.
Pressler is a law firm based in Parsippany, New Jersey. It specializes in collection law and is a debt collector within the meaning of FDCPA.
Pressler opened an electronic file concerning Bock's debt on September 12, 2011. (Pressler's L. Civ. R. 56.1 Statement at ¶ 2). Then, on September 15, 2011, it mailed an initial collection letter to Bock. (Id. at ¶ 3). The letter requested that he pay the $8,021.57. The letter, although it was on attorney letterhead, contained a disclaimer: "As of this time, no attorney with this firm has personally reviewed the particular circumstances of your account." Bock did not respond and did not remit any funds. (Certification of Mitchell L. Williamson, Esq. at Ex. A).
On October 21, 2011, Pressler commenced a collection action against Bock by filing a complaint in the Superior Court of New Jersey, Special Civil Part.
(Williamson Cert. at Ex. B).
That form complaint generally refers to "an account" by number and a corporate bank name. In fact it is a MasterCard revolving credit account, although that fact cannot be gleaned from the complaint.
Bock answered the complaint on November 18, 2011, stating that he was not aware of the alleged bill and wanted the defendant to furnish evidence of the indebtedness. (Williamson Cert. at Ex. C). On February 24, 2012, the scheduled trial date, Bock and Midland entered into a written agreement to settle the action for $3,000. (Pressler's Statement at ¶¶ 13-15; Williamson Cert. Ex. E). That settlement required an initial payment of $2000, with smaller monthly payments thereafter through September 2012. Id. The terms of the settlement set forth that "[u]pon payment, the parties release each other from liability covering the matter in this dispute." Id. Bock paid the amounts due under the settlement agreement.
On December 30, 2011, while the state court action was still pending, Bock filed this federal-court action against Pressler, alleging a violation of FDCPA. (Complaint [ECF No. 1]). The federal complaint alleges that "[b]y signing the [state court] Collection Complaint, Gulko certified that he read the Collection Complaint and that, `to the best of his ... knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable under the circumstances,' `the factual allegations have evidentiary support.'" (Id. at ¶ 36 (citing N.J.R.Ct. 1:4-8(a) and Fed.R.Civ.P. 11)). The complaint alleges that "Gulko signs so many complaints that it is either physically impossible or so highly improbabl[e] that he read the Collection Complaint or made a sufficient inquiry from which to conclude that the factual allegations have evidentiary support. Therefore, Ralph Gulko on behalf of PRESSLER made false representations to collect or attempt to collect the Debt." (Id. at ¶ 37). The state court complaint was therefore alleged to be false and misleading within the meaning of the FDCPA.
The facts surrounding Pressler's preparation of Midland's complaint against Bock are critical, but virtually undisputed. I set them forth here, before turning to the contested legal questions on which this matter hinges.
Midland, a client of Pressler's since 2003, electronically transmitted information concerning its claim against Bock using specialized software. It has done the same with all of the cases handled on its
The information is then subjected to a series of reviews by non-attorneys and internal "scrubs" by Pressler's computer system. First, the "New Claims Department," which does not include any attorneys, essentially reviews the information for completeness, i.e., to ensure that none of the minimum necessary information is missing. (Id. at ¶ 14). Then, Pressler's outside vendor runs a computerized scrub to make sure that the debtor is not dead, bankrupt, or lacking a verifiable address, and to see that there are no preexisting claims against him or her in Pressler's system. (Id. at ¶¶ 15-16). If the claim file survives this scrub, it proceeds to a second scrub in-house at Pressler. This computerized second scrub reviews much of the same information, and further makes sure that Pressler's system contains no information indicating that the debtor no longer owes a balance or has retained an attorney, that the claim is not based on a `bounced' check, and that the defendant is not in a state where Pressler does not practice law. (Id. at 17). If the information survives this scrub, it is imported into a form collection letter, which, after a final review for accuracy by a member of Pressler's non-attorney staff, is sent to the debtor. (Id. at ¶ 18-20).
Thirty-five days pass. If the initial collection letter is not returned to Pressler, and Pressler has not received any repayment or made some arrangement with the debtor, Pressler then transfers the electronic information file to its "Approve for Suit Department." There, "dedicated employees," who are not attorneys but "are trained to review the new claim further to determine whether it should proceed through litigation," are "tasked with checking and verifying" the same basic information about the debt. In addition, they check whether the statute of limitations has run, whether there is some unresolved "`dispute' code" (it is unclear what Pressler means by this), and whether the social security number on record is accurate. (Id. at ¶ 20-22). The same employees make sure that the claim against the debtor fits within "certain guidelines and restrictions given to us by each of our respective clients (e.g., no request for finance charge will be sought on a particular group of accounts)." (Id. at ¶ 23). Then, the "Summons and Complaint" team, which also includes no attorneys, verifies that an initial collection letter was sent, that Pressler has the correct home address of the defendant, that the defendant's address is in the New Jersey county in which the lawsuit will be brought, and that the suit is not barred by the statute of limitations, any bankruptcy, or a "`dispute' code." (Id. at ¶ 25).
If satisfied with this review, the team generates the actual Summons and Complaint by populating standard forms with the information on file. (Id.). It then electronically queues all of the Summonses and Complaints it has generated for attorney review. (Id. at ¶ 26). The attorney at Pressler who is responsible for approving complaints for filing in New Jersey is Ralph Gulko, Esq. Mr. Gulko reviewed and approved the complaint against Bock. (Id).
On October 20, 2011, Gulko's review and approval of the complaint against Bock occupied a total of four seconds. Computer records disclose that that was the period of time for which the electronic file containing the complaint against Bock and the previously-culled data (described supra) were open. (Gulko Aff. at ¶ 12). Gulko reviewed 673 complaints that day, approving 663 and rejecting 10. (Id.). Neither he nor any other attorney was involved with Midland's case against Bock in any way before his brief review of the pre-drafted complaint. (See Gulko Dep. Testimony at 26:14 to 27:12; Gulko Aff. at ¶ 9; Felt Aff. at ¶¶ 9-26).
By all accounts, neither Gulko nor any other member of Pressler's staff reviewed, or otherwise had knowledge of, the contract between Bock and the bank, including any choice of law, choice of venue, or dispute resolution clause governing disputes between Bock and his creditor. (Bock's Statement at ¶ 47; Pressler's Resp. Statement at ¶ 47). Nor did Gulko or anyone else at Pressler review the agreement by which Bock's original creditor allegedly assigned this debt to Pressler's client, Midland. (Bock's Statement at ¶ 50; Pressler's Resp. Statement at ¶ 50).
Currently before this Court are Pressler's motion for summary judgment dismissing the action [ECF No. 32] and Bock's motion for summary judgment on the issue of liability [ECF No. 34].
Bock argues that he has established a violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1692e, especially subsections (3) and (9). The evidence, he says, shows that the state court civil complaint against him purports to be attorney
Pressler argues that the FDCPA is not intended to incorporate by reference N.J.R.Ct. 1:4-8, Fed. R. Civ. P. 11, or any Rule of Professional Conduct. At any rate, it says, any claim of such an ethical violation was waived when Bock did not send a "frivolous litigation letter" in the state case, but rather joined issue and settled the matter. Pressler expresses disagreement with the judge-made meaningful review rule, and claims that, at any rate, it was not violated here because the firm did not merely rent out its letterhead to a non-attorney debt collector. It also points to the separate section of the FDCPA which provides that a debt collector need not pre-verify or investigate a debt. It further argues that the allegations of the state complaint were not false, and that both Pressler and Gulko were meaningfully involved in preparing the complaint. Pressler stands by its methodology for preparing and reviewing complaints, characterizing consumer debt cases as simple, and its reliance on forms and computers sufficient under the circumstances. (Felt Aff. at ¶ 33). It states that "[d]ebt collection is a competitive business" and that Pressler's standardized methodology is its "secret sauce" for obtaining a competitive advantage. (Id. at ¶¶ 7-8).
I note a claim that is not asserted here. Although virtually all of the relevant case law deals with attorneys' collection letters, Bock does not assert here that Pressler's original debt collection letter was misleading, in violation of the FDCPA.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(a) provides that summary judgment should be granted "if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986); Kreschollek v. S. Stevedoring Co., 223 F.3d 202, 204 (3d Cir. 2000). In deciding a motion for summary judgment, a court must construe all facts and inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. See Boyle v. County of Allegheny Pennsylvania, 139 F.3d 386, 393 (3d Cir.1998). The moving party bears the burden of establishing that no genuine issue of material fact remains. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). "[W]ith respect to an issue on which the nonmoving party bears the burden of proof ... the burden on the moving party may be discharged by `showing' — that is, pointing out to the district court — that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party's case." Id. at 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548.
If the moving party meets its threshold burden, the opposing party must present actual evidence that creates a genuine issue as to a material fact for trial. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505; see also Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c) (setting forth types of evidence on which nonmoving party
When, as here, the parties file cross-motions for summary judgment, the governing standard "does not change." Clevenger v. First Option Health Plan of N.J., 208 F.Supp.2d 463, 468-69 (D.N.J. 2002) (citing Weissman v. U.S.P.S., 19 F.Supp.2d 254 (D.N.J.1998)). The court must consider the motions independently, in accordance with the principles outlined above. Goldwell of N.J., Inc. v. KPSS, Inc., 622 F.Supp.2d 168, 184 (2009); Williams v. Philadelphia Hous. Auth., 834 F.Supp. 794, 797 (E.D.Pa.1993), aff'd, 27 F.3d 560 (3d Cir.1994). That one of the cross-motions is denied does not imply that the other must be granted. For each motion, "the court construes facts and draws inferences in favor of the party against whom the motion under consideration is made" but does not "weigh the evidence or make credibility determinations" because "these tasks are left for the fact-finder." Pichler v. UNITE, 542 F.3d 380, 386 (3d Cir.2008) (internal quotation and citations omitted).
Under the FDCPA, "[a] debt collector may not use any false, deceptive, or misleading representations or means in connection with the collection of any debt." 15 U.S.C. § 1692e. The same section sets forth, in its 16 subsections, a non-exhaustive list of acts constituting "a violation of this section," including, in pertinent part:
Id. The courts construe Section 1692e broadly, to further the FDCPA's remedial purpose and goal of "eliminat[ing] abusive debt collection practices by debt collectors." Lesher, 650 F.3d at 997; 15 U.S.C. § 1692(e). In assessing communications to debtors, the courts adopt the perspective of the "least sophisticated debtor," so that the law protects the gullible as well as the shrewd. Lesher, at 997; accord McLaughlin v. Phelan Hallinan & Schmieg, LLP, No. 13-2015, 756 F.3d 240, 246, 2014 WL 2883891, *3 (3d Cir. June 26, 2014). That said, this framework "preserv[es] a quotient of reasonableness and presum[es] a basic level of understanding and willingness to read with care." Id. (quoting Wilson v. Quadramed Corp., 225 F.3d 350, 354-55 (3d Cir.2000) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
As noted above, attorneys who, inter alia, litigate collection actions are debt collectors under the FDCPA. Heintz v. Jenkins, 514 U.S. 291, 294, 115 S.Ct. 1489, 131 L.Ed.2d 395 (1995) (citing 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6)); FTC v. Check Investors, Inc., 502 F.3d 159, 173 n. 11 (3d Cir.2007) (citing Heintz for proposition that FDCPA applies to the litigation activities of attorneys). "The term `communication' means the conveying of information regarding a
It is well established that "[o]ne cannot, consistent with the FDCPA, mislead the debtor regarding meaningful `attorney' involvement in the debt collection process." Lesher, 650 F.3d at 1001 (quoting Greco, 412 F.3d at 364). It is a violation of Section 1692e for a debt collector to make what purports to be, but actually is not, a statement of an attorney in connection with the debt collection process. See id. at 1001-1003; Greco v. Trauner, Cohen & Thomas, L.L.P., 412 F.3d 360, 364 (2d Cir.2005); Clomon v. Jackson, 988 F.2d 1314, 1320 (2d Cir.1993).
The "meaningful attorney involvement" rule developed in cases where the debtor received a letter on law firm letterhead and signed by an attorney, despite the attorney's not having reviewed the matter. See Lesher, 650 F.3d at 999 (summarizing the "leading case" on the issue, Clomon, 988 F.2d at 1316-1320). The courts agree that such a letter would tend "to give the debtor the false impression that the letters were communications from an attorney," when in fact "they were not `from' the attorney in any meaningful sense of the word." Id. Such a letter is therefore false or misleading within the meaning of FDCPA.
In Lesher, the defendant law firm sent collection letters to the plaintiff even though "no attorney with [the] firm ha[d] personally reviewed the particular circumstances" of the case. Id. at 996. The Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed summary judgment against the law firm, reasoning that the letter would cause a debtor to "reasonably believe that an attorney has reviewed his file and has determined that he is a candidate for legal action." Id. at 1002-1004 (finding violation of the general prohibition in Section 1692e).
The majority's holding in Lesher rested on cases from other circuits. These, although perhaps more receptive to the idea of a disclaimer, give additional content to the "meaningful attorney involvement" rule.
For example, in Clomon v. Jackson, 988 F.2d 1314 (2d Cir.1993), an attorney worked as general counsel for a debt collector named NCB. NCB sent a letter to plaintiff to collect a $9.42 debt owed to NCB's client, a magazine publisher. 988 F.2d 1314, 1316. This letter was one of about a million that NCB sent each year on the publisher's behalf. Id. The publisher would provide NCB a computer tape containing delinquent account information, which NCB transferred onto its own computer system, merging such information with a form letter, without any NCB employee's reviewing an individual debtor's file. Id. at 1316-17. An attorney had approved the form of the letter and the computerized procedure for generating it. Id. The letters to plaintiff were on the attorney's letterhead, and bore a reproduced facsimile of his signature. Id.
The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit agreed with the district court that the record demonstrated a violation of the FDCPA, particularly Section 1692e, subsections (3) and (10). Id. at 1320. It reasoned that the letters purported to be from an attorney, but that this was "false and misleading because in fact Jackson did not review each debtor's file; he did not determine when particular letters should be sent; he did not approve the sending of particular letters based on the recommendations of others; and he did not see particular letters before they were sent[.]" Id. The Second Circuit held that "the use of an attorney's signature implies — at least in the absence of language to the contrary — that the attorney signing the letter formed an opinion about how to manage the case of the debtor to whom the letter was sent." Id. at 1321. Accordingly, the court opined, mass produced letters signed by an attorney will almost always contain misrepresentations. Id.
The Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, too, requires meaningful attorney involvement before an attorney or firm sends a collection letter. In Avila v. Rubin, 84 F.3d 222 (7th Cir.1996), that court upheld the district court's finding that the attorney debt collector "violated § 1692e(3) and (9) because his collection letters create the false and misleading impression that the communications were from an attorney when, in fact, they were not really `from' an attorney in any meaningful sense of the word." 84 F.3d at 229 (citing Clomon, 988 F.2d at 1314-1316). The Avila court reasoned:
The Seventh Circuit elaborated further in Nielsen v. Dickerson, 307 F.3d 623 (7th Cir.2002). There, the attorney (like Gulko in this matter) had at least reviewed the letter before it was sent. The Nielsen creditor periodically forwarded the attorney a computer disk containing debtor information, such as "each debtor's account number, name, address, account balance, and the amount past due." 307 F.3d 623, 626. The attorney's firm "reformatt[ed] the data into its own system" and "pulled the data up onto a computer screen to check for any obvious gaps or errors in the data." Id. The firm's computers would also check the data against various databases, e.g., recent bankruptcy declarations, flagging the file as needed. If the information was without gaps, errors, or flags, it was used to populate a form collection letter developed by the defendant attorney. Id. at 626-627. Eventually, the attorney, who had considerable experience in the field, "himself reviewed nearly all of the printouts of the pertinent data, although his review was admittedly quite brief," perhaps a "few seconds to each account." Id. at 627.
The Seventh Circuit affirmed the trial court's findings that the attorney had violated Section 1692e, particularly subsections (3) and (10). It held, as in Avila, that a "letter that is issued on an attorney's letterhead and over his signature conveys the notion that the attorney has `directly controlled or supervised the process through which the letter was sent[,]'" and "implies that the attorney has reached a considered, professional judgment that the debtor is delinquent." Id. at 635. If such an implied representation is to be accurate, "the attorney must have genuine involvement in the process through which the letter was sent to the debtor." Id. Though the court "acknowledge[d] that [the attorney] took some steps" in reviewing the letter before it was sent, it agreed with the district court that these were "no more than a Veneer' of compliance," because the attorney "made no independent, professional assessment of the delinquency and validity of any debt, did not select the debtors to whom a letter would be sent," and reviewed only the finished form letter and "the debtor information supplied by [the creditor], but only in the sense of literally looking at the data and checking for errors." Id. at 638. The court found that attorney's review to be "ministerial" in nature, and with respect to his three-second review, "the brevity of that review lays bare its cursory nature." Id. at 636-67.
Lesher and the cases it cites, Clomon, Avila, and Nielsen, address collection letters specifically. This much is clear: When a law firm sends a collection letter in its name, it represents that an attorney is meaningfully involved in a professional capacity, and such a representation is false or misleading if in fact there has been no attorney involvement, or only superficial, ministerial attorney involvement.
Bock urges that the FDCPA case law regarding collection letters applies equally, or a fortiori, to a civil complaint, which carries an even weightier implication of attorney involvement.
I consider two possible bases to distinguish the case of a civil complaint from that of a collection letter. The first is a statutory-construction argument that Section 1692e is intended only to reach direct communications between a debt collector and debtor. The second is a more policy-based argument that, once a complaint is filed, the FDCPA statute has exhausted its purpose and the court rules take over the task of monitoring attorney conduct.
The parties do not really develop these arguments, so I touch on them only briefly. For the reasons set forth here, I find that the rationales of the appellate cases discussing collection letters apply equally to a civil complaint. And even if I thought otherwise, I would not be free to enact my own conception of the proper scope of FDCPA where the statutory wording is broad and nothing in it would suggest that a civil complaint is outside its scope.
The argument that Section 1692e is confined to direct communications between a debt collector and debtor seems to arise from certain of its subsections. Those subsections list some nonexclusive examples of deceptive or misleading practices, including
Those subsections, however, are merely nonexclusive examples of conduct that would violate the more general mandate of Section 1692e that a "debt collector may not use any false, deceptive, or misleading representations or means in connection with the collection of any debt." 15 U.S.C. § 1692e (emphasis added). Lesher repeatedly cites 1692e generally; its citations to specific subsections in no way undermine FDCPA's more general prohibition of the use of false, deceptive or misleading means. "Any" is not a stringent prerequisite. The statute prohibits not just misleading "representations," but also misleading or deceptive "means," amounting to a very broad prohibition. And the deceptive representations or means are not limited to a narrow factual context; they need only be employed "in connection with" debt collection. See McLaughlin v. Phelan Hallinan & Schmieg, LLP, No. 13-2015, 756 F.3d 240, 245, 2014 WL 2883891, *3 (3d Cir. June 26, 2014) (conduct "in connection with" the collection of a debt includes "activity undertaken for the general purpose of inducing payment").
As Lesher recognizes, the FDCPA is a broad, remedial statute, and as such must be construed liberally. Lesher, 650
At any rate, the subsections of Section 1692e, even viewed in isolation, stop short of requiring that the "representation" or "communication" be one that is directly addressed to the debtor. To be sure, it often will be, but the holding of Lesher is not so narrow. Nowhere, for example, does Lesher limit its holding to collection letters on the basis that they are "representations" to a debtor under subsections (3) and (10), or "communications" to a debtor under subsection (9). Instead, Lesher rests on the broader rationale that a communication under an attorney's name is misleading if the attorney, acting in his or her professional role, has not meaningfully participated in its production. Nothing about that logic would apply only to an attorney's collection letter, as opposed to a civil complaint.
Finally, even if Section 1692e were confined to direct attorney-debtor communications, I would find unpersuasive the notion that a civil complaint cannot constitute such a communication. A civil complaint, like a letter, is a writing produced by the creditor's attorney. Like a letter, it is communicated to the debtor. True, it is initially filed in court, but the court is not its only intended audience. The complaint must be served on the defendant (here, the debtor) before the action can go forward. See generally Fed. R.Civ.P. 4; N.J. Ct. R. 4:4. From the start, it is understood by all that a primary purpose of the complaint is to place, not just the court, but the defendant, on notice of the claims.
Nevertheless, it may be asked whether the adequacy of an attorney's presuit investigation should be considered a proper subject of regulation under FDCPA. That is Pressler's question, and it is a good one. The policy arguments in favor of a "no" answer are by no means frivolous.
It is possible, for example, to read into Section 1692e, and especially its subsections, a legislative intent to protect uncounselled debtors from the false implication that, unless they pay, they will be sued. When a complaint is filed, that prediction has come true. At that point, the debtor will obtain legal counsel, or decide to go it alone. In either case, the matter is now in court, where procedures are in place to ensure that valid legal arguments will succeed, and invalid ones fail. The danger of debtors' being intimidated by unfounded legal claims is diminished if not eliminated.
Relatedly, one might argue that, once the case is at the complaint-filing stage, the court rules, not the FDCPA, should govern the adequacy of attorney review. When the case is still at the letter-writing stage, the FDCPA fills a regulatory gap, imposing standards on the unsupervised activities of debt collectors, including attorneys. But by bringing the matter to court, the attorney has subjected it to an ethical supervisory regime.
The short answer to these contentions is that it does not matter. Because the statutory language is broad enough to encompass a civil complaint, it must be given its natural scope. See generally Sebelius v. Cloer, ___ U.S. ___, 133 S.Ct. 1886, 1896, 185 L.Ed.2d 1003 (2013) (Sotomayor, J.)
Thus, in Heintz v. Jenkins, 514 U.S. 291, 115 S.Ct. 1489, 131 L.Ed.2d 395 (1995), the Court confronted an argument that the FDCPA's definition of a "debt collector" contains an implied "attorney exemption." That attorney/defendant pointed to "anomalies" that would result if litigation activities were to fall within the statute's scope. Id. at 295, 115 S.Ct. 1489. Every unsuccessful lawsuit, he contended, might be considered a deceptive practice, and the filing of an action might be deemed a forbidden "communication" with a non-consenting debtor. He pointed to a statement by one legislative sponsor that the FDCPA, as amended, would reach attorneys, "not because of [their] conduct in the court-room, but because of their conduct in the backroom." Id. at 297, 115 S.Ct. 1489. The Court was unmoved; the statute itself contained no exemption for debt collection by attorneys (indeed, a prior exemption had been repealed). And neither the Court nor, for that matter, the FTC could create a litigation exemption, which would "fall[] outside the range of reasonable interpretations of the Act's express language." Id. at 298, 115 S.Ct. 1489. In short, FDCPA "applies to the litigating activities of lawyers." Heintz, 514 U.S. 291, 294, 115 S.Ct. 1489; FTC v. Check Investors, Inc., 502 F.3d at 173 n. 11 (citing Heintz) ("Attorneys who regularly engage in debt collection or debt collection litigation are covered by the FDCPA, and their litigation activities must comply with the requirements of the FDCPA."), quoted in Chulsky v. Hudson Law Offices, P.C., 777 F.Supp.2d 823, 830 n. 5 (D.N.J.2011) (Wolfson, D.J.).
The policy arguments for exempting civil complaints from the coverage of FDCPA are similar, and they merit similar treatment. The language of Section 1692e is clear enough; it contains nothing suggesting a distinction between attorney letters and civil complaints for these purposes.
A civil complaint, then, like an attorney letter, may be misleading within the meaning of FDCPA if it implies attorney involvement, but such involvement is lacking. A law firm that signs a complaint represents not only that an attorney is involved, but that the attorney has had a certain level of involvement in his or her professional capacity.
What level of involvement? Guidance may be found in New Jersey Rule of Court 1:4-8 and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11, which set forth the exact representations (express or implied) that an attorney makes by signing a complaint. New Jersey's rule, which applies to the state-court complaint at issue here, provides:
N.J.R.Ct. 1:4-8(a) ("Effect of Signing, Filing or Advocating a Paper") (emphasis added); cf. Fed.R.Civ.P. 11(b). An attorney who signs a complaint represents that he or she has "read the pleading" and made an "inquiry reasonable under the circumstances," and that "to the best of [their] knowledge, information, and belief" formed upon such an inquiry, the claims and contentions "are warranted" under the law and "the factual allegations have evidentiary support or, as to specifically identified allegations, they are either likely to have evidentiary support[.]" N.J.R.Ct. 1:4-8(a); see also Pressler & Verniero, N.J. Court Rules (Gann), R. 1:4-8 at cmt. 1 ("Paragraph (a) ... includes specific implied representations regarding the factual and legal basis of the asserted claim or defense. . .").
Plaintiff Bock asserts, and I agree, that the rules of court serve a limited function under FDCPA. That is, the FDCPA does not incorporate rules of court by reference or create a private cause of action for their violation. Rather, the rules of court help to define the level of attorney involvement that is impliedly represented by the filing and service of a complaint.
I shall therefore articulate a holding rooted in the existing standards of Rule 1:4-8 and Fed.R.Civ.P. 11(b), without creating a confusing parallel regulatory regime. Before doing so, however, I discuss the only district court case I have found that discusses this FDCPA issue with regard to a civil complaint.
Bock cites a published opinion from the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York, Miller v. Upton, Cohen & Slamowitz, 687 F.Supp.2d 86 (E.D.N.Y. 2009). Miller is unique, I believe, in that it exhaustively addresses whether the plaintiff established an FDCPA violation based on the defendant law firm's scanty review of a civil complaint.
UCS sent a collection letter to Miller, and thereafter filed in state court a civil complaint against Miller. Miller filed a FDCPA suit against UCS based on both the letter and the civil complaint. Id. at 90.
Initially, the district court entered summary judgment against Miller on all claims. The Second Circuit, however, reversed and "remanded for further development of the factual record concerning the single issue of whether or not Wolpoff and UCS had conducted a sufficiently meaningful attorney review of Miller's file ... as required under FDCPA § 1692e." Id. at 88 (citing Miller v. Wolpoff & Abramson, L.L.P. ("Miller I"), 321 F.3d 292 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 823, 124 S.Ct. 153, 157 L.Ed.2d 44 (2003)).
On remand, District Judge Roslynn Mauskopf convened a bench trial and found in Miller's favor. In her published opinion, Judge Mauskopf summarized the trial evidence. Some highlights: UCS had "robust" prescreening measures designed to "ensure the accuracy of the data" forwarded to it. It was a UCS paralegal who oversaw the preparation of a draft summons and complaint against Miller. Slamowitz, the attorney who signed the letter, summons, and complaint, did so without reviewing either the physical or electronic file concerning Miller's debt. Any physical review of Miller's file was conducted by non-attorney personnel at UCS. Slamowitz and his partner signed 211 collection letters on the same day they signed the collection letter to Miller. Id. at 94.
Reviewing the law on sufficient attorney review, Judge Mauskopf cited many of the same cases cited in Lesher. She determined that Slamowitz and UCS impliedly represented, in the collection letter and complaint, that they were involved in the case against Miller. But the "superficial level of review undertaken by Slamowitz and UCS was insufficient under the FDCPA" to justify that implied representation. Id. at 96.
Judge Mauskopf made numerous holdings as to what constitutes adequate (or inadequate) attorney review. She held:
Like the Seventh Circuit in Nielsen, the Second Circuit in Clomon, and the Third Circuit in Lesher, Judge Mauskopf found that the attorney debt collectors "did not conduct a sufficient attorney review for FDCPA purposes" before signing the collection letter, and she extended that reasoning to the collection complaint as well. Id. at 99. She further ruled that "generalized review procedures," reviews conducted by the other law firm, and review by paralegals did not make up for the deficiencies in the UCS attorney's cursory review. Id. at 101-102.
I believe that the reasoning of such cases as Lesher, Clomon and Nielsen,
Pressler objects, arguing that that the allegations of the complaint are not false, but that contention is a red herring. The claimed misrepresentation here does not relate to the ultimate veracity of the numbered factual allegations of the complaint; it concerns the veracity of the implied representation that an attorney was meaningfully involved in the preparation of the complaint. If, in fact, the attorney who signed the complaint is not involved and familiar with the case against the debtor, then the debtor has been unfairly misled and deceived within the meaning of the FDCPA, 15 U.S.C. § 1692e.
Accordingly, I hold that a signed complaint is inherently false and misleading, in violation of 15 U.S.C. 1692e, where, at the
See N.J. Ct. R. 1:4-8(a); Fed.R.Civ.P. 11; Lesher, at 1002-1003; see also Miller, at 99-102; Nielsen, 307 F.3d at 635-638. This holding is not as detailed or prescriptive as that of Judge Mauskopf, but I think it is best to establish the principle more generally and allow for more detailed case-by-case elaboration.
I add the following caveat in response to Pressler's argument that the rules require only a belief that the allegations are likely to have evidentiary support. That is, I think, a misapplication of N.J. Ct. R. 1:4-8(a) and Rule 11, as well as common pleading practice. The attorney's good faith belief cannot simply be willed into existence, but must be "formed after an inquiry ..." R. 1:4-8. The Court Rule's reference to the "likely" existence of evidence is not a license to allege facts in the unexpressed hope that evidence may turn up. The Rule requires that factual allegations "have evidentiary support or, as to specifically identified allegations, they are ... likely to have evidentiary support [or will be withdrawn]" "Specifically identified allegations" is an obvious codification of the practice of explicitly alleging, "on information and belief," facts that a plaintiff could not reasonably be expected to know — for example, facts within the exclusive control of defendant. Under the Federal Rules as well, pleading on information and belief "does not relieve litigants from the obligation to conduct an appropriate investigation into the facts that is reasonable under the circumstances; it is not a license to ... make claims ... without any factual basis or justification." Fed.R.Civ.P. 11, Notes of Advisory Committee on 1993 Amendments; see generally Levey v. Brownstone Investment Group, 2012 WL 603799 at *3, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 23071 at *6-7 (Feb. 22, 2012). Allegations on information and belief, made on a valid basis and identified as such, would not be barred by the two principles I state today. But Pressler's retroactive invocation does not help its case. The state court complaint does not state that any of its allegations are made on information and belief, and even now Pressler does not offer any legitimate justification for such pleading, where a review of the file might well have established the relevant facts. In short, the notion that allegations were "likely" to have evidentiary support is a non-issue here.
These two requirements stated above distill from case law and practice what a debtor may reasonably conclude about the attorney's level of involvement when the attorney has signed and filed a collection complaint against the debtor. Viewed from the attorney's perspective, these principles set forth what the FDCPA requires in order to render the attorney's implied representations of meaningful involvement truthful and insulate the complaint from attack.
Ralph Gulko, Pressler's only attorney handling collection complaints filed in New Jersey courts, signed the complaint against Bock. He did not draft the complaint, and he did not carefully read and review it in any meaningful sense. He did not conduct any inquiry concerning Midland's claim against Bock, let alone one
First, the undisputed evidence shows that Gulko, and by extension, Pressler, neither drafted nor carefully reviewed the complaint. Mr. Gulko was the only attorney involved in the entire process. He admits that the draft complaint was on his computer screen for no more than four seconds. (Gulko Aff. at ¶ 12). He states that his brief review consisted of comparing certain contents of the complaint, displayed on one of his computer screens, to data appearing on his other computer screen, to ensure the complaint's accuracy. (Id. at ¶¶ 5-6, 8). The evidence shows, then, that in those four seconds Mr. Gulko's eyes darted back and forth between his two computer monitors, making sure the debtor name, creditor name, and amount of indebtedness stated on the complaint reflected the data file stored by Pressler. (See id.). Gulko's rapid look-over of the complaint against Bock, one of 673 complaints he reviewed that day (Gulko Aff. at ¶ 12), cannot really be considered a careful review of the complaint, let alone an exercise of the professional skills of a lawyer.
Second, even if Gulko had somehow managed to carefully review the complaint in those four seconds, it cannot be said that he conducted any inquiry into Midland's claim against Bock. There is no dispute that neither Gulko nor any attorney at Pressler had any involvement in the Bock matter prior to Gulko's final review on October 20, 2010. (See Gulko Dep. Testimony at 26:14 to 27:12; Gulko Aff. at ¶ 9; Felt Aff. at ¶¶ 9-26). I find that no inquiry whatever could conceivably have occurred within the time that Gulko spent reviewing the complaint against Bock. This fleeting review was not sufficient to permit an attorney to form a good faith opinion concerning the evidentiary support for Midland's claim against Bock or the applicable legal basis for that claim. That is an inescapable inference from the four-second duration of Gulko's review — but there is more. The undisputed evidence confirms that neither Gulko nor anyone else at Pressler (including its vaunted computer system) ever reviewed basic materials like the underlying cardmember agreement (to confirm that there was a legal basis to collect from Bock, to confirm what law governed, and to confirm that venue was proper). No one at Pressler reviewed the assignment that allegedly transferred ownership of the debt to Midland. (See Bock's Statement at ¶¶ 47, 50; Pressler's Resp. Statement at ¶¶ 47, 50). Yet the very first allegation in the complaint against Bock is that "[Midland Funding LLC] is now the owner of the defendant(s) [sic] HSBC Bank Nevada, N.A. account number 5458001561298245 which is now in default." (Williamson Cert. at Ex. B). There can be no legitimate contention that Gulko, through reasonable inquiry, arrived at a good faith belief in the truth of this allegation. Yet, by filing a complaint, he impliedly represented that he had.
If there were evidence in the record that the attorney had acquired knowledge of the pertinent contents of the cardmember agreement or the chain of assignment through some other, indirect means, it might be possible to give less weight to the four-second duration of review. But there is no such evidence; Pressler took the electronic data at face value. The inquiry implied by the attorney's filing of the complaint simply did not occur.
Pace Pressler's objections, the preparatory actions taken by other non-attorneys
In sum, the evidence shows that the only attorney involvement in connection with Midland's claim against Bock prior to Pressler filing suit on Midland's behalf was a hurried, ministerial review of the accuracy of certain aspects of the complaint. There was no reasonable inquiry or exercise of professional judgment. This would not meet the Lesher/Nielsen standards for meaningful attorney involvement when sending collection letters, and it does not meet the standards for filing a complaint.
There is no genuine material issue of fact requiring trial. I hold that Pressler, when it signed and filed the state court civil complaint against Bock, violated the FDCPA, 15 U.S.C. § 1692e.
For the reasons stated above, the motion for summary judgment of Bock is
The ethics opinion itself reaffirms this State's long-standing rule that to send such a letter on attorney letterhead is a violation of the New Jersey ethics rules:
Joint Opinion, Committee on the Unauthorized Practice of Law (Op. No. 48) and Advisory Committee on Professional Ethics (Op. No. 725), at p. 5 (copy at Williamson Cert. Ex. H, [ECF No. 32-5]).
The question here is whether that general regulatory concern corresponds to a specific cause of action under the FDCPA based on insufficient attorney review of complaints.
A letter on attorney letterhead and signed by an attorney, containing a statement that no attorney was involved in its production, has a certain surreal quality. Cf. Rene Magritte, "The Treachery of Images" (Belgium, 1929), image available at website of Los Angeles County Museum of Art, http://collections. lacma.org/node/239578 (a depiction of a pipe, titled "Ceci n'est pas une pipe" ["This is not a pipe"], praised by the LACMA curator as a "Surrealist masterpiece[]"). Even an informed reader might find the logic more evocative of Dali than of Euclid. And the hypothetical "least sophisticated debtor," from whose point of view the letter is assessed under FDCPA, might just be baffled.
Pressler points to evidence in Miller that the attorney had not logged in to review the matter until after the complaint was filed. (Pressler's Br. Opp. Bock's Mot. Summ. J. at p. 26). Judge Mauskopf did not make much of this evidence, and there is no indication that it played any significant role in her analysis. Rather, she focused on the attorney's lack of involvement and inquiry before signing either the collection letter or collection complaint.
