PER CURIAM.
New Jersey Manufacturers Insurance Company (NJM), here doing business as New Jersey Re-Insurance Company, appeals from a unanimous jury verdict finding, where a deer crashed through the vehicle's windshield, the negligence of the driver was a proximate cause of injury to his passenger. After reviewing the record in light of the contentions advanced on appeal, we affirm.
Plaintiff Jolene Grembowiec brought this action to recover damages including compensation for severe facial injuries she sustained as a passenger in a vehicle that collided with a deer on the evening of October 28, 2004, in Bridgewater Township. Plaintiff filed suit against the driver, Charles Geisler, for his negligence, his mother who owned the car and John Doe, who was named as the driver of the "phantom" car that may have been involved in the accident. She settled claims against Geisler and his mother for the full amount of their policy, $100,000. She also received $100,000 in uninsured motorist benefits for the negligence of the driver of the "phantom" car. Plaintiff also brought a claim against her carrier, NJM, for underinsured motorist benefits
Plaintiff has no recollection of the accident due to her injuries. Many of the facts are undisputed: The roadway was lit with a full moon and was unobstructed; the weather was clear and dry; and Geisler was driving a 2001 Infiniti QX-4 sport utility vehicle at 30 miles-per-hour (in a 45 mile-per-hour zone) with the xenon headlights turned on. The police officer who responded to the accident testified that he had visibility of 500 feet that night. The photographs of the accident scene also show a white fence as being visible at a distance of more than 500 feet.
Although Geisler did not testify at trial, his earlier inconsistent versions of the incident were provided to the jury. He told the police officer who responded immediately after the accident that he was traveling north on Routes 202-206 when he observed a deer enter the southbound side of the roadway and run east across the road. He said he then saw a white "phantom" car, traveling southbound, hit the deer. He said, upon impact, the deer was thrown into his windshield, crashing through it, severely injuring his passenger.
At his deposition, Geisler said he did not see the deer. He said it was just "a flash out of [his] eye," and that he did not know whether or not another car hit the deer first. He said he remembered another car approaching and thought he heard a screech from that car. He testified that he had seen deer by the side of that road hundreds of times and knew to slow down and proceed with caution in that area.
NJM raises the following issues on appeal: THE VERDICT WAS AGAINST THE WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE AND
NJM argues that the trial court erroneously allowed the plaintiff's accident reconstruction expert to testify. John A. Desch, P.E., plaintiff's expert, in his report on November 7, 2007, relied on Geisler's statement at the time of the accident, as Desch thought it was likely to be the most reliable. In that statement, Geisler admitted seeing the deer run into the roadway. He also claimed that another car hit the deer first. Although no roadside debris was found to confirm that part of the story, a glancing blow by the other car may have been sufficient to send the deer into Geisler's windshield. Desch concluded that Geisler would have had the two seconds required to make an evasive maneuver, and his failure to do so was a substantial factor in causing the accident. NJM argues that this opinion lacked a factual basis and was therefore an impermissible net opinion.
Without objection from NJM, the judge found Desch qualified as an expert in accident reconstruction. In forming his opinions, he considered the police accident report, party and police officer depositions, Geisler's statements, accident and aerial photos, two site inspections, weather and lunar records and measurements of the accident scene. He took daytime photographs, made a scaled diagram, performed a site analysis, made visibility measurements, calculated stopping distances and made a DVD for demonstrative purposes depicting the probable lighting conditions. He opined that drivers need approximately two seconds at night to take evasive action. He stated that, including perception reaction time, a driver of a car going 30 miles-per-hour could stop in a span of 128 feet. Desch found that the moon was 99% full on the night of the accident. He indicated that the lighting conditions at the time were such that a driver could see an object the size of a deer from 150 to 200 feet away.
The trial judge found Desch's opinion was "supported by sufficient articulable facts to warrant it being presented for the jury's consideration." We find Desch's expertise was useful to report on the visibility that night and calculate the time needed to take evasive action given the speed of the car.
We review admission of expert testimony under an abuse of discretion standard.
In addition to determining whether a witness is qualified to testify as an expert, the trial court must also decide whether the expert's opinion is admissible under
NJM maintains that Desch's testimony included an opinion that Geisler had sufficient time to take evasive action, yet there was no evidence in the record to support that conclusion. NJM argues that Desch was unable to specify the location or movements of the deer prior to the accident, and thus he had no way of knowing when Geisler saw the deer. NJM argues that the demonstration DVD, showing a stuffed deer standing at the side of the roadway as the car with the camera drove towards it, was misleading and purely speculative. Geisler, however, in his report to the police right after the accident, claimed to have seen the deer enter the roadway from the other side of the road going east across the road. The jurors knew of the different versions of the accident related by Geisler. Desch was effectively cross-examined about the uncertainty of the position of the deer, and how fast the deer could travel across the road. The jurors knew that the stationary stuffed deer was simply a marker used to demonstrate visibility, and that its use did not purport to indicate that the actual deer was immobile the night of the accident or located as depicted.
The judge also cautioned the jury: "The weight of the expert's opinion depends on the facts on which the expert bases his opinion, and as jurors, you must decide whether the facts relied upon [by] the expert actually exist." The fact that Geisler was driving 30 miles-per-hour, the good visibility on the night of the accident, and Geisler's initial statement that he saw the deer at the side of the road support Desch's opinion that Geisler had time to take evasive action to avoid hitting the deer. The jury was aware of the strength of the facts supporting the expert's opinion and made its decision accordingly.
NJM argues that the trial court erred in two respects in its jury charge. In this case, the trial court used the Model Charge entitled "Duty of Automobile Driver To Make Observations." The pertinent subsection outlines the duties of drivers where vision is "impaired":
The trial court altered the model charge by adding language that requires the driver to be aware of the presence of wildlife on New Jersey roads:
The trial court explained that it did not make this change to protect the animals, but rather to prevent harm to people and property when an animal is hit, as in this instance.
Trial courts are charged with molding jury instructions to meet the facts of the case.
NJM also argues for the first time on appeal that the trial court should have charged that "the mere happening of an accident does not indicate negligence." Had NJM requested such a charge timely, the court may well have complied. In light of the entirety of the instruction, the lack of this charge does not meet the plain error standard as it was not "clearly capable of producing an unjust result."
In the context of civil jury charges, we have characterized plain error as failure to focus the jury's attention on the single critical issue of a case.
The trial court charged the jury that the plaintiff had the duty to prove that Geisler's negligence was a proximate cause of the accident, stating:
The court clearly instructed the jury that they must find actual negligence and proximate cause, and not merely assign blame for the accident. We thus reject both claims NJM advances in Point II.
In Point III, NJM argues that the trial court should not have admitted into evidence Geisler's hearsay statement in the police report and that plaintiff's summation was improper.
Geisler's statement contained in the police report is clearly hearsay and therefore, absent an applicable exception, is inadmissible. Hearsay is defined as "a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted."
Geisler's hearsay statement, however, fits within the excited utterance exception to the hearsay rule.
NJM also argues that plaintiff's summation was improper because counsel was permitted to read a portion of the judge's charge to the jury, and told the jury the charge mandated a verdict in favor of plaintiff. The general rule is that counsel is accorded broad latitude in summation.
Here, without objection, plaintiff's counsel read portions of the court's modified jury charge to the jury, including the language requiring a driver "to anticipate that other vehicles or animals may be on the highway and must use reasonable care so as to adjust his lights to observe vehicles or animals at such a distance to avoid contact with them at the speed he is traveling." Defendant raises for the first time on appeal an objection to plaintiff's counsel "instruct[ing] the jury on the law."
Defense counsel did object at trial to counsel's indication that the law mandated a verdict for plaintiff. Counsel told the jury that the facts and law favored his client asking them not to "ignore the law," stating: "The issue is was Mr. Geisler anticipating the deer. Was he driving slow enough to avoid the deer and the answer is absolutely not. The evidence is overwhelming. You must follow the law."
Defendant cites no case directly in support of his argument that the summation was improper on either ground. Even in a death penalty case, the Supreme Court did not find a prosecutor's comment that the jury might be guilty of violating their oaths if they did not impose a death sentence to be plain error.
NJM argues that the combination of errors cumulatively require reversal.
NJM argues also that even if all of the evidence was properly admitted, the verdict was against the weight of the evidence. "In reviewing a jury's verdict, a judge must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion for relief."
Affirmed.