ROBERT H. JACOBVITZ, Bankruptcy Judge.
This matter is before the Court on the Joint Stipulation of Facts and Request for Ruling Without Holding a Final Evidentiary Hearing (Docket No. 57) (the "Joint Request") filed by Debtors and approved by the Chapter 13 trustee and the New Mexico Department of Workforce Solutions ("NMDWS"). In the Joint Stipulation, the parties request that the Court determine whether Samara L. Novak's unemployment compensation benefits must be included in the calculation of current monthly income and disposable income for the purpose of Debtors' Chapter 13 plan based on the stipulated facts and without a hearing.
The parties stipulate to the following facts:
1. Debtors filed their chapter 13 petition on June 7, 2016.
2. Debtor Samara Novak lost her position at Sysco New Mexico on June 16, 2016. She has been unemployed since that time.
3. Samara Novak's unemployment insurance claim was filed with NMDWS on August 7, 2016. She began receiving benefit payments from NMDWS on August 28, 2016.
4. Benefits for Ms. Novak are paid weekly in the amount of $428. Twenty-five dollars of each weekly payment of $428 constitutes a "dependency allowance," which is $25 per child for one child. Without the dependency allowance, Ms. Novak's weekly benefit amount would be $403.
5. Ms. Novak has received benefits to the present date. She is eligible to receive a maximum of 26 weekly payments, or until the week ending February 11, 2017.
6. Ms. Novak receives benefits pursuant to NMSA 1978, 51-1-1 et. seq the New Mexico "Unemployment Compensation Law." Her eligibility is determined under NMSA 1978, § 51-1-4, § 51-1-5 and 51-1-7, NMSA 1978. Benefits are paid from the Unemployment compensation fund described in NMSA 1978, § 51-1-19.
To be confirmable, a Chapter 13 plan must provide either full payment of all allowed unsecured claims or that all of the debtor's projected "disposable income" during the plan period is applied to make payments to the debtor's unsecured creditors. 11 U.S.C. § 1325(b)(1). Disposable income is defined as "current monthly income" less certain enumerated expenses. 11 U.S.C. § 1325(b)(2). Section 101(10A) provides:
The term "current monthly income"—
The language at issue is Section 101(10A)(B)'s exclusion of "benefits received under the Social Security Act" from a debtor's current monthly income calculation (the "SSA Exclusion"). This language was added as part of the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 ("BAPCPA"). Debtors assert unemployment compensation benefits are "benefits received under the Social Security Act." The Chapter 13 trustee disagrees. Neither the Tenth Circuit nor the Tenth Circuit Bankruptcy Appellate Panel has addressed the issue.
Many courts have addressed whether the SSA Exclusion covers unemployment compensation benefits. The first two bankruptcy courts to address the issue held that unemployment benefits are "benefits received under the Social Security Act." See In re Sorrell, 359 B.R. 167 (Bankr. S.D. Ohio 2007); In re Munger, 370 B.R. 21 (Bankr. D. Mass. 2007). Nine other bankruptcy courts and one district court subsequently addressed this issue, all of which held that unemployment compensation must be included in the calculation of a debtor's current monthly income. DeHart v. Baden (In re Baden), 396 B.R. 617 (Bankr. M.D. Pa. 2008); In re Kucharz, 418 B.R. 635 (Bankr. C.D. Ill. 2009); In re Washington, 438 B.R. 348 (M.D. Ala. 2010); In re Rose, No. 09-70088, 2010 WL 2600591 (Bankr. N.D. Ga. May 12, 2010); In re Nance, No. 09-05604, 2010 WL 2079653 (Bankr. S.D. Ind. May 21, 2010); In re Winkles, No. 10-30137, 2010 WL 2680895 (Bankr. S.D. Ill. July 6, 2010); In re Ormonde, No. 10-10767-B-13, 2010 WL 9498235 (Bankr. E.D. Cal. Aug. 4, 2010); In re Overby, No. 10-20602, 2010 WL 3834647 (Bankr. W.D. Mo. Sept. 24, 2010); In re Gentry, 463 B.R. 526 (Bankr. D. Colo. 2011); and In re Vandyne, No. 09-65200, 2011 WL 3664551 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio Aug. 19, 2011). More recently, two courts seemed to reject the reasoning of the courts holding that unemployment compensation benefits were not excluded under the SSA Exclusion in holding that the SSA Exclusion applies to Medicaid waiver and adoption assistance benefits. In re Adinolfi, 543 B.R. 612 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2016) and In re Hite, 557 B.R. 451 (Bankr. W.D. Va. 2016).
The SSA encourages, but does not require, that states create an unemployment compensation system. Sorrell, 359 B.R. at 181. Unemployment compensation is administered at the state level and in accordance with state law. Washington, 438 B.R. at 351. However, a state's unemployment compensation laws are subject to various requirements set forth in the SSA. Sorrell, 359 B.R. at 181 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1321). For example, states must provide an "[o]pportunity for a fair hearing, before an impartial tribunal, for all individuals whose claims for unemployment compensation are denied." 42 U.S.C. § 503(a)(3). States must also include in their laws "[a] requirement that, as a condition of eligibility for regular compensation for any week, a claimant must be able to work, available to work, and actively seeking work." 42 U.S.C. § 503(a)(12).
The states' unemployment compensation laws are also subject to requirements set forth in other federal laws, including the Federal Unemployment Tax Act ("FUTA") (26 U.S.C. § 3301 et. seq). Pursuant to the FUTA and SSA, the Secretary of Labor must approve and certify a state's unemployment compensation laws before the state is eligible for federal funding. 42 U.S.C. § 503(a), 26 U.S.C. § 3304. Certification pursuant to the FUTA requires that a state's laws comply with nineteen different requirements set forth in 26 U.S.C. § 3304(a).
Pursuant to the SSA, the federal government provides substantial funding to assist the states with the cost of administering their unemployment compensation system. Gentry, 463 B.R. at 529. All unemployment compensation benefits are funded through a state levied tax, which the states must remit to the Secretary of Treasury.
New Mexico enacted its Unemployment Compensation Law (N.M. Stat. Ann. § 51-1-1 et. seq) the year following the enactment of the Social Security Act. The rate at which employers must contribute to the New Mexico Unemployment Compensation fund is based on numerous factors, including the type of industry and the employer's history. N.M. Stat. Ann. § 51-1-11. A claimant's eligibility for and amount of benefits are determined pursuant to New Mexico law. N.M. Stat. Ann. §§ 51-1-4 through 51-1-7, which is designed to be consistent with the requirements of the FUTA, 26 U.S.C. § 3304(a), and the SSA, 42 U.S.C. § 503(a)(12). Claimants submit their claims to the New Mexico Department of Workforce Solutions ("NMDWS") in accordance with the procedures established under New Mexico law.
Courts have reached different conclusions on how the mixture of federal and state law present in the unemployment compensation benefits systems informs the SSA Exclusion issue. The Sorrell court found that unemployment compensation is truly a creature of the SSA and, thus, held that the SSA Exclusion includes unemployment compensation benefits. Sorrell, 359 B.R. at 181-83. Other courts find that because unemployment compensation benefits are funded by a state levied tax and the system is largely administered by the states in accordance with state law, the benefits are not received under the SSA. See e.g., Winkles, 2010 WL 2680895, at *3.
Courts have also reached divergent holdings when attempting to interpret the SSA Exclusion in accordance with various principals of statutory interpretation. For example, BAPCPA contains references to both "social security benefits" and "unemployment compensation." Some courts infer from this that Congress intended "benefits received under the Social Security Act" to apply broadly and include both categories. Sorrell, 359 B.R. at 183; Munger, 370 B.R. at 25-26. Other courts draw a different inference and hold that "the distinction between unemployment compensation and social security benefits [is] a manifestation of Congress' intent that the Bankruptcy Code treat the current and temporary replacement of wages administered by the state differently than future benefits associated with old age, ordinarily administered by the federal government." Baden, 396 B.R. at 621; Winkles, 2010 WL 2680895, at *4 (citing Baden, 396 B.R. at 621); Overby, 2010 WL 3834647, at *3 ("Congress provides an exemption for both `a social security benefit' and `unemployment compensation,' suggesting the two are not one and the same."). Two courts conclude that there is no meaningful distinction between the language "benefits received under the Social Security Act" and "Social Security benefits" and hold that because the latter obviously did not include unemployment compensation benefits that the former does not either. Washington, 438 B.R. at 351-53; Rose, 2010 WL 2600591, at *1, n. 3.
Applying the plain meaning rule of statutory interpretation, several courts observe that the dictionary definition of "under" is "in accordance with" or "required by" and hold that the Social Security Act does not require that states pay unemployment compensation benefits, but merely incentivizes states to do so. See Kucharz, 418 B.R. at 641(citing Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged (1976); Winkles, 2010 WL 2680895, at *3 (citing Kucharz, 418 B.R. at 641); Gentry, 463 B.R. at 528 (citing Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged (1976)). See also Washington, 438 B.R. at 353 (the court does not recite the definition for "under" but does note that the Social Security Act induces but does not require states to pay unemployment compensation benefits). However in Overby, the court held that the dictionary definition of "under" is not helpful "because the word is subject to multiple definitions and meanings, some of which might justify a different result." Overby, 2010 WL 3834647, at *2.
Another principal of statutory interpretation is that "deviations from established applications of judicial interpretation should be done with specificity." See Baden, 396 B.R. at 623 (citing Midlantic Nat. Bank v. New Jersey Dept. of Environmental Protection, 474 U.S. 494, 501, 106 S.Ct. 755, 759, 88 L. Ed. 2d 859 (1986) (for the statutory interpretation rule). Some courts have held that the SSA Exclusion does not have the requisite specificity to mark a deviation in the established interpretation prior to BAPCPA that unemployment compensation is included in a debtor's disposable income. See Baden, 396 B.R. at 623 (citing In re Minor, 177 B.R. 576 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn.1995)). See also Overby, 2010 WL 3834647, at *4; Gentry, 463 B.R. at 530. However, in Adinolfi, the court notes that "[t]he `current monthly income' construct, including the SSA exclusion, did not exist prior to BAPCPA. Therefore, there are no pre-BAPCPA judicial interpretations of the relevant language." In re Adinolfi, 543 B.R. 612, 621 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2016).
Other courts rely on the statutory interpretation rule that remedial legislation should be construed broadly to effectuate its purpose, and conversely that exceptions to remedial legislation must be narrowly construed. See Kucharz, 418 B.R. at 642-43; Gentry, 463 B.R. at 530. But see Adinolfi, 543 B.R. at 621, n. 5 ("The first problem with the remedial-statute rule is the difficulty of determining what constitutes a remedial statute. Is any statute not remedial? Does any statute not seek to remedy an unjust or inconvenient situation? . . . The other problem with the remedial-statute rule is that identifying what a "liberal construction" consists of is impossible. . . . The canon is therefore today either incomprehensible or superfluous." (quoting Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 364-66 (2012)). These courts hold that the purpose of BAPCPA was to combat fraud and abusive filings and that the purpose of the definition of current monthly income was to include income from all sources. See Kucharz, 418 B.R. at 642-43; Gentry, 463 B.R. at 530. See also Baden, 396 B.R. at 622 (holding that including unemployment compensation benefits in the calculation of a debtor's current monthly income is consistent with the goals of BAPCPA); Overby, 2010 WL 3834647, at *4 (same). This reasoning was questioned by the Adinolfi court, which held that "the legislative history shows that the purpose was more precise: to help courts separate `can-pay' debtors from `can't-pay' debtors, and to require `can-pay' debtors to pay as much as they can afford. The text of § 101(10A)(B) demonstrates that Congress decided that `benefits received under the Social Security Act' should not count when identifying `can-pay' debtors and deciding how much more they should pay." Adinolfi, 543 B.R. at 620.
The Sorrell court also notes that the Supreme Court recognized that a purpose of the Social Security Act was to provide newly unemployed workers with partial wage replacements to tide them over during their search for new employment. Sorrell, 359 B.R. at 181 (quoting California Dept. of Human Resources Development v. Java, 402 U.S. 121, 131-32, 91 S.Ct. 1347, 1354, 28 L. Ed. 2d 666 (1971)). The court rejected the United States Trustee's argument that the subject phrase is limited to direct benefits received under the Social Security Act and that unemployment compensation was an indirect benefit. Sorrell, 359 B.R. at 183. The Court held that the plain language of Section 101(10A) does not make such a distinction. Sorrell, 359 B.R. at 183.
In addition to Sorrell and Munger, Debtors cite In re Adinolfi, 543 B.R. 612 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2016) and In re Hite, 557 B.R. 451 (Bankr. W.D. Va. 2016) to support their argument that unemployment compensation benefits are "benefits received under the Social Security Act." These decisions are relevant here because both courts held that benefits, in addition to old age, survivors, and disability insurance, were "benefits received under the Social Security Act."
In Adinolfi, the court provided a brief description of eighteen different benefit programs "provided for" in the Social Security Act. The court described a continuum of federal involvement among these benefit programs and categorized them as either (a) federally-administered programs (e.g., old age, survivors, and disability insurance benefits), (b) federal funding of state-paid benefits (e.g., Medicaid and adoption assistance), (c) federal reimbursement for administrative costs (e.g., unemployment compensation), and (d) federal block grants and loans (e.g., Temporary Assistance to Needy Families). In Aldinolfi and Hite the benefits at issue were adoption assistance and Medicaid, respectively, both of which fall into the category (b). For these programs, "if a state creates a program of a certain kind that meets detailed requirements . . ., the federal government will pay all or part of the benefits and the administrative costs of the program." Adinolfi, 543 B.R. at 617. In contrast, for unemployment compensation benefits at issue here and in the cases discussed above, the federal government merely reimburses the state for administrative costs. Id. Nevertheless, much of the courts' analysis is relevant to the issue before this court. In Aldinolfi, the court's decision was based primarily on a textual analysis of the language and held "[n]othing in the language of the SSA exclusion suggests that Congress intended to include only those programs that are funded and administered solely by the federal government." Adinolfi, 543 B.R. at 619-20. The court then rejected much of the rational relied upon by the courts holding that unemployment compensation is not "benefits received under the Social Security Act." Adinolfi, 543 B.R. at 620-23. In Hite, the Court held that the Adinolfi court's analysis was persuasive and that the programs providing Medicaid waiver benefits and adoption assistance benefits are administered in the same way (i.e. state operated with 50% or more federal reimbursement of benefits and administrative costs).
As other courts have observed, the SSA Exclusion is certainly ambiguous. Reasonable minds have differed on whether unemployment compensation benefits are received under the SSA. After reviewing the SSA Exclusion, the many well-reasoned opinions on both sides of the issue, and the briefs submitted by the parties, the Court concludes that New Mexico unemployment compensation benefits are not "benefits received under the Social Security Act" and therefore the SSA Exclusion does not apply. A state agency, NMDWFS, largely administers New Mexico's unemployment compensation system. State law determines eligibility for benefits within parameters set by the SSA and FUTA. The State levies an unemployment compensation tax. Employers pay the tax to the State and at a rate set by the State. Claimants submit their claims to NMDWFS. NMDWFS processes those claims in accordance with state law. NMDWFS pays the benefits to claimants. The SSA sets certain parameters to ensure that the states' unemployment compensation laws are a sincere effort to assist workers between jobs and to ensure that states adopt a fair hearing process if benefits are denied. However, the SSA leaves great latitude to the states in deciding important issues such as the rate of the tax and eligibility for benefits. See N.Y. Tel. Co. v. N.Y. State Dep't of Labor, 440 U.S. 519, 537, 99 S.Ct. 1328, 1339, 59 L. Ed. 2d 553 (1979) ("The voluminous history of the Social Security Act made it abundantly clear that Congress intended the several States to have broad freedom in setting up the types of unemployment compensation that they wish."). In addition to the SSA, the FUTA sets forth important limitations on the states' unemployment compensation systems. However, the FUTA's further regulation of the states does not make unemployment compensation benefits any closer to be being benefits received under the SSA. The states are subject to various limitations in establishing their unemployment compensation laws. Some limitations are found in the SSA, some in other federal laws, but the state pays the benefits themselves to claimants and benefits are received by claimants under and in accordance with state law.
For these reasons, the Court concludes that beneficiaries do not receive unemployment compensation benefits under the SSA for purposes of applying the SSA Exclusion found in § 101(10A).
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that the unemployment compensation benefits paid to Debtors are not benefits received under the SSA, and therefore the SSA Exclusion does not apply to those benefits. The unemployment compensation benefits received by Debtors during the applicable period must be included in Debtors' current monthly income calculation under Section 101(10A).
