This opinion is subject to administrative correction before final disposition.




                                 Before
                   FULTON, CRISFIELD, and HITESMAN,
                        Appellate Military Judges
                           _________________________

                             UNITED STATES
                                 Appellee

                                        v.

                        Alan D. DORRBECKER
                         Captain (O-6), U.S. Navy
                                Appellant

                               No. 201700347

                             Decided: 29 May 2019.
   Appeal from the United States Navy-Marine Corps Trial Judiciary.
   Military Judges: Captain Robert Monahan, JAGC, USN (arraign-
   ment); Captain Robert J. Crow, JAGC, USN (trial). Sentence adjudged
   8 June 2017 by a general court-martial convened at Norfolk, Virginia,
   consisting of a military judge sitting alone. Sentence approved by con-
   vening authority: confinement for 8 years and a dismissal from the
   United States Naval Service. 1
   For Appellant: Mr. Michael B. Hanzel, Esq.; Lieutenant Clifton E.
   Morgan III, JAGC, USN; Lieutenant Doug Ottenwess, JAGC, USN.
   For Appellee: Lieutenant Clayton S. McCarl, JAGC, USN; Captain
   Brian L. Farrell, USMC.




   1 Pursuant to a pretrial agreement, the convening authority disapproved the ad-
judged forfeitures, approved the remaining sentence, and, except for the dismissal,
ordered it executed.
                    United States v. Dorrbecker, No. 201700347


   Judge CRISFIELD delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Senior
   Judge FULTON joined. Judge HITESMAN filed a separate dissenting
   opinion.
                              _________________________

                    PUBLISHED OPINION OF THE COURT
                              _________________________

CRISFIELD, Judge:
    A military judge convicted the appellant, pursuant to his pleas, of two
specifications of attempted sexual abuse of a child and, contrary to his pleas,
of one specification of attempted sexual assault of a child, two specifications
of attempted sexual abuse of a child, one specification of violating a lawful
general order, and one specification of conduct unbecoming an officer and a
gentleman in violation of Articles 80, 92, and 133, Uniform Code Military
Justice (UCMJ). 2
    The appellant raises three assignments of error: (1) the evidence is factu-
ally and legally insufficient to prove that the appellant had the specific intent
to commit sexual assault of a child and sexual abuse of a child, or that he
took a substantial step to do so; (2) the government failed to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that the appellant was not entrapped; 3 and (3) the court-
martial order (CMO) mislabels the offenses.
    After careful consideration of the entire record of trial and the parties’
submissions, we determine that the approved findings and sentence are cor-
rect in law and fact and that no error materially prejudicial to the appellant’s
substantial rights occurred. Arts. 59 and 66, UCMJ. Accordingly, the findings
and sentence as approved by the convening authority are affirmed.




   2   10 U.S.C. §§ 880, 892, 933.
   3  Appellant raises this assignment of error personally under United States v.
Grostefon, 

(C.M.A. 1982). The appellant only raises the defense of en-
trapment in regard to the specifications to which he pleaded not guilty. Appellant’s
Brief at 43. With regard to the specifications to which the appellant pleaded guilty,
during the providence inquiry he explained that he was not entrapped “because [he]
was the one that initiated” the communications. Record at 153. We have reviewed
this issue and find that it is without merit. See United States v. Clifton, 

(C.M.A. 1992).




                                          2
                    United States v. Dorrbecker, No. 201700347


                                  I. BACKGROUND

    The appellant met S.M., a 14-year-old girl, at the base library aboard
Naval Support Activity, Capodichino, Naples, Italy. S.M. worked at the
library as a part-time summer employee. The appellant and S.M. struck up a
conversation about books and the appellant gave S.M. his email address so
that she could contact him about a website offering free books. S.M. contacted
the appellant and they emailed each other over the next week. S.M.’s parents
were both employees of the Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) sta-
tioned in Naples. When they discovered their daughter was communicating
with an adult man, they discussed the situation with co-workers. One co-
worker advised them that the appellant might be “grooming” S.M. for sex.
Soon thereafter NCIS opened an investigation into the appellant’s conduct by
assuming S.M.’s on-line persona. 4 On the first day of the investigation, the
real S.M. told the appellant not to come to the library because she was busy.
Later that evening, an NCIS special agent, playing the role of S.M., reinitiat-
ed contact with the appellant by means of a new email address. The agent
informed the appellant that her parents were monitoring her regular email
account. She therefore created the new email account so she and the appel-
lant could continue to communicate in private.
    After NCIS assumed the persona of S.M., the subject matter of their con-
versations changed from books, music, school, and family life to overtly sexu-
al topics. The appellant initiated the sexual tone of the conversations, leading
to the sharing of sexually charged stories that he called “tales of the bi-
zarre.” 5 In these stories the appellant explicitly described male-on-male rape,
sadomasochism, prostitution, and obsessive masturbation.
   Despite the sexual nature of many of the conversations, the appellant did
not solicit or request sex or an exchange of sexual photos from S.M. 6 After the
agent posing as S.M. told the appellant that she thought about kissing him
and wondered if the appellant thought about kissing her, the appellant re-
sponded that he did think about kissing and embracing her. As the NCIS op-
eration progressed, the agent initiated sex-related discussions at an increas-
ing rate. The agent introduced topics and questions regarding skinny dip-



   4 Prior to NCIS assuming the role of S.M., the appellant was not suspected of any
crime. Record at 425.
   5   Prosecution Exhibit (PE) 2 at 25.
   6  The only photo that the appellant requested from S.M. was a picture of her fa-
ther so that the appellant could avoid him if necessary. 

                                           3
                        United States v. Dorrbecker, No. 201700347


ping, being naked in front of a man, seeing a naked man for the first time,
her virginity and lack of sexual experience, her fake friend’s sexual experi-
ences, and sleeping with the appellant. The appellant responded to S.M.’s
concerns with detailed and lengthy answers that indicate that he was genu-
inely trying to be helpful to her. He also increasingly discussed his romantic
interests in her.
    The appellant kept a journal that included his thoughts and desires re-
garding different women, including S.M. It is clear from this journal that he
wrestled with his conflicting desires of remaining faithful to his wife and hav-
ing sex with other women, to include S.M. He expressed his sexual desire for
S.M., who he called “Drops,” in multiple passages. On 16 November 2015 he
wrote, “Right now I lust after her greatly, too, but run high risk for seeing
her.” 7 On 27 November he wrote, “I lust after Drops, but I can’t take ad-
vantage of her innocence.” 8 The next entry, from 29 November 2015, includes
a poem he wrote about S.M. that begins with the line “Shall We Go A Path
Forbidden?”
              Shall we go, a path forbidden?
              A place where passion brings me?
              ....
              Shall we go, a warm embrace.
              A lust-filled encounter?
              ....
              Shall we go, together abed
              closeness, as one, thru the night?9
   The appellant clearly understood the wrongfulness of his sexual interest
in S.M., documenting it in his journal and communicating it to S.M. In one
email to S.M. he wrote:
            What will you think of us should we progress too much fur-
         ther down the trajectory our paths seem to point? I know the
         world writ large would condemn me as a monster, a pervert,



   7   PE 11 at 9.
   8   

15.
   9  

15. Although the poem does not mention S.M. by name, the appel-
lant admitted it was about her in his stipulation of fact. PE 35 at 10.




                                            4
                       United States v. Dorrbecker, No. 201700347


         someone who preyed on the innocence of youth for my own
         gain. I would lose my job, most of my life savings, be labeled as
         a sex offender for the rest of my life (regardless of what really
         happened), lose my family—all because I want to hold you
         close, feel your skin, gently caress your cheek, smell the fra-
         grance of your hair. 10
    In November 2015, the appellant proposed that he and S.M. meet and “go
to the gym or my villa” after each of them completed a 30 day “yoga chal-
lenge.” He and the agent posing as S.M. ultimately agreed to meet at the
football field on the U.S. Naval Support Site near Naples. The appellant
showed up at the Support Site, but the agent sent him a text indicating that
she was not able to make their rendezvous. The agent apologized for not
showing up and told the appellant that she left some gifts for him in the
bleachers. NCIS agents had staged a bag with two movies, a large lollipop
consisting of 15 smaller lollipops, and a jump rope. The appellant retrieved
the gifts and they agreed to try to meet up again soon. In his journal entry
the next day the appellant expressed sadness over not being able to meet
with S.M.: “I think of how close I came to actually having a 15-yr old girl in
my arms last night. I was literally seconds away—when the plan, albeit
weak, fell apart.” 11
   The appellant believed that S.M. shared his feelings: “Drops has declared
her love for me in texts and strongly hinted at it in email.” 12 His feelings for
S.M. were so strong that they overcame his relationship with his wife: “I can-
not believe that I am conniving to betray my wife with a teenager. I love my
wife but stronger desire Drops. . . . I lust after Drops, but I can’t take ad-
vantage of her innocence.” 13
    In one of their email exchanges, the agent posing as S.M. told the appel-
lant that her friend told her sex “just happens.” 14 The appellant responded:
“It just doesn’t happen. We would have to let it. I will never, ever push you
into something like that. We would only be that intimate if both of us are
agreeing and ready. I have never let it just happen. For all the women I have




   10   PE 2 at 203.
   11   PE 11 at 9.
   12   

   13   

   14   PE 2 at 211.




                                           5
                       United States v. Dorrbecker, No. 201700347


been with, I have too much respect for them and you not to discuss it openly,
honestly before proceeding.” 15
    The agent posing as S.M told the appellant that she would be house- and
dog-sitting the next weekend. The agent suggested that they have a sleepover
for two days. After S.M. told the appellant that they might be able to spend
two nights together the appellant expressed his excitement about the pro-
spect. “I am twitching to meet up.” 16 “I am thinking about you nearly contin-
uously and am eager to hold you close.” 17 “It still [sic] sinking in me that this
chance for us has appeared.” 18 “Now I only desire you.” 19 “[T]he thought of
being with you two nights in a row is very, very exciting!!” 20 He even sent
S.M. a poem he composed in anticipation of their time together which includ-
ed the lines: “The week nears with much anticipation, / Our fight with time,
of attrition, / Together we seek our exploration, / As the wee!k [sic] marches
nearer—excitation.” 21
    Referring to their upcoming rendezvous, the agent asked the appellant,
“What should we do next week?” 22 The appellant responded in part by stat-
ing, “Even if we just get to eat dinner and talk face to face for a while would
be wonderful. What do you have in mind?” 23 In an email exchange a few days
later, the appellant suggested that they “could cuddle up on the couch and
watch movies.” 24 The appellant told S.M.: “It would be amazingly awesome as
we could have three nights together! :)”; 25 “My crime of passion cometh”; 26
and, “Counting the hours until our embrace.” 27



   15   

   16   

   17   

   18   

   19   

   20   

at 225.
   22   

   23   Id.
   24   

   25   PE 35 at 10.
   26   

2 at 233.




                                           6
                       United States v. Dorrbecker, No. 201700347


    The day before they were supposed to meet at the house where S.M.
would supposedly be dog-sitting, the appellant reiterated his sexual desire for
S.M.: “As for the decision, I think you know what I mean. We will talk about
it together tomorrow, but I haven’t stopped thinking about you and our deci-
sion all week.” 28
   The appellant prepared for the sleep-over and showed up at the arranged
on-base house with a bouquet of flowers, wine, food for dinner, the movies left
on the bleachers, a souvenir piggy bank, his journal, and an overnight bag
containing a change of clothes, toiletries, four condoms, and four packages of
sexual lubricant. The appellant was apprehended by NCIS after he entered
the house.
   At trial, the appellant entered into a stipulation of fact with the govern-
ment, pursuant to a pretrial agreement (PTA), for the offenses to which he
pleaded guilty. The appellant and the government stipulated that the appel-
lant “was prepared if S.M. wanted to have sex.” 29
   Additional facts necessary to the resolution of the assignments of error
are included in the discussion.

                                   II. DISCUSSION

A. Legal and Factual Sufficiency
    The appellant challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of his convic-
tions of specification 5 and 7 of Charge I. He asserts that the government
failed to prove his specific intent to have intercourse with S.M., and to kiss
and touch S.M.’s face, torso, hips, and legs. He claims that his intent when he
drove to the house where he believed S.M. to be waiting for him was condi-
tional on S.M.’s consent to physical contact and sexual intercourse. 30
  We review questions of legal and factual sufficiency de novo. Art 66(c),
UCMJ; United States v. Washington, 

, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002).
    “The test for legal sufficiency is whether, after viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have


   28   

   29   PE 35 at 11.
   30 The appellant argues that the facts developed at trial constitute a violation of
attempted enticement of a minor to engage in sexual activity under 18 U.S.C.
§ 2422(b), but are inadequate to constitute a violation of the charged offense, at-
tempted sexual abuse of a child in violation of Article 80, UCMJ.




                                           7
                     United States v. Dorrbecker, No. 201700347


found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United
States v. Robinson, 

, 297-98, (C.A.A.F. 2018) (quoting United
States v. Rosario, 

, 117 (C.A.A.F. 2017)).
    The test for factual sufficiency is whether “after weighing the evidence in
the record of trial and making allowances for not having personally observed
the witnesses, [this court is] convinced of appellant’s guilt beyond a reasona-
ble doubt.” 

(citation, internal quotation marks, and
emphasis omitted). In conducting this unique appellate function, we take “a
fresh, impartial look at the evidence,” applying “neither a presumption of in-
nocence nor a presumption of guilt” to “make [our] own independent determi-
nation as to whether the evidence constitutes proof of each required element
beyond a reasonable doubt.” 

. Proof beyond a rea-
sonable doubt does not mean, however, that the evidence must be free from
conflict. United States v. Goode, 

, 841 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 2001).
    The elements of attempted sexual assault of a child as alleged in Specifi-
cation 5 of Charge I are: (1) that the appellant did a certain overt act; (2) that
the act was done with the specific intent to commit a sexual act upon a child,
“to wit: penetrating her vagina with his penis”; 31 (3) that the act amounted to
more than mere preparation; and (4) that the act apparently tended to effect
the commission of the intended offense. 32
     The elements of attempted sexual abuse of a child as alleged in Specifica-
tion 7 of Charge I are the same as Specification 5 except the second element
is: (2) that the act was done with the specific intent to commit a lewd act up-
on a child, “to wit: kissing and touching her face, torso, hips, and legs.” 33
    In finding the appellant guilty of these specifications, the military judge
considered both acts as part of the same sexual encounter. He stated in his
special findings, “[it] was clear to the court, by proof beyond a reasonable
doubt, that the accused intended to kiss S.M., touch her face, torso, hips and
legs as foreplay prior to engaging in sexual intercourse.” 34 After findings were
announced, he merged the two specifications for sentencing.




    31   Charge Sheet, Charge I, Specification 5.
    32   MANUAL FOR COURTS-MARTIAL, UNITED STATES (2012 ed.) (MCM), Part IV,
¶ 4.b.
    33   Charge Sheet, Charge I, Specification 7.
    34   Appellate Exhibit (AE) XXXII at 10.




                                               8
                    United States v. Dorrbecker, No. 201700347


    For inchoate offenses, the government must prove beyond a reasonable
doubt that the appellant had the requisite mens rea concurrent with an actus
reus. 35 The mens rea for inchoate offenses is specific intent to commit the un-
derlying offense. Therefore, the government must prove beyond a reasonable
doubt that the appellant had the specific intent to penetrate S.M.’s vagina 36
with his penis, and to kiss and touch S.M.’s face, torso, hips, and legs. The
actus reus for inchoate offenses is an overt act that “goes beyond preparatory
steps and is a direct movement toward the commission of the [underlying]
offense.” 37 Therefore, the government must also prove beyond a reasonable
doubt that the appellant committed an overt act that constituted a substan-
tial step towards penetrating S.M.’s vagina with his penis and kissing and
touching S.M.’s face, torso, hips, and legs.
    The appellant claims that notwithstanding his desire to kiss, touch, and
have sex with S.M., he did not have the specific intent to do so when he was
apprehended because he and S.M. had not finalized “their decision.” The ap-
pellant says his desire and preparatory actions are insufficient to constitute
specific intent and actus reus.
    The key issues for this court then are whether the appellant possessed the
specific intent to penetrate S.M.’s vagina with his penis and whether he pos-
sessed the specific intent to kiss and touch S.M.’s face, torso, hips, and legs. If
he did, then traveling to a rendezvous location where he believed S.M. to be
waiting for him is enough to constitute a substantial step towards commis-
sion of the offenses, i.e., the actus reus. This court has held that traveling to
meet a child with whom the accused has the specific intent to commit a crime
of sexual assault is sufficient to constitute a substantial step toward comple-
tion of the crime. United States v. Beltran, No. 201500270, 2017 CCA LEXIS
96 at *13, (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 14 Feb 2017) (unpub. op.) (concluding appel-
lant’s travel to meet an undercover agent he believed to be a 14-year-old girl
amounted to a “substantial step towards having sex with her”), rev. denied,

(C.A.A.F. 2017); United States v. Grina, No. 201700008, 2018
CCA LEXIS 61 at *9, (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 8 Feb 2018) (unpub. op.) (travel-
ing to meet a minor for sexual activity amounted to the necessary “substan-



   35   See MCM, Part IV, ¶ 4.c.(1).
   36  A sexual act under Art. 120b only requires the government to prove penetra-
tion, however slight, of the vulva by a penis. See Part IV, ¶ 45b.a.(h)(1), MCM. Here,
however, the government chose to charge a more specific penetration, specifying pen-
etration of the vagina vice the vulva.
   37   Part IV, ¶ 4.c.(2), MCM.




                                          9
                       United States v. Dorrbecker, No. 201700347


tial step toward completing his intended crime”), rev. denied, 

(C.A.A.F. 2018); United States v. Keeter, No. 201700119, 2018 CCA LEXIS
474 at *7, (N-M Ct. Crim. App. 3 Oct 2018) (unpub. op.) (visiting the home of
the minor knowing her mother would be away was a substantial step re-
quired by the elements of the offense).
    If the appellant did not possess specific intent, then traveling to the ren-
dezvous location was insufficient to constitute an attempt. Indeed, if the ap-
pellant did not possess the requisite specific intent, then actus reus is irrele-
vant to our analysis and the appellant is not guilty of the two specifications.
    The evidence shows that at the time the appellant arrived at the house to
start his three-day tryst with S.M., they had not agreed on what specific sex
acts they were going to perform, if any. In the admitted stipulation of fact,
the appellant and the government stipulated that the appellant “was pre-
pared if S.M. wanted to have sex.” 38 The appellant and the government, in-
cluding the NCIS agent playing the role of S.M., agreed that sex between the
appellant and S.M. was conditional on a discussion that would occur after the
appellant arrived at the residence. The appellant understood, therefore, that
he might not have sex with S.M.—if she did not agree to it. Still, the appel-
lant’s intention was obvious. He had described what he wanted to do to S.M.
in his emails to her and to himself in his journal. He believed that S.M. loved
him. When he told S.M. that his “crime of passion cometh,” he was clearly re-
ferring to sex with her. Bringing condoms and sexual lubricant to their multi-
day overnighter was more than a mere precaution for “just in case” sex oc-
curred. It was direct evidence of his intent.
    Although the appellant may not have explicitly discussed his intention of
having sex with S.M., he clearly and repeatedly communicated his romantic
intentions to her:
            I wish I could say that I have only thought of kissing you.
         But it wouldn’t be accurate. My thoughts have more akin to our
         embrace, imagining what you smell like, the fragrance of your
         hair, feeling the supple curves of your body melding next to
         mine, feeling the warmth in your breathing, and the soft
         moistness of your lips . . . just to describe a little of what I im-
         agine. :) 39
             ....



   38   PE 35 at 11.
   39   PE 2 at 211.




                                          10
                      United States v. Dorrbecker, No. 201700347


            The morning dew covered my car, you, so close, yet so far, I
         wonder aloud how this can be true, as I sit in my car of blue. As
         mid-week approach so fast, our path ahead seems so clear, How
         I wait, impatient, heart race quick, to hold you near.
             As you wake, and roll upright, think of me holding you
         tight. As you ride this morn with bliss, imagine our gentle
         warm kiss. And while passion burns deep inside, may we find
         nothing to hide, Our time, our fate, our future, our present, to
         decide. 40
              ....
               I haven’t stopped thinking about you and our decision
         . . . . 41
    The appellant believed that S.M. reciprocated his feelings. Shortly before
their planned rendezvous, the agent posing as S.M. emailed the appellant: “I
can only think about how it would feel to kiss you and touch you. I don’t real-
ly know how it would feel because I’ve never really kissed anyone that I loved
like I do you but I think about it a lot.” 42 S.M. had even asked him to bring
something for her to wear to bed and had expressed her desire to sleep in and
cuddle with him. 43
    The appellant’s extensive emails to S.M., his detailed journal entries, and
his condom and sexual lubricant supply belie any innocent intent. In addi-
tion, his sexually graphic emails to S.M.–his “tales of the bizarre”–constitute
classic grooming behavior reflecting his efforts to sexualize the relationship
and arouse her sexual curiosity. See, e.g., United States v. Garner, 

, 739 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 2009), aff’d, 

(C.A.A.F. 2010) (exam-
ples of “classic ‘grooming’ behavior in preparation for a future sexual encoun-
ter”). Those emails formed the basis for other specifications of attempted sex-
ual abuse of a child. The appellant pleaded guilty to two of the specifications
and was found guilty of a third specification, all involving lewd acts resulting
from indecent language in his emails to S.M.
   The appellant’s multiple references to the wrongfulness of his actions,
such as telling S.M. that his “crime of passion cometh,” reflect a conscious-



   40   

   41   

   42   

   43   

                                         11
                     United States v. Dorrbecker, No. 201700347


ness of guilt and are additional evidence of specific intent. See United States
v. Farley, 

, 1333-34 (11th Cir. 2010) (communication with un-
dercover agent evidenced defendant’s criminal intent to entice underage child
into sexual activity).
    A reasonable finder of fact could easily conclude that the appellant in-
tended to kiss and touch S.M.’s body as he described in his emails to her and
in his journal. Such a fact-finder could also determine that the appellant
brought condoms and lubricant to his meeting with S.M. to help him insert
his penis into S.M.’s vagina. We are also convinced beyond a reasonable
doubt that that is exactly what the appellant intended to do with them. We
are also convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the appellant intended to
kiss and touch S.M.’s face and body.
    The fact that the appellant was not going to rape S.M. by force–that he in-
tended to have a conversation about it before they had sex–does not negate
his intent to sexually assault and sexually abuse S.M. Intent need only exist
in the mind of the appellant and can be proved circumstantially. No meeting
of the minds with his victim or extrinsic evidence of his intent was required
for these attempted offenses. Nor does it matter that the appellant might
have peacefully acquiesced if his attempts had not worked out in the way he
desired.
    The Supreme Court has held that the specific intent required by a crimi-
nal statute can be conditional. Holloway v. United States, 

(1999).
In that case, the Court determined that a carjacker who points a gun at a
driver, having decided to shoot the driver only if the driver does not comply
with the carjacker’s demands, possesses the specific intent to seriously harm
the driver in violation of the federal carjacking statute. 

44
   Holloway cites to People v. Connors, 

(Ill. 1912), as the leading
case on conditional intent. In Connors, the Illinois Supreme Court affirmed
the conviction of a union organizer who had pointed a gun at a worker and
threatened to kill him if he did not stop working. The court held that the
“specific intent to kill” could be found even though that intent was “coupled


   44   See also, Section 2.02(6) of the Model Penal Code:
             When a particular purpose is an element of an offense, the element is es-
         tablished although such purpose is conditional, unless the condition nega-
         tives the harm or evil sought to be prevented by the law defining the offense.
Model Penal Code § 2.02(6) (Am. Law Inst. 1985). In this case, the appellant’s condi-
tion, obtaining actual consent from S.M. before having sex with her, would not have
negated the harm sought to be prevented by Art. 120b, UCMJ.




                                           12
                 United States v. Dorrbecker, No. 201700347


with a condition” that the defendant would not fire if the victim complied
with his demand. 

. Important to the Illinois Supreme
Court’s decision was their determination that the condition placed upon the
victim was one that the defendant had no right to make. 

    Borrowing from the reasoning of Holloway and Connors, we hold that the
condition on the appellant’s intended actions with S.M.—namely that he
would seek her actual consent before kissing her and having sexual inter-
course with her—does not negate the appellant’s specific intent to do those
things. If an accused decided to rob a bank and drove up to the bank with a
gun in furtherance of his plan, but then abandoned his plan when he saw an
armed guard inside the bank, he would still be guilty of attempted bank rob-
bery.
    Additionally, the appellant’s condition was one he had no right to place.
The appellant’s planned “conversation” was not going to be between equally
positioned individuals. S.M. was 15 years old and legally incapable of con-
senting to sex. The appellant was in his late 40’s, a father of several children,
and had 27 years’ experience as a commissioned naval officer. Based on his
prior course of conduct with S.M. and his extensive preparations for their
multi-night encounter, we conclude that the appellant was actively grooming
S.M. in an effort to lead her down the “forbidden path” to his “crime of pas-
sion.” Perhaps the appellant’s specific intent could be called conditional, but
he had taken every opportunity to ensure that S.M. would have sex with him
when he showed up at her door. Further, the record establishes that he be-
lieved that she reciprocated his romantic desires. His intent to engage in sex
with S.M. was clear.
    Under the facts of this case, viewed in a light most favorable to the prose-
cution, we find that a reasonable finder of fact could easily conclude that the
appellant possessed the requisite mens rea for both specifications and that
his travel to the rendezvous location was a sufficient actus reus to constitute
a substantial step towards completion of the offenses. The fact that he trav-
eled to the rendezvous location with supplies for his sexual encounter in hand
is further evidence supporting the reasonableness of this conclusion. Addi-
tionally, after weighing all the evidence presented at trial and making allow-
ances for not having personally observed the witnesses, we too are convinced
beyond a reasonable doubt of the appellant’s guilt.

B. Error in the Court-Martial Order
    The appellant asserts that the CMO is erroneous because each specifica-
tion listed under Charge I contains prefatory parenthetical information misi-
dentifying the specification as a completed offense vice an attempted offense.
With the exceptions noted below, the specifications listed on the CMO are


                                       13
                 United States v. Dorrbecker, No. 201700347


identical to the specifications as they appear on the charge sheet. We also
note that the Report of Results of Trial erroneously summarizes all of the
specifications under Charge I as completed offenses vice attempted offenses.
    Defects in the charges and specifications should have been raised at trial
before pleas were entered. Rule for Courts-Martial 905(b)(2), MCM. There-
fore, the issue was waived. R.C.M. 905(e); United States v. Hardy, 

, 442 (C.A.A.F. 2018).
    However, just because misleading parenthetical descriptions of the of-
fenses on the charge sheet were waived at trial does not mean the error
should be perpetuated in the post-trial process. Here, we are reviewing errors
in the CMO and not the charge sheet.
    Although not raised by the appellant, this court also notes additional er-
rors in the CMO. There are scrivener’s errors in Specifications 1 and 3 under
Charge I. Specification 1 uses the word “set” instead of the correct word “sex.”
Specification 3 omits the specific language: “to wit: intentionally communi-
cate indecent language to S.M. via email” contained in the correct specifica-
tion on the charge sheet and to which the appellant pleaded guilty.
   We agree that the CMO contains errors and misleading information that
the convening authority should have corrected or omitted. We review error in
CMOs under a harmless error standard. United States v. Crumpley, 

, 539 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 1998). The appellant has not asserted, and we
do not find, that these errors materially prejudiced his substantial rights.
However, the appellant is entitled to accurate court-martial records, and we
order corrective action in the decretal paragraph.

                              III. CONCLUSION

   After careful consideration of the record and briefs of appellate counsel,
we have determined that the approved findings and sentence are correct in
law and fact and that no error materially prejudicial to the appellant’s sub-
stantial rights occurred. Arts. 59 and 66, UCMJ. Accordingly, the findings
and sentence as approved by the convening authority are AFFIRMED.
    The supplemental promulgating order shall correct the text of Specifica-
tions 1 and 3 of Charge I, and will add the word “attempted” to the parenthe-
tical headers of all specifications under Charge I.
   Senior Judge FULTON concurs.




                                      14
                     United States v. Dorrbecker, No. 201700347



HITESMAN, Judge (dissenting):
    I respectfully dissent because this court has never found and we should
not now hold that specific intent can be conditional. Additionally, the particu-
lar facts of this case prevent finding a sufficient overt act and substantial
step occurred concurrently with the requisite specific intent, even if condi-
tional.

                                    I. DISCUSSION

    To be guilty of attempted sexual assault of a minor and attempted sexual
abuse of a child, the government must prove that the appellant had the spe-
cific intent to “penetrat[e] her vagina with his penis” 1 and to “kiss[ ] and
touch[ ] her face, torso, hips, and legs” 2 concurrent with a substantial step
towards the commission of the intended offense. 3 The military judge consid-
ered both specifications as part of the same sexual encounter, merged them
for sentencing, and found that travelling to the residence amounted to the
requisite substantial step for both specifications. 4

A. Conditional Specific Intent
    There is no doubt that the appellant had an intense desire to have sex
with the persona he believed to be S.M., a fifteen-year-old girl. However, that
desire did not constitute the required criminal specific intent to commit sexu-
al assault and sexual abuse of a minor because it was conditional. The appel-
lant and S.M. had not yet had a discussion, as agreed and understood by
both, to determine whether to proceed or not with sex.
   Holloway v. United States, 5 does not support the premise that specific in-
tent can be conditional for every offense under the UCMJ 6 that requires spe-



    1   Charge Sheet, Charge I, Specification 5.
    2   Charge Sheet, Charge I, Specification 7.
    3   Part IV, ¶ 4.b, MCM.
    4 Record (R) at 628, Appellate Exhibit (AE) XXXII at 10. The military judge stat-
ed in his special findings that “[it] was clear to the court, by proof beyond a reasona-
ble doubt, that the accused intended to kiss S.M., touch her face, torso, hips and legs
as foreplay prior to engaging in sexual intercourse.” AE XXXII at 10. (emphasis add-
ed). Having reviewed the entire record of trial, there is no evidence of the appellant’s
desire to kiss and touch S.M.’s “torso, hips, and legs” or to do so as foreplay.
    5   

(1994).




                                            15
                        United States v. Dorrbecker, No. 201700347


cific intent as mens rea. In Holloway, the Supreme Court analyzed the federal
carjacking statute 7 for whether the stated “intent to kill or cause serious bod-
ily harm” was conditional, unconditional, or both. 8 The Court held that Con-
gress intended to criminalize both the conditional and unconditional specific
intent for that statute. 9
    Holloway is distinguishable because the Court was not analyzing specific
intent writ large or even as applied to inchoate offenses. Rather, the Court
was looking at the purpose of a particular statute finding that “Congress in-
tended to criminalize a broader scope of conduct than attempts to assault or
kill in the course of automobile robberies.” 10 The Court looked at the legisla-
tive history and wording of the statute to conclude that Congress intended to
criminalize both conditional and unconditional intent as required by that
specific statute. 11 There is no evidence that Congress intended to similarly
criminalize conditional specific intent for all offenses under the UCMJ.
    Additionally, in Holloway, the crime Congress sought to criminalize was
violent carjacking. A crime involving duress, threats of violence, and actual
acts of violence. The Court found that Congress must have intended to crimi-
nalize conditional intent because the purpose of the statute “is better served
by construing it to cover both the conditional and the unconditional . . . in-
tent.” 12 Here, despite the age difference, the appellant was seeking a freely-
made decision by the S.M. on whether to proceed with sex or not. There is no
evidence that he intended to coerce, threaten violence, or place S.M. under
duress in order to get the outcome he desired. Likewise, there is no evidence
that the appellant would have forced S.M. to have sex if she did not decide to
proceed willingly. Indeed, the record supports the opposite. 13 Finally, there is


   6   10 U.S.C. §§ 801-946.
   7   18 U.S.C. § 2119.
   8   

.
   9   

   11   See generally 

   13  Referring to their planned rendezvous, fake S.M. asked the appellant “What
should we do next week?” PE 2 at 224. Appellant responded in part by stating: “Even
if we just get to eat dinner and talk face to face for a while would be wonderful. What
do you have in mind?” 

email exchange a few days later, the appellant only
went as far as to suggest that they “could cuddle up on the couch and watch movies.”

                                           16
                      United States v. Dorrbecker, No. 201700347


no rationale that the statute concerned here is better served by reading into
it a conditional intent option. In fact, a better option already exists within the
UCMJ—charging the conduct as an attempt to entice a child to engage in
sexual conduct under Article 134, UCMJ, as a violation of 18 U.S.C. §
2422(b), as was done in United States v. Farley, 14 a case cited by the majori-
ty. 15 As Justice Scalia stated, dissenting in Holloway, “[i]t is difficult enough
to determine a defendant’s actual intent,” 16 reading conditional intent into
the statute would be “sending [courts-martial and members] off to wander
through ‘would-a, could-a, should-a land.’” 17

B. Substantial Step
    “[T]he overt act must amount to a ‘substantial step’ toward commission of
the intended crime, and it must be an act that is strongly corroborative of the
firmness of the accused’s criminal intent.” 18 It must be an act that “apparent-
ly would have resulted in the actual commission of the [underlying offense]
except for (a circumstance unknown to the accused) [or] (an unexpected inter-
vening circumstance) . . . which prevented completion of that offense.” 19 The
substantial step must “unequivocally demonstrate that the crime will take
place unless interrupted by independent circumstances.” 20 A substantial step
is one that is “indicative of [the accused’s] resolve to commit the offense.” 21




   14   

(11th Cir. 2010).
   15 For courts-martial, this offense is charged as a violation of Article 134, UCMJ,
10 U.S.C. § 934.
   16   

(Scalia, J., dissenting).
   17   

   18  United States v. Williamson, 

, 616 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 1995)
(quoting United States v. Byrd, 

(C.M.A. 1987)) (additional citations omit-
ted).
   19 Military Judges’ Benchbook, Dept. of the Army Pamphlet 27-9, ¶ 3-4-1(c)(4) (1
Sep. 2014) (emphasis added). See also United States v. Alameda, 

, 200
(C.A.A.F. 2002) (unexpected intervening circumstance); United States v. Roeseler, 

, 290 (C.A.A.F. 2001) (circumstance unknown to accused).
   20 United States v. Winckelmann, 

, 407 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (citations, in-
ternal quotation marks, and alteration omitted).
   21 Benchbook, ¶ 3-4-1(d). See also United States v. Garner, 

, 32
(C.A.A.F. 2010).




                                            17
                     United States v. Dorrbecker, No. 201700347


    Citing United States v. Beltran, 22 the majority holds that merely traveling
to the fake residence with condoms and lubricant amounts to a substantial
step towards commission of the alleged offense. However, this Court in Bel-
tran only looked at cases involving the attempted enticement of a minor to
engage in sexual activity under 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b). 23 Enticement cases do
provide some general support for the proposition that traveling to the loca-
tion of the minor can constitute the required substantial step in a prosecution
for certain attempted sexual offenses. 24 But, even in enticement cases, “travel
is not a sine qua non of finding a substantial step.” 25 Whether or not the trav-
el is dispositive of a substantial step will ultimately depend on the facts of the
case. 26
    Attempted sexual assault of a child is unlike attempted enticement of a
child where the intended offense is more likely to be completed when the ac-
cused arrives at the location of the fake minor where the offender would have
tried to convince the minor to engage in sexual conduct. In attempted sexual
assault of a child cases, it is possible that mere travel to the location will con-
stitute the required substantial step, but more than that may be required
based on the facts of each case. The appellant in this case was not charged
with attempted enticement. If he had been, I would agree that traveling to
the rendezvous location would have been sufficient to constitute a substantial




   22   2017 CCA LEXIS 96 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. Feb. 14, 2017).
   23   For the military parallel, see supra, note 15.
   24  See United States v. Winckelmann, 

, 407 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (“[C]ourts
agree that travel constitutes a substantial step” in prosecutions for child enticement
under 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b)); United States v. Beltran, No. 201500270, 2017 CCA
LEXIS 96 at *13, (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 14 Feb 2017) (unpub. op.) (concluding appel-
lant’s travel to meet an undercover agent he believed to be a 14-year-old girl amount-
ed to a “substantial step towards having sex with her”), rev. denied, 

(C.A.A.F. 2017); United States v. Grina, No. 201700008, 2018 CCA LEXIS 61 at *9,
(N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 8 February 2018) (unpub. op.) (traveling to meet a minor for
sexual activity amounted to the necessary “substantial step toward completing his
intended crime”), rev. denied, 

(C.A.A.F. 2018); United States v. Keeter, No.
201700119, 2018 CCA LEXIS 474 at *7, (N-M Ct. Crim. App. 3 October 2018) (unpub.
op.) (visiting the home of the minor knowing her mother would be away, was a sub-
stantial step required by the elements of the offense).
   25   

(citations and alterations omitted).
   26 

of evidence can establish a substantial step depending on
the facts of a particular case.”)




                                             18
                      United States v. Dorrbecker, No. 201700347


step because the evidence clearly shows that he and fake S.M. agreed to dis-
cuss whether or not to have sex.
    Other recent opinions of this court finding travel to be a substantial step
towards completing the offense of sexual assault of a child and sexual abuse
of child are also distinguishable from the facts in this case. In United States
v. Beltran, 27 United States v. Grina, 28 and United States v. Keeter, 29 the re-
quired substantial step was found in each case when the appellant traveled
to the location of the fake minor. In Beltran and Grina, the sexual communi-
cations between the accused and the fake minor included explicit statements
identifying the desired sex acts that the appellant wanted to engage in with
the fake minor. The appellant in Beltran had already negotiated a price for
sexual acts with the fake minor before he traveled to the public park to meet
her. 30 The appellant in Grina clearly expressed his desires to perform oral sex
on the fake minor telling her to “plan to have oral but prepare in case more
happens.” 31 While the appellant in Keeter never explicitly told the fake minor
that he wanted to have sexual intercourse with her, he did send naked pic-
tures of himself to her and encouraged her to masturbate. 32 He also ex-
pressed his desire to have a “friends with benefits” relationship where one
such benefit was sex. 33 Significantly, the appellant in each of these cases,
claimed that he did not have the necessary specific intent to have sex with
the fake minor when he traveled to the rendezvous location. 34 Yet none of



    27United States v. Beltran, No. 201500270, 2017 CCA LEXIS 96, (N-M. Ct. Crim.
App. 14 Feb 2017) (unpub. op.), rev. denied, 

(C.A.A.F. 2017).
    28United States v. Grina, No. 201700008, 2018 CCA LEXIS 61, (N-M. Ct. Crim.
App. 8 Feb 2018) (unpub. op.), rev. denied, 

(C.A.A.F. 2018).
    29United States v. Keeter, No. 201700119, 2018 CCA LEXIS 474, (N-M Ct. Crim.
App. 3 Oct 2018) (unpub. op.).
    30   Beltran, 2017 CCA LEXIS 96, at *11.
    31   Grina, 2018 CCA LEXIS 61, at *8.
    32   Keeter, 2018 CCA LEXIS 474, at *3.
    33   

    34 Chief Aviation Electrician’s Mate Beltran argued that he did not intend “to en-
gage in sexual acts with a minor” but that he traveled to the public park to “first veri-
fy that the woman he had spoken with online was of age.” Beltran, 2017 CCA LEXIS
96, at *11. Lance Corporal Grina claimed “he intended only innocent activity when he
traveled to meet Christina.” Grina, 2018 CCA LEXIS 61, at *8. Lieutenant Com-
mander Keeter claimed he traveled to the rendezvous residence to “meet Cris and see
who she was and go grab a bite to eat.” Keeter, 2018 CCA LEXIS 474, at *6.




                                            19
                       United States v. Dorrbecker, No. 201700347


these appellants made explicit statements to, or made agreements with, the
law enforcement agent playing the role of the minor regarding their plan to
discuss and decide at a later time about whether or not to have sex.
    Although the appellant here engaged in sexually charged communications
with fake S.M. who he believed to be 14 or 15 years old, those communica-
tions did not involve any specific acts that the appellant professed that he
was going to engage in with S.M. Instead, the sexually graphic discussions
were descriptions of other events and circumstances involving other people—
not S.M. Further, he did not send S.M. pictures of himself nude, nor did he
direct her to engage in any sexually explicit conduct such as masturbation.
On the contrary, the appellant and the NCIS agent playing the role of S.M.
both clearly understood that no sex would occur until they had a conversation
and made a decision on whether or not to proceed. This understanding was
not merely present in the mind of the appellant or a fanciful and unsupported
argument raised by the appellant at trial or on appeal as it was in Beltran,
Grina, and Keeter. The facts of this case establish that the appellant was not
resolved to have sex with S.M. until after they had had a discussion about
engaging in sex. Indeed, at all times, he intended to have sex with her only if
they mutually decided to do so.
    Moreover, the record is clear that a discussion on whether or not to have
sex would have to take place before the appellant and S.M. engaged in any
sex acts. This prerequisite discussion was not just a condition in the mind of
the appellant. When fake S.M. asked appellant about sex, relaying that her
friend told her sex “just happens,” 35 the appellant responded, “[f]or all the
women I have been with, I have too much respect for them and you not to dis-
cuss it openly, honestly before proceeding . . . it will never ‘just’ happen be-
tween us.” 36 And on the day before they were to meet at the house where fake
SM was fake dog sitting, the appellant reiterated, “[a]s for the ‘decision,’ I
think you know what I mean. We will talk about it together tomorrow.” 37 At
trial, the NCIS agent who played the role of S.M. testified on cross-
examination that “[i]t is clear that he is going to have a conversation” 38 and
agreed that sex “was an open question” 39 and “[a] decision yet to be made” 40



   35   PE 2 at 211.
   36   

   37   

   38   R. at 489.
   39   

                                          20
                      United States v. Dorrbecker, No. 201700347


at the time the appellant was apprehended. Finally, in the stipulation of fact,
the appellant and the government stipulated that the appellant “was pre-
pared if S.M. wanted to have sex.” 41 S.M.’s decision whether to have sex was
not an unexpected intervening circumstance. Rather, it was a circumstance
the accused contemplated all along. Therefore, merely traveling to the resi-
dence in this case fails to amount to a substantial step towards the commis-
sion of the offenses of attempted sexual assault of a child and attempted sex-
ual abuse of a child. Showing up at the agreed upon location, even with con-
doms and lubricant, was mere preparation at that point because any poten-
tial sex was still conditional upon the outcome of their discussion on whether
or not to proceed. In this case, the act of traveling to the residence cannot
“unequivocally demonstrate that the crime will take place unless interrupted
by independent circumstances.” 42 That the charged crimes would have been
committed, if at all, were conditioned and dependent upon the requisite
agreement beforehand.

                                  II. CONCLUSION

    The evidence is factually and legally insufficient to sustain findings of
guilty as to Specifications 5 and 7 of Charge I and I would set aside those
specifications.


                                    FOR THE COURT:




                                    RODGER A. DREW, JR.
                                    Clerk of Court




   40   

   41   PE 35 at 11 (emphasis added).
   42 United States v. Winckelmann, 

, 407 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (citations, in-
ternal quotation marks, and alteration omitted) (emphasis added).




                                         21