MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

JAMES O. BROWNING, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE.

THIS MATTER comes before the Court on the Defendant's Sentencing Memorandum, filed February 11, 2016 (Doc. 25). The Court held sentencing hearings on May 14, 2015, September 29, 2015, and March 14, 2016. The primary issue is whether a sentence of time-served is sufficient, but not greater than necessary, to comply with the statutory directives in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), when Defendant Manuel De Jesus Sandoval-Enrique has been convicted four times, including this case; been deported six times, before this case; and has returned to the United States of America after serving a sentence of 16 months in prison. Because Sandoval-Enrique returned to the United States for purely economic reasons, even after serving a 16-month prison sentence, the Court concludes that a time-served sentence — which is approximately 45 days less than a sentence at the high end of the United States Sentencing Guidelines range — will not be sufficient to comply with § 3553(a)'s directives. Accordingly, the Court denies the requests in Sandoval-Enrique's Sentencing Memorandum for a time-served sentence — about twelve months — and imposes a sentence at the high end of the Guidelines range: 16 months, which, with good behavior, is approximately a 14-month sentence.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

The Court takes its facts from the revised Presentence Investigation Report (disclosed December 22, 2015)("PSR").1 Sandoval-Enrique was born in San Pedro Sula, Honduras to Maria De Jesus Sandoval, who is deceased, and Pablo Sandoval, also deceased. See PSR ¶ 34, at 7. He has three siblings. See PSR ¶ 34, at 7. He has been married for twenty-two years to Maria Aguilar-Sandoval, and together they have six children. See PSR ¶ 35, at 7. Sandoval-Enrique reports six years of formal education in Honduras. See PSR ¶ 39, at 8. His usual occupation is as a construction worker. See PSR ¶ 40, at 8.

In Honduras, Sandoval-Enrique worked as a driver for Pepsi. "He used the money he earned at his job to build a house for him, his wife Maria, and their six children." Sentencing Memorandum at 4. Unfortunately, San Pedro Sula is flooded with gang violence. See Luke Mogelson, The Departed, The New York Times Magazine (Dec. 9, 2015), http://www.nytimes.com/ 2015/12/13/magazine/the-deported.html?_ r=3; Sibylla Brodzinsky & Ed Pilkington, US Government Deporting Central American Migrants to Their Deaths, The Guardian (Oct. 12, 2015), http://www.theguardian. com/us-news/2015/oct/12/obama-immigration-deportations-central-america? CMP=share_btn_link. While Sandoval-Enrique worked for Pepsi, he was able to pay the gangs their "rent" and thereby avoid their wrath. Sentencing Memorandum at 4. By "paying them 500 Honduran Lempiras (approximately $22) a month for himself as well as 500 Lempiras a month for the business (so that he could perform his soda delivery in peace)," he could avoid harm to him and his family. Sentencing Memorandum at 4. Due to his relatively advanced age, Pepsi laid off Sandoval-Enrique. The gangs nonetheless demanded that Sandoval-Enrique either pay them or turn over his home as a means of payment. See Sentencing Memorandum at 4. To pay the gangs and keep his family safe, Sandoval-Enrique illegally entered the United States to obtain work and make money for his family. See Presentence Investigation Report at 1-2 (disclosed in the Western District of Texas in Docket No. EP-06-CR-1864 on December 19, 2006)("Texas PSR")("Sandoval-Enrique stated due to the economic conditions of Honduras he felt helpless and believed the only way he could make enough money for his family would be to find employment in the United States.").

Since the time when Sandoval-Enrique initially began illegally entering the United States, he has been convicted four times, including this conviction, and arrested three additional times in cases that were later dismissed. See PSR ¶¶ 26-27, at 6. First, on August 6, 2000, Sandoval-Enrique was arrested for shoplifting and concealment of goods in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. See PSR ¶ 30, at 6. The charges were later dismissed. See PSR ¶ 30, at 6. Second, on October 29, 2001, Sandoval-Enrique was convicted and sentenced by the Western District of Texas to 145 days in custody for illegally entering the United States. See PSR ¶ 23, at 5. On April 4, 2002, he was deported to Honduras. See PSR ¶ 23, at 5. Third, on November 2, 2004, Sandoval-Enrique was arrested in Imperial, California for theft.2 See PSR ¶ 31, at 7. Fourth, on November 19, 2005, he was arrested for unlawful entry in Washington, D.C. See PSR ¶ 32, at 7. The charges were later dismissed, but the USPO was unable to locate further documentation surrounding this arrest. See PSR ¶ 32, at 7. Fifth, on May 9, 2006, Border Patrol agents "encountered the defendant in custody awaiting disposition on charges of Attempted Burglary and Possession of Burglary Tools, which occurred on December 15, 2005." PSR ¶ 24, at 5. The attempted burglary charges "were not pursued as the defendant was taken into immigration custody." PSR ¶ 24, at 5. The Southern District of New York then convicted him of illegal reentry and sentenced him to 43 days' time served and a 3-year supervised release term. PSR ¶ 24, at 5. He was deported to Honduras on July 6, 2006. See PSR ¶ 24, at 5. Sixth, on September 10, 2006, shortly after he was deported, Border Patrol agents encountered Sandoval-Enrique attempting to enter the United States through the Mexico-Texas border. See PSR ¶ 25, at 5-6. He was convicted of illegal reentry by the Western District of Texas. See PSR ¶ 25, at 5-6. The Western District of Texas sentenced him to 16 months in custody with a 3-year term of supervised release. See PSR ¶ 25, at 5. Additionally, the Southern District of New York revoked Sandoval-Enrique's supervised release and sentenced him to 6 months in custody to be served consecutively with the Western District of Texas' sentence. See PSR ¶ 24, at 5. "Sandoval-Enrique admitted being a native and citizen of Honduras," and stated that his family still remained in Honduras. Texas PSR at 1-2. Sandoval-Enrique "was deported to Honduras via Houston, Texas." PSR ¶ 25, at 6. The PSR also notes that Sandoval-Enrique "has been found to be in the United States illegally on the following dates: October 20, 1995, March 26, 2002, December 1, 2004, April 11, 2005, July 4, 2005, and March 25, 2009." PSR ¶ 28, at 6.

Because Sandoval-Enrique kept being deported and could not afford to pay the gangs, he and his family fled to Mexico where he was granted asylum and obtained safety. See Sentencing Memorandum at 4. In the years after Sandoval-Enrique obtained asylum in Mexico, he experienced difficulties obtaining employment. See Sentencing Memorandum at 5. He notes that "Mexico provided him the safety he and his family needed" and gave him the ability "to earn enough money for food and basic necessities." Sentencing Memorandum at 5. Nonetheless, he was unable to earn enough money to construct a home for his family. See Sentencing Memorandum at 5. He states that this inability to provide for his family led him to enter the United States to pursue better work opportunities. See Sentencing Memorandum at 5-6.

On February 28, 2015, United States Border Patrol agents arrested Sandoval-Enrique as he attempted to hide in a large ditch near Santa Teresa, New Mexico. See PSR ¶ 7, at 3. Sandoval-Enrique stated that he was a citizen of Mexico and that he did not possess legal authorization to enter or remain in the United States. See PSR ¶ 7, at 3.

PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On March 26, 2015, Plaintiff United States of America filed an Information in the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico charging Sandoval-Enrique with Reentry of a Removed Alien in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a)(1), (2) and § 1326(b)(1). See Information at 1, filed March 26, 2015 (Doc. 9). The Information alleges that Sandoval-Enrique reentered the United States "while an Order of Exclusion, Deportation, and Removal was outstanding." Information at 1. On March 26, 2015, Sandoval-Enrique pled guilty to the one-count Information. See Fast Track Plea Agreement, filed March 26, 2015 (Doc. 12).

The Court will discuss the procedural background in three sections. First, it will describe the PSR's sentencing Guidelines calculations. Second, the Court will discuss the two previous sentencing hearings, where the Court rejected the plea agreements. Third, the Court will discuss Sandoval-Enrique's Sentencing Memorandum and the third sentencing hearing.

1. The First PSR.

The USPO disclosed its first PSR in May. See May PSR (disclosed May 1, 2015)("May PSR"). It is identical to the revised PSR with one exception: the May PSR reduced the total offense level an additional 4 levels as a result of the Fast Track Plea Agreement between the United States and Sandoval-Enrique. See May PSR ¶ 18, at 4. Both the PSR and the May PSR state that Sandoval-Enrique's base offense level for a violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326 is 8. See PSR ¶ 12, at 4; May PSR ¶ 10, at 4. They add 4 levels under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(D), because he has previously been deported after a felony conviction. See PSR ¶ 13, at 4; May PSR ¶ 11, at 4. They make a 2-level reduction under U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a) for acceptance of responsibility, resulting in a total offense level of 10. See PSR ¶¶ 19-20, at 4; May PSR ¶ 17, at 4. The May PSR, however, makes the additional 4-level reduction to reflect the plea agreement, resulting in a total offense level of 6. See May PSR ¶ 18, at 4.

Sandoval-Enrique's past convictions result in 5 criminal history points. See PSR ¶¶ 26-27, at 6; May PSR ¶¶ 24-25, at 6. A criminal history score of 5 establishes a criminal history category of III. See PSR ¶ 27, at 6; May PSR ¶ 25, at 6. The May PSR states that, based upon a total offense level of 6 and a criminal history category of III, the applicable guideline range is in Zone B of the Sentencing Table, which means that

May PSR ¶ 42, at 8. Pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5D1.1(c), the court "ordinarily should not impose a term of supervised release in a case in which supervised release is not required by statute and the defendant is a deportable alien who likely will be deported after imprisonment." PSR ¶ 48, at 9.

The May PSR states that it has not identified any information "concerning the offense or the defendant which would warrant a departure from the advisory guideline range." May PSR ¶ 58, at 10. The May PSR identified factors that relate to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) that bear upon whether a guideline sentence is warranted. First, it found that Sandoval-Enrique has two prior felony reentry offenses, and "was sentenced to a term of 16 months on his last felony reentry offense." May PSR ¶ 59, at 10. Second, the May PSR explained that Sandoval-Enrique "has been married for 22 years and he has two adult daughters and four minor children." PSR ¶ 59, at 10. Based upon these factors, and in consideration of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the PSR recommends a sentence within the advisory guideline range. See PSR ¶ 61, at 10.

2. The Court's Rejections of the Two Plea Agreements.

The Court held its first hearing on May 14, 2015. See Transcript of Hearing (taken May 14, 2015)("May Tr.").3 In the Fast Track Plea Agreement, the United States agreed to "a four-level downward departure pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5K3.1," resulting in a total offense level of 6. Fast Track Plea Agreement at 3. Based upon a total offense level of 6 and a criminal history category of III, the guideline imprisonment range is 2 to 8 months. See May PSR ¶ 42, at 8. After the Court "studied his immigration history, his three convictions,... his six deportations," and the PSR's recommendation, it expressed its concern that the plea agreement was inadequate to sentence Sandoval-Enrique. May Tr. at 3:23-4:6 (Court). It observed that it was inclined to reject the plea agreement, because "it's just not going to reflect well the 3553(a) factors." May Tr. at 3:23-4:14 (Court).

Sandoval-Enrique argued that the Court should examine more than his most recent sentence of 16 months in prison. See May Tr. at 4:13-15 (Katze). He explained that threats of gang violence led him to acquire asylum in Mexico and relocate his family there. See May Tr. at 4:24-5:9 (Katze). He described how his difficulties obtaining work in Mexico drove his decision to find work in the United States. See May Tr. at 5:9-13 (Sandoval-Enrique). Further, Sandoval-Enrique argued, the arrests in his criminal history were "purely reentry crimes, immigration crimes, nonviolent crimes, not weapon offenses, not drug importation, not drug use." May Tr. at 5:17-21 (Katze). Sandoval-Enrique emphasizes that this criminal history reveals "a man who is struggling to provide for his family, and is a hard worker and is able to come to the United States and get work and make money." May Tr. at 5:21-25 (Katze).

Additionally, Sandoval-Enrique contends that the law has changed, "because the policies and the sentencing ranges were inhumane, they were inhumane when we're a country of immigrants and we talk about people who come here just to work who are not committing violent crimes or not hurting people." May Tr. at 6:22-7:3 (Katze). Accordingly, he stated that "anything more than 2 to 8 months is inhumane and the fact that he got 16 months previously is not a reflection of how high it should be this time." May Tr. at 7:4-10 (Katze).

The United States asked the Court to accept the plea agreement. See May Tr. at 9:5-10 (Brawley). It observed that the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas sentenced Sandoval-Enrique to 16 months before the nationwide fast track program was in place, which suggests that the sentence was higher than it would be now, with the program. See May Tr. at 9:5-10 (Brawley). Nevertheless, the Court observed that the plea agreement did not produce "adequate options for the Court." May Tr. at 9:20-23 (Court). It noted that Sandoval-Enrique had escaped the violence that he endured in Honduras, demonstrating that he entered the United States most recently for purely economic reasons. See May Tr. at 9:23-10:8 (Court). Consequently, the Court stated that an 8-month sentence "would not give the Court an ability to impose a sentence that promotes respect for the law, and affords adequate deterrence." May Tr. at 10:9-16 (Court). The Court granted Sandoval-Enrique's request to continue the hearing to determine whether to withdraw his plea or make another plea agreement with the United States. See May Tr. at 10:23-11:12 (Court, Katze).

On August 5, 2015, Sandoval-Enrique and the United States formed a new plea agreement. See Plea Agreement, filed August 5, 2015 (Doc. 17). Pursuant to rule 11(c)(1)(C) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, the parties agreed to a sentence of 10 months imprisonment. See Plea Agreement at 4. The Court held another sentencing hearing on September 29, 2015. See Hearing of Transcript (taken September, 29, 2015), filed October 7, 2015 (Doc. 21)("Sept.Tr."). Sandoval-Enrique raised many of the same arguments he made at the May Hearing. See Sept. Tr. at 3:5-4:25 (Katze). He argued that he kept returning to the United States "because he wants to work." Sept. Tr. at 4:1 (Katze).

Sandoval-Enrique informed the Court that San Pedro Sula, Honduras "has the highest murder rate in the country" and is "considered the most dangerous city in the world." Sept. Tr. at 4:5-10 (Katze). He explained, "economically it's a very difficult situation in Mexico." Sept. Tr. at 5:9-14 (Katze). The United States agreed, asking the Court to accept the Plea Agreement. See Sept. Tr. at 6:19-24 (Walsh). Despite Sandoval-Enrique's description of the danger in Honduras, the Court observed that his most recent illegal reentry was for economic reasons. Moreover, the Court observed that a 10-month sentence does not

Sept. Tr. at 7:6-20 (Court). Accordingly, the Court stated that it was "comfortable with a guideline sentence" and was inclined to sentence Sandoval-Enrique at the high end of the guideline range. Sept. Tr. at 9:2-6 (Court).

3. The Revised PSR, the Sentencing Memorandum, and the Response.

The only change to the revised PSR is that it does not reflect the plea agreement. Under the revised PSR, "[b]ased upon a total offense level of 10 and a criminal history category of III, the guideline imprisonment range is 10 months to 16 months." PSR ¶ 44, at 8. The PSR observes that the guideline range "is in Zone C of the Sentencing Table," which means that

PSR ¶ 44, at 8 (citing U.S.S.G. § 5C1.1(d)). The statutory maximum imprisonment term under 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a)(1)-(2), and 8 U.S.C. § (b)(1) is ten years. See PSR ¶ 43, at 8. The Court may instead impose a term of supervised release of not more than three years under 18 U.S.C. § 3583(b)(2). See PSR ¶ 46, at 8.

Consistent with his earlier arguments, Sandoval-Enrique again illustrates his hometown in San Pedro Sula, Honduras as being overrun with gangs "who terrorize working-class citizens," giving the city "the highest homicide rate in the world." Sentencing Memorandum at 4. He cites various articles that describe the terrible violence that takes place. See Sentencing Memorandum at 4 (citing Luke Mogelson, The Deported, The New York Times Magazine (Dec. 9, 2015), http://www.nytimes. com/2015/12/13/magazine/the-deported. html?_r=3; Sibylla Brodzinsky & Ed Pilkington, US Government Deporting Central American Migrants to Their Deaths, The Guardian (Oct. 12, 2015), http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/ oct/12/obama-immigration-deportations-central-america?CMP=share_btn_link).

The Guardian article largely discusses the danger involved in deporting immigrants back to Central America. It states: "The U.S. government is deporting undocumented immigrants back to Central America to face the imminent threat of violence, with several individuals being murdered just days or months after their return, a Guardian investigation has found." Brodzinsky & Pilkington, supra. The New York Times Magazine article focuses on the dangers specific to San Pedro Sula:

See Mogelson, supra.

Sandoval-Enrique then describes the years after he obtained asylum in Mexico, again explaining his difficulties obtaining employment. See Sentencing Memorandum at 5. He expresses deep gratitude for his asylum, noting that "Mexico provided him the safety he and his family needed" and gave him the ability "to earn enough money for food and basic necessities." Sentencing Memorandum at 5. Nonetheless, he justifiably complains that he was unable to earn enough money to construct a home for his family. See Sentencing Memorandum at 5. He notes, however, that he obtained safety in Mexico. See Sentencing Memorandum at 5. Sandoval-Enrique argues that the Court must consider his dangerous situation in Honduras and his difficult economic situation in Mexico when examining his history and characteristics under the § 3553(a) factors. See Sentencing Memorandum at 5-6.

With respect to three other § 3553(a) factors, Sandoval-Enrique contends that a 10-month sentence reflects the seriousness of the offense, promotes respect for the law, and provides just punishment for the offense. See Sentencing Memorandum at 6-7. As support, he argues that the United States "no doubt heavily considered and weighted [these factors] during the development of the well-tested, now uniformly-accepted Fast Track Plea program." Sentencing Memorandum at 6. Regarding deterrence, he asserts that a 10-month sentence is adequate to deter further criminal conduct, even though he reentered the United States after the Western District of Texas imposed a 16-month sentence. See Sentencing Memorandum at 7. He argues that § 3553(a) "does not, as a rule, call for the imposition of a higher sentence." Sentencing Memorandum at 7. Additionally, Sandoval-Enrique argues that the Court should not impose a higher sentence, because "incarceration does not reduce offender recidivism." Sentencing Memorandum at 8 (citing Roger Warren, Evidence-Based Practice to Reduce Recidivism: Implications for State Judiciaries, National Center for State Courts (2007), and Mark W. Lipsey & Francis T. Cullen, The Effectiveness of Correctional Rehabilitation: A Review of Systematic Reviews, 3 Ann. Rev. L. & Soc. Sci. 297, 302 (2007)). Finally, Sandoval-Enrique argues that a 10-month sentence is warranted to avoid unwanted sentencing disparities. See Sentencing Memorandum at 10-11.

The United States responded on February 18, 2016. See United States' Response to Defendant's Sentencing Memorandum Filed February 11, 2016 (Doc. 25), filed February 18, 2016 (Doc. 28)("Response"). It devotes much of its argument to describing the fast track program. See Response at 4-7. It explains that, because Congress authorized certain downward departures under the fast track programs, Congress recognized that sentencing disparities that result from the program were warranted and would not violate § 3553(a)(6). See Response at 5 (quoting United States v. Gonzalez-Zotelo, 556 F.3d 736 (9th Cir.2009) and United States v. Duarte-Hurtado, 295 Fed.Appx. 273 (10th Cir.2008)). The United States recognizes that the Court "has the authority and the discretion to reject the fact track plea as well as any agreed-upon plea by the parties," but nonetheless argues that the Court should accept fast-track pleas, even when they result in some sentencing disparities. Response at 7. It states that, since it previously recommended a sentence below what Sandoval-Enrique now faces with a time-served sentence, it "agree[s] to a time-served sentence as requested by the defendant." Response at 7.

The Court held the third sentencing hearing on March 14, 2015. See Transcript of Hearing (taken March 14, 2015)("March Tr."). Once again, Sandoval-Enrique told the Court of his life in Honduras, where he endured threats from violent gangs and had to flee to protect his family. See March Tr. at 3:17-4:19 (Katze). He similarly explained that he found safety in Mexico, but could not support his family. See March Tr. at 4:19-25 (Katze). He stated, however, that he feared that the United States might deport him to Honduras instead of Mexico. See March Tr. at 11:9-11 (Katze). He argued that, while the Court must consider the factors in § 3553(a), it should not weight deterrence any heavier than the other factors. See March Tr. at 5:23-6:5 (Katze).

United States Probation Officer Adam Duran recommended that the Court sentence Sandoval-Enrique at the high end of the Guidelines range. See March Tr. at 8:11-16 (Duran). The Court asked whether Sandoval-Enrique would get credit for time served and good time. See March Tr. at 8:5-10 (Court). Mr. Duran asserted that Sandoval-Enrique would be credited for time served and good time, meaning that, even if the Court sentenced him at the high end of the Guidelines range, he would serve only another 45 days instead of nearly 4 months. See March Tr. at 8:21-24 (Duran).4

The Court then adopted the PSR's factual findings as its own as there was no dispute regarding them. See March Tr. at 11:22-12:2 (Court). There being no objection to the sentencing Guideline applications in the PSR, the Court also adopted those as its own. See March Tr. at 12:3-5 (Court). The Court stated that it carefully considered the factors in § 3553(a)(1) through (7) and other sentencing goals. See March Tr. at 12:4-20 (Court). The Court concluded that a sentence at the high end of the Guidelines range is appropriate, considering Sandoval-Enrique's repeated illegal reentries into the United States even after felony convictions. See March Tr. at 13:14-25 (Court). The Court observed that the United States offers fast-track plea agreements to "almost everybody... if they're eligible," but noted that the Court must make individualized determinations when warranted. March Tr. at 13:4-9 (Court). The Court stated: "And that's what I have done here. It's very individualized. I try not to treat every defendant the same. I understand for fast track purposes the Government may choose to do that, but I think as a court, it's very important to treat them individually." March Tr. at 13:9-13 (Court).

Regarding deterrence, the Court informed Sandoval-Enrique that it read the articles that he had cited suggesting that imprisonment did not necessarily deter criminals. See March Tr. at 16:19-21 (Court). Nevertheless, the Court determined that a longer imprisonment term in this particular situation "may have discouraged him from coming back to the United States." March Tr. at 16:21-24 (Court). The Court explained that, after Sandoval-Enrique served his 16-month sentence, "it did deter him; he didn't come back until 2015. So he stayed out for nine years." March Tr. at 14:22-15:1 (Court).

In addition to promoting deterrence, the Court asserted that § 3553(a) directed it to promote respect for the law. See March Tr. at 13:20-25 (Court)("[H]e's been deported 6 times, he'll be deported a 7th time after this one. He does have the three convictions so this is his fourth conviction."). The Court added that "four convictions, [and] what will be seven deportations,... require that the sentence reflect respect for the law," in addition to just punishment. March Tr. at 14:10-13 (Court). The Court observed that each time Sandoval-Enrique entered the United States, the United States devoted valuable resources to arresting him, prosecuting him, and deporting him. See March Tr. at 14:17-22 (Court). Finally, the Court stated that it was imposing a Guidelines sentence, "so it avoids unwarranted sentencing disparity among defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct." March Tr. at 15:6-9 (Court). Accordingly, the Court stated that the 16-month sentence "fully and effectively reflects each of the relevant factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)," and is "not greater than is necessary to comply with the purposes of punishment set forth in the Sentencing Reform Act." March Tr. at 15:23-16:7 (Court).

RELEVANT LAW REGARDING THE GUIDELINES

In United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), the Supreme Court of the United States of America severed the mandatory provisions from the Sentencing Reform Act, Pub.L. No. 98473, 98 Stat.1976, thus making Guidelines sentencing ranges effectively advisory. In excising the two sections, the Supreme Court left the remainder of the Act intact, including 18 U.S.C. § 3553: "Section 3553(a) remains in effect, and sets forth numerous factors that guide sentencing. Those factors in turn will guide appellate courts, as they have in the past, in determining whether a sentence is unreasonable." United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. at 261, 125 S.Ct. 738.

Congress has directed sentencing courts to impose a sentence "sufficient, but not greater than necessary" to comply with four statutorily defined purposes enumerated in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2):

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(A)-(D).

18 U.S.C. § 3551. To achieve these purposes, § 3553(a) directs sentencing courts to consider: (i) the Guidelines; (ii) the nature of the offense and the defendant's character; (iii) the available sentences; (iv) a policy favoring uniformity in sentences for defendants who commit similar crimes; and (v) the need to provide restitution to victims. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), (3)-(7).

Although the Guidelines are no longer mandatory, both the Supreme Court and the Tenth Circuit have clarified that, while the Guidelines are one of several factors which § 3553(a) enumerates, they are entitled to considerable deference. See Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 349, 127 S.Ct. 2456, 168 L.Ed.2d 203 (2007)("The Guidelines as written reflect the fact that the Sentencing Commission examined tens of thousands of sentences and worked with the help of many others in the law enforcement community over a long period of time in an effort to fulfill [its] statutory mandate."); United States v. Cage, 451 F.3d 585, 593 (10th Cir.2006)(describing the Guidelines as more than "just one factor among many"). They are significant, because "the Guidelines are an expression of popular political will about sentencing that is entitled to due consideration ... [and] represent at this point eighteen years' worth of careful consideration of the proper sentence for federal offenses." United States v. Cage, 451 F.3d at 593 (internal quotation marks omitted). A reasonable sentence is one that also "avoid[s] unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct." 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). See United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. at 261-62, 125 S.Ct. 738.

The Tenth Circuit has "joined a number of other circuits in holding that a sentence within the applicable Guidelines range is presumptively reasonable." United States v. Terrell, 445 F.3d 1261, 1264 (10th Cir.2006), overruled on other grounds by Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 349, 127 S.Ct. 2456, 168 L.Ed.2d 203 (2007), as recognized in United States v. Zamora-Solorzano, 528 F.3d 1247, 1251 n. 3 (10th Cir.2008). This presumption, however, is an appellate presumption and not one that the trial court can or should apply. See Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. at 351, 127 S.Ct. 2456; Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 46-47, 128 S.Ct. 586, 169 L.Ed.2d 445 (2007); Kimbrough v. United States, 552 U.S. 85, 90-91, 128 S.Ct. 558, 169 L.Ed.2d 481 (2007). Instead, the trial court must undertake the § 3553(a) balancing of factors without any presumption in favor of the advisory5 Guidelines sentence. See Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. at 351, 127 S.Ct. 2456; Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. at 46-47, 128 S.Ct. 586; Kimbrough v. United States, 552 U.S. at 90-91, 128 S.Ct. 558.

United States v. Apodaca-Leyva, No. CR 07-1479 JB, 2008 WL 2229550, at *6 (D.N.M. Feb. 13, 2008)(Browning, J.). The Supreme Court recognized, however, that the sentencing judge is "in a superior position to find facts and judge their import under § 3553(a) in each particular case." Kimbrough v. United States, 552 U.S. at 89, 128 S.Ct. 558. Applying § 3553(a)'s factors, the Court has concluded that the case of an illegal immigrant who re-entered the United States to provide for his two children and two siblings was not materially differentiated from other re-entry cases, and, thus, no variance from the Guidelines sentence was warranted. See United States v. Alemendares-Soto, No. CR 10-1922 JB, 2010 WL 5476767, at *12 (D.N.M. Dec. 14, 2010)(Browning, J.). On the other hand, in United States v. Jager, No. CR 10-1531 JB, 2011 WL 831279 (D.N.M. Feb. 17, 2011)(Browning, J.), although the defendant's military service was not present to an unusual degree and, thus, did not warrant a departure, the Court found that a variance was appropriate, because the defendant's military service was "superior and uniformly outstanding," as the defendant appeared to have been "trustworthy[ ] and dedicated, and he served with distinction." 2011 WL 831279, at *14.

ANALYSIS

In 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), Congress directs courts to consider numerous factors when imposing a sentence, including deterrence. Although longer prison sentences may not always yield a significant amount of deterrence or be the most important factor in the § 3553(a) calculation, incarceration serves some deterrence function and is at least one tool in the Court's arsenal to promote deterrence. Given Sandoval-Enrique's history of repeatedly entering the United States illegally, § 3553(a)(2) suggests that the Court should impose a sentence at the high end of the Guidelines range. Furthermore, § 3553(a)'s directives to: (i) promote respect for the law; (ii) provide just punishment; (iii) consider the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant; and (iv) avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities all indicate that the Court should impose a sentence at the high end of the Guidelines range. Accordingly, the Court will sentence Sandoval-Enrique to 16-months imprisonment.

I. THE COURT WILL IMPOSE A SENTENCE AT THE HIGH END OF THE GUIDELINES RANGE TO PROMOTE DETERRENCE.

Sandoval-Enrique spends a significant amount of time addressing the deterrence factor. He cites several articles to support his argument that longer sentences do not reduce recidivism. See Sentencing Memorandum at 8-11 (citing Roger Warren, Evidence-Based Practice to Reduce Recidivism: Implications for State Judiciaries, National Center for State Courts (2007); Mark W. Lipsey & Francis T. Cullen, The Effectiveness of Correctional Rehabilitation: A Review of Systematic Reviews, 3 Ann. Rev. L. & Soc. Sci. 297, 302 (2007); Michael Tonry, Purposes and Functions of Sentencing, 34 Crime & Justice: A Review of the Research 28-29 (2006); and Daniel S. Nagin, Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century, 42 Crime & Justice 199, 201 (2013)). Sandoval-Enrique thereby suggests that longer prison sentences do not deter criminal conduct. See Sentencing Memorandum at 8. He analogizes incarceration to "an old, rusty tool that didn't serve its purpose," and argues that the Court should therefore reevaluate the whole concept of deterrence. Sentencing Memorandum at 8.

In one of Sandoval-Enrique's cited articles, Roger Warren, President Emeritus of the National Center for State Courts, writes that "[i]ncarceration actually results in slightly increased rates of offender recidivism." Warren, supra, at 32. He states that "inmates are somewhat more likely to commit further crimes than those not incarcerated, or incarcerated for shorter periods of time." Warren, supra, at 32. Similarly, scholars Mark Lipsey and Francis Cullen write that research does not support "the view that incarceration dissuades offenders from reoffending after they are released." Lipsey & Cullen, supra, at 301. They conclude that the "theory of specific deterrence inherent in the politically popular and intuitively appealing view that harsher treatment of offenders dissuades them from further criminal behavior is thus not consistent with the preponderance of available evidence." Lipsey & Cullen, supra, at 302.

The Court has also reviewed the leading research and concluded that the weight of the research indicates that incarceration — imposing it at all or increasing the amount imposed — has little to no significant correlation to recidivism. See, e.g., Lin Song & Roxanne Lieb, Recidivism: The Effect of Incarceration and Length of Time Served 4-6, Wash. St. Inst. for Pub. Pol'y (Sept. 1993), available at http://wsipp.wa.gov/ ReportFile/1152/Wsipp_Recidivism-The-Effect-of-Incarceration-and-Length-of-Time-Served_Full-Report.pdf (summarizing available studies on the correlation between incarceration and recidivism); T. Bartell & L.T. Winfree, Recidivist Impacts of Differential Sentencing Practices for Burglary Offenders, 15 Criminology 387 (1977)(outlining the results of a New Mexico-based study and concluding that offenders placed on probation were less likely to be reconvicted than similarly situated offenders who were incarcerated); D.M. Gottfredson, M.G. Neithercutt, J. Nuttfield & V. O'Leary, Four Thousand Lifetimes: A Study of Time Served and Parole Outcomes, Nat'l Council on Crime & Delinquency (1973)(outlining the results of a study of over 100,000 male parolees and finding that similarly situated offenders who served longer periods of incarceration were more likely to recidivate than those who received shorter periods of incarceration); T. Orsagh & J.R. Chen, The Effect of Time Served on Recidivism: An Interdisciplinary Theory, 4 J. Quant. Criminology 155 (1988)(concluding that similarly situated robbery convicts' recidivism rates rose with rising length of incarceration, while burglars and some other criminals had a "sweet spot" length of incarceration — 1.2 to 1.3 years for younger offenders and 1.8 years for older offenders — deviations from which increased recidivism). This trend obtains even for white-collar criminals. See David Weisburd et al., Specific Deterrence in a Sample of Offenders Convicted of White Collar Crimes, 33 Criminology 587 (1995).

United States v. Courtney, 76 F.Supp.3d 1267, 1303-04, n. 13 (D.N.M.2014)(Browning, J.).

In addition to specific deterrence, however, the Court must also concern itself with general deterrence. See United States v. Corchado-Aguirre, 2015 WL 10383207, at *28 (D.N.M. Aug. 31, 2015)(Browning, J.). In the articles that Sandoval-Enrique cites, the authors agree that, although "lengthy prison sentences" may not deter a particular defendant, increasingly longer prison sentences do serve a general deterrent function, thereby deterring others from committing a similar crime. Nagin, Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century, supra, at 231 (stating that increasingly longer prison sentences can have appreciable deterrent effects when defendants face a relatively shorter sentence to begin with). See Warren, supra, at 24-25 (observing that the current sentencing policies reflect the goal of general deterrence); Lipsey & Cullen, supra, at 299 (observing that the existence of a criminal justice system that threatens wrongdoers with arrest and punishment deters many to refrain from crime, when they would likely break the law if there were no risk of detection and penalty). Lipsey and Cullen clearly state: "Our focus here, however, is not on the nature and effects of that general deterrent effect but, rather, on what is often called specific deterrence." Lipsey & Cullen, supra, at 299. Section 3553(a) does not direct the Court to consider "specific" deterrence; it directs the Court to consider "deterrence," which includes both specific deterrence and general deterrence. United States v. Corchado-Aguirre, 2015 WL 10383207, at *28. Even if the specific deterrence may be negligible, the Court can still further the goal of promoting general deterrence through the imposition of prison sentences.

The Court has previously described how the literature largely demonstrates that incarceration serves a general deterrent function.

United States v. Courtney, 76 F.Supp.3d at 1303-04, n. 13. See United States v. Luna-Jasso, 2015 WL 1006390, at *15-18 (D.N.M. Feb. 19, 2015)(Browning, J.)(footnote omitted) (concluding that a Guidelines sentence would have a greater deterrent effect than the sentence that the defendant requested). General deterrence thus remains an important consideration, especially in cases like this one, where the defendant has reason to suspect, based on his past pattern of serving increasingly longer sentences for repeat offenses, that the punishment would increase with this particular offense.

Furthermore, Warren's alternative to deterring crime through incarceration is to institute various rehabilitation and prevention programs. See Warren, supra, at 33. Warren does not suggest that the Court can further deterrence by reducing prison sentences altogether and doing nothing more, as Sandoval-Enrique seems to suggest. According to his research, courts can further deterrence through intense rehabilitation and prevention programs. See Warren, supra, at 32-33. Without those programs available in this instance, however, Sandoval-Enrique does not show how the Court can further deterrence without incarceration. For example, given that Sandoval-Enrique will be deported immediately after he serves his sentence, he will not be eligible for any programs on supervised release that might help him avoid reentering the United States for economic reasons or otherwise. Indeed, it is hard to imagine what such a program would look like, unless it was more aid to Mexico and Honduras, or cash payments to their citizens. Obviously, these types of programs require the will of the political branches, and the sentencing court has very little ability to factor such nonexistent programs — or even existing programs — into its sentencing calculation.

As a result, the Guidelines advise that sentencing courts should not ignore "unsupervised" supervised release. While some judges impose supervised release in sentences like this one, the Court has always thought such an approach is a bit like kicking the can down the road, postponing the tough decision on what to do with an alien who continues to enter the United States illegally. The Court has not adopted that approach. The Court believes that it is more appropriate to bite the bullet and devise an appropriate sentence now for the crime and defendant before the Court. It thinks it should do what the Guidelines recommend and not impose supervised release, rather than saying we will punish you severely — maybe — next time.

Sandoval-Enrique also cites Nagin's article, Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century, to support his argument. See Sentencing Memorandum at 9. While the cited portions of Nagin's article suggest that longer prison sentences do not achieve a significant amount of deterrence, they do not indicate that longer prison sentences yield no general deterrent effects at all. See Nagin, Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century, supra, at 230. Rather, the article argues that the marginal deterrence from an incrementally longer sentence is not great enough to counterbalance the increased social and economic costs involved in incarcerating a person for that greater length of time. See Nagin, Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century, supra, at 201. Scholars concede that "California's third strike provision" which imposes substantially higher prison sentences for three-time offenders, "does indeed have a deterrent effect." Nagin, Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century, supra, at 230. Nagin argues only that "on the basis of a cost-benefit analysis, [ ] the crime-saving benefits are so much smaller than the increased costs of incarceration...." Nagin, Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century, supra, at 230. Any argument about whether to incarcerate or not incarcerate on the basis of cost should be addressed to the political branches — not the courts. If more deterrence can be achieved by incarceration, the court should not refuse to incarcerate due to costs. Any argument that the marginal deterrence does not justify the cost should be made to Congress, who has the power to change the factors that judges may consider when imposing sentences.

Nagin's article supports the understanding that increasing the length of a defendant's sentence can have a material deterrent effect. Specifically, he argues that increased "increments in short sentences do have a material deterrent effect." Nagin, Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century, supra, at 231. See Nagin, Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century, supra, at 201 (stating that, in contrast, "there is little evidence that increases in the length of already long prison sentences yield general deterrent effects that are sufficiently large to justify their social and economic costs"). His compilation of the research reveals that there are diminishing marginal deterrent returns to increasing sentence length. See Nagin, Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century, supra, at 229-32. One can compare the marginal utility of lengthier prison sentences to the law of diminishing marginal utility. The law of diminishing marginal utility is an economic concept holding that, as a person increases consumption of a product, there is a decline in the marginal utility that person derives from consuming each additional unit of that product. Kemezy v. Peters, 79 F.3d 33, 35 (7th Cir.1996)(Posner, J.)(applying the principle to a punitive damages issue and arguing that the "losing $1 is likely to cause less unhappiness (disutility) to a rich person than to a poor one"); United States v. Valencia, 2015 WL 9703436, at *40 n. 23 (D.N.M. Dec. 31, 2015) (Browning, J.) (describing the theory of diminishing marginal utility and observing that a "defendant making $1,000,000.00 per year could likely weather a 50-percent-of-total-income fine much more comfortably than a defendant making $20,000.00 per year, even though the two fines, as a fraction of income, are the same"). For example, the first plate of food one eats at a buffet is very good. Once that person's hunger has been somewhat sated, however, the person's enjoyment of the second plate of food significantly diminishes. If this person continues eating, he or she would eventually reach a point at which an additional plate of food would provide no utility.

Nagin's compilation of research suggests that prison sentences may abide by the same principle. See Nagin, Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century, supra, at 231. Nagin agrees that "increments in short sentences do have a material deterrent effect on a crime-prone population." Nagin, Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century, supra, at 231. Lengthier sentences may continue to provide increased marginal deterrence up to a certain point at which the increased deterrent value levels off. See Nagin, Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century, supra, at 231. Accordingly, research strongly indicates that increases in sentence length have at least some general deterrent effect — especially for criminals facing shorter sentences.6 The Court has arrived at this conclusion on multiple occasions, determining that the "severity of punishment continues to have some deterrent effect — albeit less than it would were the universe of potential criminals an overall rational bunch." United States v. Courtney, 76 F.Supp.3d at 1303-04, n. 13 (citing Daniel S. Nagin, Deterrence: A Review of the Evidence by a Criminologist for Economists, 2013 Annual Rev. Econ. 5:83, 86-88, 97-98 (2013)). See United States v. Luna-Jasso, 2015 WL 1006390, at *15-18.

By arguing that the Court should not impose a 16-month sentence on the basis that prison does not effectively deter, Sandoval-Enrique essentially argues that the Court should not consider deterrence at all. See United States v. Corchado-Aguirre, 2015 WL 10383207, at *18 ("Because the Court's only deterrence tool is increased severity, [the defendant] is, in essence, arguing that the Court should not consider deterrence in sentencing at all."). Although a longer sentence may not be necessary to deter all defendants in all situations, it is one of the few tools at the Court's disposal to encourage deterrence. See United States v. Corchado-Aguirre, 2015 WL 10383207, at *18. "The Court has no luxury to ignore the statute's factors, because Congress has mandated the Court to consider deterrence in crafting an appropriate sentence. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(B). The Court must, thus, use the deterrent tools available to it in crafting sentences." United States v. Corchado-Aguirre, 2015 WL 10383207, at *18. The Court cannot select a different method to deter crime based on its own policy evaluation and ignore the tool that Congress has provided to promote deterrence: incarceration.

Moreover, it appears that a longer prison sentence will effectively deter Sandoval-Enrique in particular from reentering the United States. One of the articles that Sandoval-Enrique cites supports the conclusion that, even if incarceration may not decrease recidivism rates at large, it may impact specific individuals based on their particular characteristics. See Lipsey & Cullen, supra, at 302 (stating that "[s]imple recidivism rates are largely a function of the input characteristics of the respective offenders, especially risk characteristics such as prior offense history, age, and gender"). Sandoval-Enrique has a history of entering the United States illegally. See PSR ¶ 28, at 6 (listing the 6 dates on which Sandoval-Enrique has been found in the United States illegally and thereafter deported). Each time he received a short sentence, he returned to the United States within the next year or two. See PSR ¶¶ 23-28, at 5-6. After he served 16 months in prison in 2007, however, he was not again arrested until 2015. See PSR ¶¶ 23-28, at 5-6. Despite Sandoval-Enrique's contention that imprisonment does not effectively deter criminal conduct, it appears that a longer prison sentence may have effectively deterred Sandoval-Enrique before. See March Tr. at 14:22-15:1 (Court)(explaining that, after Sandoval-Enrique served his 16-month sentence, "it did deter him; he didn't come back until 2015"). Sandoval-Enrique nearly concedes that his lengthy prison sentence deterred him from reentering the United States when he asserts that "[h]e had consciously decided not to return to the United States because he did not desire to ever experience the American penal system again, as he had in 2006." Sentencing Memorandum at 6. This sentence suggests that another 16-month sentence would again discourage Sandoval-Enrique from entering the United States, especially knowing that if he ever did return, he would likely face a higher sentence.

Although Sandoval-Enrique argues that a time-served sentence will adequately deter him, he provides no evidence of why or how it would do so, especially in light of the fact that a 16-month sentence did not permanently deter him from reentering the United States. See Sentencing Memorandum at 7. He argues only that § 3553(a) "does not, as a rule, call for the imposition of a higher sentence." Sentencing Memorandum at 7. Contrary to Sandoval-Enrique's contention, however, the Court is not imposing a higher sentence. It is imposing the same length of sentence that the Western District of Texas imposed, and the Bureau of Prisons is likely to give him credit for time served and good time, making the sentence closer to 14 months. See March Tr. at 8:21-24 (Duran). In a situation where the defendant has not demonstrated any situational differences between his last reentry and this reentry, or, as here, the reasons are even less compelling in this case, the Court has no sound reason to conclude that a shorter sentence will deter him now, when it did not permanently deter him in the past. Accordingly, § 3553(a)'s deterrence objective suggests that the Court should impose a sentence at the high end of the guidelines.

Finally, the Court is always reluctant, unless it is trying to deter someone from committing a crime, to give time served. The first time that the defendant sees the sentencing judge is at sentencing, and if the first thing he sees is the judge giving time served, that scene would seem to undermine deterrence, because it might suggest that the Court does not take illegal reentry seriously or as seriously as the Executive Branch. It seems better that the defendant sees more time rather than just being released after the defendant first meets the judge. Because Sandoval-Enrique will serve about forty-five more days, his meeting with the Court helps emphasize that he must refrain from committing the crime again and that the judge takes this crime seriously.

II. THE REMAINING § 3553(a) FACTORS INDICATE THAT THE COURT SHOULD IMPOSE A SENTENCE AT THE HIGH END OF THE GUIDELINES RANGE.

In addition to promoting deterrence, § 3553(a) directs courts to promote respect for the law and provide for just punishment. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(A). Sandoval-Enrique has been deported six times, and will be deported seven times after he serves his sentence. He has four criminal convictions, including this one. Moreover, each time Sandoval-Enrique enters the United States, the United States devotes valuable resources to arresting him, prosecuting him, and deporting him. See March Tr. at 14:17-22 (Court). By continuing to illegally enter the United States, Sandoval-Enrique disregards the law and the resources that the United States devotes to upholding the law. Because this is Sandoval-Enrique's fourth immigration conviction, a longer sentence is necessary to promote respect for the law and to provide a just punishment. United States v. Corchado-Aguirre, 2015 WL 10383207, at *28. If the public were to examine this sentence, and the sentence were time served, the public would probably think that odd. The Court is doubtful most people would see a time-served sentence as a just punishment or one that generates respect for the law. Accordingly, § 3553(a)(2)(A) suggests that the Court should impose a sentence at the high end of the Guidelines range.

Sandoval-Enrique argues that, pursuant to § 3553(a)(2)(C)'s directive to consider the sentence's need to protect the public, he is less deserving of punishment because he did not harm anyone through his conduct. See Sentencing Memorandum at 9. The Court agrees in part. Although the Court is concerned about Sandoval-Enrique's arrests, the number of arrests, and the crimes for which he was arrested, for the most part, it finds that he is not a great threat to the public. This factor and these facts are why he is receiving only 16 months for his fourth violation of the same offense. If he "had committed a more serious offense — drug trafficking, assault, rape, fraud, or murder — after being convicted of the same offense [three] times earlier, his sentence would most likely be significantly longer." United States v. Corchado-Aguirre, 2015 WL 10383207, at *29. That he is receiving only 16-months imprisonment for his fifth offense is a recognition that his offense is less serious than other crimes. See United States v. Corchado-Aguirre, 2015 WL 10383207, at *29. The Court notes, however, that Sandoval-Enrique has been arrested for shoplifting and concealment of goods, see PSR ¶ 30, at 6, for theft, see PSR ¶ 31, at 7, and for attempted burglary and possession of burglary tools, see PSR ¶ 24, at 5. Even though these charges were later dismissed, the PSR specifically notes that, at least with respect to the attempted burglary charges, they "were not pursued as the defendant was taken into immigration custody." PSR ¶ 24, at 5.

Under § 3553(a)(1), the Court must also consider "the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant." 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1). Sandoval-Enrique asks the Court to remember the violent situation occurring in Honduras in considering his characteristics and the circumstances surrounding the offense. See Sentencing Memorandum at 4-6. While the Court is sympathetic to the situation in Honduras, it does not mitigate Sandoval-Enrique's crime in this case, because he did not enter the United States to flee violent gangs this time.7 See Sentencing Memorandum at 5. He entered for purely economic reasons. See Sentencing Memorandum at 5. He concedes, both in his Sentencing Memorandum and at the hearings, that he found safety in Mexico, but he left that safety for economic reasons. See Sentencing Memorandum at 5 (stating that "Mexico provided him the safety he and his family needed, relative to Honduras"); March Tr. at 4:19-25 (Katze); May Tr. at 9:23-10:8 (Court)(observing that Sandoval-Enrique had escaped the violence that he endured in Honduras, demonstrating that he entered the United States most recently for purely economic reasons). He came here to get money and to build a house for his family. Consequently, Sandoval-Enrique entered the United States for the same reason that countless defendants the Court sentences each year enter the country: to make money. In many ways, Sandoval-Enrique is no different than the thousands of other Mexicans who come to the United States for better jobs. In other words, there is nothing in the nature and circumstances of the offense that counsels for a variance, and the character of the defendant — coming to the United States for purely economic reasons — also does not counsel much, if at all, for a variance.

Next, pursuant to § 3553(a)(6), the sentence "avoid[s] unwarranted sentencing disparities among defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct." 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6). Sandoval-Enrique argues that the Court should not give Sandoval-Enrique a higher sentence simply to correct what it perceives to be a sentencing disparity between him and other non-fast track eligible defendants. See Sentencing Memorandum at 10-11. The United States similarly states that the fast track program warrants this disparity. See Response at 5-7. The Court agrees that Congress warranted sentencing disparities between Fast-Track eligible and non-fast track eligible defendants. See United States v. Duarte-Hurtado, 295 Fed.Appx. 273 (10th Cir. 2008). The Court does not, however, give Sandoval-Enrique a higher sentence simply to correct any such disparity. See May Tr. at 10:9-16 (Court)(stating that an 8-months sentence pursuant to the fast track program did not promote respect for the law, provide for adequate punishment, or promote deterrence, and that Sandoval-Enrique's history and characteristics demonstrated that he entered the United States for purely economic reasons); Sept. Tr. at 7:6-20 (Court)(same). Contrary to Sandoval-Enrique's suggestion, the Court is not imposing a 16-month sentence solely to match the sentence that the Western District of Texas imposed, where there was no fast track plea policy in 2006. See Tr. at 6:10-13 (Katze); May Tr. at 7:4-10 (Katze). The Court contradicted any suggestion that it was imposing a higher sentence to avoid such sentencing disparities when it noted at the hearing that it must make highly individualized determinations regarding sentencing. See March Tr. at 13:4-9 (Court). The Court stated: "And that's what I have done here. It's very individualized. I try not to treat every defendant the same. I understand for fast track purposes the Government may choose to do that, but I think as a court, it's very important to treat them individually." March Tr. at 13:9-13 (Court). Instead, the Court merely observes that a 16-month sentence avoids any unwarranted disparities among defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct, thereby complying with the precedent the United States cites from both the Ninth and Tenth Circuits.

In United States v. Gonzalez-Zotelo, the defendant's original Guidelines range was 63 to 78 months. See 556 F.3d at 738. The United States District Court for the Southern District of California first found that the criminal history over-represented the defendant's criminal history and departed downwards, resulting in a new range of 51 to 63 months imprisonment. See 556 F.3d at 738. Despite this new range, the court sentenced the defendant to 30 months imprisonment solely to reduce sentencing disparities between the defendant, who was not participating in the fast track program, and another fast-Track eligible defendant that had committed a similar crime. See 556 F.3d at 738. The Ninth Circuit held that the Southern District of California erred by imposing a significantly lower-than-Guidelines sentence solely to reduce a sentencing disparity that Congress had warranted. See 556 F.3d at 739-41.

The Court does not commit the same error that the Ninth Circuit reversed in United States v. Gonzalez-Zotelo. First, the Court notes that it does not impose a 16-month sentence to reduce sentencing disparities between Sandoval-Enrique and other defendants who are not eligible for the fast track program, like the Southern District of California did in United States v. Gonzalez-Zotelo. See 556 F.3d at 738. Instead, the Court relies on numerous other § 3553(a) factors to reach its conclusion that it should impose a 16-month sentence. Accordingly, it is not rejecting or disagreeing with Congress' approval of fast-track plea bargaining programs. Second, the Southern District of California had to depart downward 21 to 33 months to reach its sentence. See 556 F.3d at 738. The Ninth Circuit in United States v. Gonzalez-Zotelo reversed the Southern District of California's downward departure. See 556 F.3d at 741. In contrast, the Court's sentence of 16-months is a Guidelines sentence. The Court makes no departures to match Sandoval-Enrique to non-fast-track eligible defendants. Notably, the Court makes no departures to match the Western District of Texas' sentence, where there was no fast track plea policy at the time. If the Court wanted to reduce sentencing disparities between the Western District of Texas' 2007 sentence and the Court's 2016 sentence, the Court would likely need to impose a higher sentence, considering that Sandoval-Enrique now has four criminal convictions. Instead, the Court relies on the § 3553(a) factors in the aggregate to arrive at its 16-month sentence.

Similarly, in United States v. Duarte-Hurtado, the Tenth Circuit affirmed the Court for refusing to vary the defendant's sentence solely to match defendants in the fast track program. See 295 Fed.Appx. at 276. Although the Court varied from the defendant's Guidelines sentence, it did so on the basis of the defendant's particular circumstance and concluded that the § 3553(a) factors in the aggregate suggested that a below-Guidelines sentence was appropriate. See 295 Fed.Appx. at 278-9. The Tenth Circuit described the Court's approach:

United States v. Duarte-Hurtado, 295 Fed.Appx. at 278. Like the Court did in United States v. Duarte-Hurtado, it again determines that the § 3553(a) factors, on a whole, justify the 16-months Guidelines sentence it imposes.

Furthermore, to determine whether "unwarranted sentencing disparities" exist, the Court must look beyond sentences that New Mexico federal courts impose and also consider sentences that courts along the border and across the county impose. See March Tr. at 15: 10-16 (Court). Looking exclusively at sentences that New Mexico federal courts impose is too narrow, because New Mexico sentences may be anomalous when compared to a broader sample. See March Tr. at 15: 10-16 (Court). As evidence that the Court's sentence avoids irrational disparities, the Court notes that the Western District of Texas gave Sandoval-Enrique a 16-month sentence when he had only two prior convictions and was entering the United States for safety reasons rather than purely economic reasons. Finally, the Court observes that, with credit for time served and good time, Sandoval-Enrique will actually serve a sentence of around 14 months rather than 16. See March Tr. at 8:21-24 (Duran). Hence, the current dispute is over about forty-five days, although if the Court had accepted the Fast Track Plea Agreement, the dispute would be over 8 months' difference.

Finally, Sandoval-Enrique also argues that, by not accepting the Fast Track Plea Agreement here and sentencing him to 2 months or 8 months, the 10-month plea agreement, or to time-served, the Court is creating an unwarranted disparity with those who are sentenced under the "nationwide" Fast Track Program. See Sentencing Memorandum at 10-11. He says that it is "arbitrary" that this Court was assigned to him rather than to other judges in the District of New Mexico who would have accepted his Fast Track Plea Agreement. See Sentencing Memorandum at 10-11. He therefore argues that this Court's sentence creates an unwarranted sentencing disparity. See Sentencing Memorandum at 10-11. He goes further, stating:

Sentencing Memorandum at 10. As stated above, the Court looks beyond the District of New Mexico to determine whether a sentencing disparity exists. Sandoval-Enrique's arguments assume that there are a lot more fast track plea agreements in this case than there really are and that there really is a "nationwide" fast track policy. The Court has described the history of the fast-track policies previously:

James O. Browning & Jason P. Kerkmans, A Border Trial Judge Looks at Immigration: Heeding the Call to Do Principled Justice to the Alien Without Getting Bogged Down in Partisan Politics: Why the U.S. Immigration Laws Are Not Broken (but Could Use Some Repairs, 25 U. Fla. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 223, 258-60 (2014).

Hence, there is really no "nationwide" fast-track program; if a U.S. Attorney wants a fast-track plea, he or she can no longer tailor or customize one, and must take the off-the-shelf one that main Department of Justice has devised, but no U.S. Attorney has to have one. Thus, there is built-in disparity from the fast-track program. Defendants in some districts do not get the benefit of a fast track, while defendants coming into New Mexico do. As many judges correctly point out, New Mexico defendants are known to get lighter sentences than elsewhere in the nation. Judges' sentencing policies vary in the district. Hence, it is very difficult in the nation, or even in the district, to avoid sentencing disparities among similarly situated defendants who have been found guilty of such reentry crimes.

Here, the Court gave Sandoval-Enrique a Guidelines sentence. It gave him the same sentence that the Western District of Texas previously gave him in 2007. These are good ways to avoid disparities. Sandoval-Enrique's complaint that the Court's sentence is arbitrary is not accurate. See Sentencing Memorandum at 10. He chose what district to enter, and illegal aliens are often knowledgeable about which districts have which sentencing policies. Assignments in the district are random, but the sentencing practices vary. Judges talk to each other and others, and New Mexico judges know that their sentences are often lower than the rest of the nation and some are troubled by the low sentences that the fast track program creates for repeat offenders. In any case, while there may be a bit of randomness in the assignment of a case, Sandoval-Enrique can rest assured that his sentence is not random nor arbitrary, but the product of extremely hard work.

In sum, as this Memorandum Opinion and the three sentencing hearings reflect, the Court has carefully considered the Guidelines, but in arriving at its sentence, the Court has taken account, not only of the Guidelines, but all the sentencing goals. Specifically, the Court has considered the Guidelines' sentencing range established for the applicable category of offense committed by the applicable category of defendant. After carefully considering Sandoval-Enrique's request for a 2-month, 8-month, and ultimately a time-served sentence of 10 ½ months, the Court concludes that the proposed below-Guidelines sentences are not appropriate and that the punishment set forth in the Guidelines is most appropriate. The Court has also considered the kinds of sentences and range that the Guidelines establishes. After careful consideration of all the § 3553(a) factors, and the circumstances of the case, and the history and characteristics of the defendant, the Court concludes that a sentence of 16 months is necessary to reflect the seriously of the offense, promote respect for the law, provide just punishment, afford adequate deterrence — both at a specific and general level, protect the public, avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities among defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct, and because Sandoval-Enrique will be deported as soon as he completes his incarceration, and because the Court does not think that supervised release is appropriate here, the Court believes that this 16-month sentence reflects fully each relevant factor established in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). The Court believes that this sentence is a reasonable one. Finally, the Court concludes that the sentence is sufficient, but not greater than necessary, to comply with the purposes of punishment set forth in the Sentencing Reform Act.

IT IS ORDERED that: (i) the requests in the Defendant's Sentencing Memorandum, filed February 11, 2016 (Doc. 25), are denied; and (ii) Defendant Manuel de Jesus Sandoval-Enrique is sentenced to 16-months imprisonment.