OPINION

By the Court, HARDESTY, J.:

In this appeal, we address whether an individual peace officer, rather than the union to which he belongs and which pursued arbitration on his behalf, may seek judicial relief from the binding arbitration decision that ensued. While we recognize that the peace officer was not a "party" to the arbitration proceeding able to challenge the decision under Nevada's arbitration laws and that a union generally cannot assign its collectively bargained-for rights to challenge an arbitration decision to an individual officer, we conclude that NRS 289.120, which allows an aggrieved peace officer to seek judicial relief for violations of the Peace Officer Bill of Rights, confers standing in such a circumstance. As we also conclude that the peace officer here met the prerequisites for proceeding under NRS 289.120 by grieving the alleged violations internally and under the collective bargaining agreement, we reverse the district court's order dismissing the officer's petition to vacate the arbitrator's decision.

FACTS

Appellant Lazario Ruiz was employed by respondent, the City of North Las Vegas (the City), as a police officer with the North Las Vegas Police Department (NLVPD). Ruiz was a member of the North Las Vegas Police Officers Association (the Union), a police officers' union with which the City had a collective bargaining agreement (CBA). Under the CBA, the City and the Union agreed to abide by a series of internal grievance procedures in the event that a Union member was terminated from his or her employment. The CBA first required the aggrieved employee to present a written complaint to the Union Grievance Committee. If the Committee determined that a genuine grievance existed, then the Union was required to present the written complaint to the employee's Department Chief, at which point the Department Chief had ten days to respond. If the Union found the Department Chiefs response to be unacceptable, the Union was then required to submit the grievance to the City Manager. If the Union and the City Manager were unable to reach a mutually satisfactory settlement of the grievance, the CBA provided that "the Union [but not the Union member] shall have the right" to submit the matter to binding arbitration.

While off duty, Officer Ruiz witnessed an altercation between his brother and his brother's business partner. During NLVPD's response to what it believed may have been a robbery. Officer Ruiz was interviewed by a superior officer concerning the altercation. Officer Ruiz was then directed to report to NLVPD headquarters, where a further interview was conducted. Without his knowledge or consent, Officer Ruiz's second interview was observed by one of NLVPD's Internal Affairs officers.

Based upon what it perceived to be a lack of truthfulness in Officer Ruiz's interview statements and unprofessional conduct on his part, NLVPD terminated Ruiz's employment. Following Ruiz's termination, and pursuant to the CBA, the Union filed a grievance on his behalf with the City. The grievance was based largely on alleged violations of the Peace Officer Bill of Rights, codified at NRS 289.010-.120, which requires a police officer's employer to abide by certain procedural safeguards when conducting an internal investigation.1 In particular, the grievance stated the following:

The Union's grievance went on to assert several specific violations of Ruiz's rights resulting from his questioning about the alleged robbery, concluding with the following statement:

The City denied Ruiz's grievance, concluding, with respect to the alleged Peace Officer Rights violations, that Ruiz's "allegations of procedural misconduct [did not] have merit." In light of the City's denial of Ruiz's grievance, the Union submitted the matter to arbitration pursuant to the CBA. Although the overarching premise of the Union's argument to the arbitrator was that Ruiz had been terminated without just cause, the Union also filed a motion in limine, seeking to exclude statements made by Ruiz that were allegedly obtained in violation of his Peace Officer Rights.

Without ruling definitively on the Union's motion in limine, the arbitrator entertained the substance of both parties' arguments, which included evidence that the Union had sought to exclude. After the hearing, the arbitrator concluded that NLVPD had just cause to terminate Ruiz. Not reaching the merits of all of Ruiz's arguments as to the Peace Officer Bill of Rights, the arbitrator determined that NLVPD had not commenced an official internal investigation of Ruiz at the time he made his statements and, consequently, any rights that Ruiz had under the Peace Officer Bill of Rights were not triggered.

The Union then assigned to Ruiz its right to challenge the arbitration decision, and Ruiz individually petitioned the district court to vacate the arbitration decision and to remand the matter for a new arbitration proceeding. Subsequently, the City filed a motion to dismiss, arguing that Ruiz lacked standing to file the petition because he was a nonparty to the arbitration proceeding. The district court agreed and granted the City's motion, further concluding that the right to challenge the arbitration decision was not assignable and that Ruiz had not met the prerequisites to sue under the Peace Officer Bill of Rights. This appeal followed.

DISCUSSION

On appeal, Ruiz presents three arguments as to why he had standing to individually petition the district court to vacate the arbitration decision: (1) under Nevada's Uniform Arbitration Act, he was a "party" to the arbitration proceeding capable of challenging the arbitration decision in district court; (2) the Union effectively assigned to him its rights under the CBA to pursue further dispute resolution; and (3) NRS 289.120 statutorily confers standing on aggrieved peace officers to seek judicial relief from Peace Officer Bill of Rights violations.3

Because the CBA's express language limited arbitration rights to the Union, we conclude that Ruiz was not a "party" to the arbitration proceeding for purposes of appealing the arbitration decision pursuant to Nevada's Uniform Arbitration Act. We also conclude that the Union's assignment of its rights to Ruiz was ineffective, as the CBA did not expressly permit such assignments and because otherwise permitting such assignments could have the effect of materially increasing the City's bargained-for obligations under the CBA. However, we conclude that Ruiz had standing under NRS 289.120 to seek relief in district court. Since NRS 289.120 confers standing upon an aggrieved peace officer, we then address the district court's determination that Ruiz failed to meet the statute's prerequisites to judicial review, and we conclude that the district court viewed those prerequisites too narrowly.

Standard of review

Whether standing exists is a question of law subject to our de novo review. See Delaware Valley Surgical v. Johnson & Johnson, 523 F.3d 1116, 1119 (9th Cir.2008); Mid-Hudson Catskill Ministry v. Fine Host, 418 F.3d 168, 173 (2d Cir.2005); Citizens for Cold Springs v. City of Reno, 125 Nev. ___, ___, 218 P.3d 847, 850-51 (2009) (applying de novo review in deciding upon whom a statute conferred standing).

Ruiz was not a "party" to the arbitration proceeding

Ruiz's first argument is based on his interpretation of a provision in the Uniform Arbitration Act (UAA), which provides that, "[u]pon motion to the court by a party to an arbitral proceeding, the court shall vacate an award made in the arbitral proceeding if: [one of several grounds is applicable]."4 NRS 38.241 (emphasis added). In short, Ruiz argues that because the Union pursued the grievance and subsequent arbitration on his behalf, he should be deemed a "party" to the proceedings capable of challenging the decision in district court under the UAA. For the following reasons, we reject Ruiz's argument.

The issue of whether an individual employee has standing as a "party" to challenge a decision made in an arbitration proceeding between his union and his employer has never been addressed by this court. While we often look to other jurisdictions for guidance in such situations, the need to do so here is of particular importance: "In applying and construing [the UAA], consideration must be given to the need to promote uniformity of the law with respect to its subject matter among states that enact it." NRS 38.248 (emphasis added); see also Karcher Firestopping v. Meadow Valley Contr., 125 Nev. 111, 113-16, 204 P.3d 1262, 1263-65 (2009) (looking to other jurisdictions' interpretations of a UAA provision when interpreting an analogous provision in Nevada's UAA).

Generally, other jurisdictions that have adopted the UAA have held that an individual employee does not have standing as a "party" to challenge an arbitration decision rendered in a proceeding between the employee's union and his or her employer. See, e.g., Eisen v. State, Dept. of Public Welfare, 352 N.W.2d 731, 736 (Minn.1984); Stahulak v. City of Chicago, 184 Ill.2d 176, 234 Ill.Dec. 432, 703 N.E.2d 44, 46 (1998); Miller v. Board of Regents of Higher Educ., 405 Mass. 475, 541 N.E.2d 989, 992-93 (1989).

We find the analysis of the Minnesota Supreme Court in Eisen to be particularly instructive. In Eisen, the court addressed the exact question before this court: "whether [an individual employee] was a `party' to the arbitration hearing for purposes of appeal under the Uniform Arbitration Act," as enacted in Minnesota. 352 N.W.2d at 733. The court first recognized that Minnesota's UAA failed to define "party" for purposes of grievance appeals. Id. at 734. As such, it then looked to the CBA to determine whether the individual employee could be considered a "party." Id. at 734-35. Determining that an individual employee was not a "party" under the CBA, the court stated the following:

Id. The court concluded that "unless the collective bargaining agreement provides otherwise, an individual employee may not appeal an unfavorable award where the union expressly determines not to appeal." Id. at 736.

Such is the case here. Neither Nevada's UAA nor the CBA between the Union and the City defines "party" to include individual Union members. In fact, the CBA specifically states that "[t]his Agreement is made ... by and between the City ... and the [Union]." Moreover, the "Grievance and Arbitration Procedure" set forth in the CBA clearly provides that the Union is the "party" responsible for filing a grievance and pursuing arbitration.5

Because the CBA expressly states that the Union is responsible for pursuing an employee's grievance up to and including arbitration, we conclude that Ruiz was not a "party" to the arbitration proceeding. Our conclusion also comports with the restrictive view this court has taken in previous cases in which we have been asked to stretch the boundaries of the term "party." See, e.g., Valley Bank of Nevada v. Ginsburg, 110 Nev. 440, 446, 874 P.2d 729, 734 (1994) ("This court has consistently taken a restrictive view of those persons or entities that have standing to appeal as parties."); Garaventa Co. v. Dist. Court, 61 Nev. 350, 353-54, 128 P.2d 266, 267-68 (1942) (holding that a corporation did not have standing to appeal an adverse judgment because it was not a named party in the underlying lawsuit). Consequently, we conclude that the district court correctly determined that Ruiz lacked standing under NRS 38.241 as a "party" to the arbitration proceeding.6

The Union could not assign its rights to Ruiz

Ruiz next contends that the Union assigned to him its rights under the CBA to further pursue his grievance and that, included within the assigned rights was the ability to challenge the arbitration decision in district court. It is undisputed that the Union attempted to assign its rights to Ruiz. The district court, however, concluded that the rights were not assignable, because to permit such assignments would violate public policy. As explained below, we agree with the district court's rationale, because enabling the assignment of certain CBA rights would undermine the entire purpose for union representation and collective bargaining.

As a general matter, collective bargaining agreements are contractual by nature. 20 Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts § 55:3 (4th ed. 2001). A union, acting under the authority conferred upon it by all its members, enters into a contract with the members' employer in which both union and employer agree to abide by certain rules and procedures. Indeed, the CBA at issue here expressly states what is obviously necessary in this three-way relationship: "[t]he Union recognizes its responsibility as bargaining agent and agrees to fairly represent all employees in the bargaining unit." See NRS 288.160(2) (granting status of "exclusive bargaining agent" to any union that represents a majority of the employees in a particular bargaining unit—e.g., nonsupervisory peace officers employed by the City of North Las Vegas).

Given the contractual relationship that a CBA creates between the union and the employer, the assignability of the union's rights is appropriately analyzed under traditional principles of contract law. While we recognize the general rule that contracts are freely assignable in the absence of language to the contrary, an assignment that has the effect of increasing the nonassigning party's obligations or risks under the contract is prohibited. HD Supply Facilities Maint. v. Bymoen, 125 Nev. 200, 204, 210 P.3d 183, 186 (2009) ("[T]he basic policy in the law of contractual assignments [is to] honor[] an obligor's choice to contract with only the original obligee, thereby ensuring that the obligor is not compelled to perform more than his or her original obligation."); Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 317(2)(a) (1979) ("A contractual right can be assigned unless ... the substitution of a right of the assignee for the right of the assignor would materially change the duty of the obligor, or materially increase the burden or risk imposed on him by his contract....").

With this in mind, we conclude that the Union could not assign to its members the right to challenge an arbitration decision. Nothing in the CBA permits the Union to do so, and assigning to its members the right to seek judicial relief would impose an additional burden on the City, potentially requiring it to expend additional time, money, and resources on litigating an arbitration decision that it had thought would be binding. We conclude that an assignment by the Union of the right to appeal an arbitration decision would materially increase the City's obligations under the CBA. Thus, unless a CBA expressly permits assignment of rights to a union member, we conclude that such an assignment is invalid. See Dillman v. Town of Hooksett, 153 N.H. 344, 898 A.2d 505, 508 (2006) (recognizing that allowing unions to assign their litigation rights under a CBA would undermine the purposes behind collective bargaining laws and thereby violate public policy by potentially requiring the employer to deal directly with numerous individuals—as opposed to their exclusive representative—with varying merit to their complaints, subjecting the employer to greater demand on its public resources than contemplated during negotiations and allowing the union to avoid liability to its members).

Ruiz has standing under NRS 289.120 to seek judicial relief

Ruiz's final argument is that the Peace Officer Bill of Rights statutorily grants individual peace officers standing to challenge an arbitration decision that determines whether violations of those rights occurred. Specifically, he points to NRS 289.120, which governs judicial relief regarding Peace Officer Rights violations:

Ruiz contends that NRS 289.120 grants him standing to individually challenge the arbitration decision because the decision upheld his termination that was based upon information allegedly obtained in violation of his Peace Officer Rights. We agree. Assuming that Ruiz "exhausted" any applicable internal or CBA-negotiated grievance procedures, NRS 289.120's plain language grants Ruiz the right to challenge the arbitration decision in district court.

The City contends, however, that Ruiz has not exhausted the CBA-negotiated grievance procedures. Based on the fact that the only question presented to the arbitrator was whether Ruiz had been terminated without just cause, the City maintains that any ancillary questions that might form the basis for this main question were not sufficiently "grieved" through each of the CBA's grievance steps. In granting the City's motion to dismiss Ruiz's petition, the district court agreed with the City's rationale, "reject[ing] Ruiz's assertion that the fact that his firing was grieved de facto encompassed all of his grievable issues, including alleged violations of NRS Chapter 289."

We disagree with the district court's conclusion that a grievance that generically alleges an employee's wrongful termination cannot also encompass specific grievable issues related to the employee's Peace Officer Rights. In its initial grievance, the Union alleged four specific violations of Ruiz's Peace Officer Rights, the most notable of which was the allegation that Ruiz was not provided with any notice that he was going to be questioned about the alleged robbery.7 Upon submitting the grievance to the arbitrator, the Union again made clear that improper reliance on information obtained in violation of Ruiz's rights contributed to NLVPD's decision to terminate Ruiz's employment. At both stages in the grievance process, the Union's argument rested upon the alleged Peace Officer Bill of Rights violations. We reject the City's argument that Ruiz did not grieve these particular issues simply because NLVPD and the arbitrator failed to give them ample consideration throughout the grievance process.

Moreover, we note that an aggrieved peace officer would rarely, if ever, have occasion to complain that his or her rights were violated when such violation did not result in some sort of significant discipline. In many cases, if the rights violation never leads to further disciplinary action, the peace officer would have little motivation to request that his or her union seek arbitration. Most CBAs have a screening process to prevent grievances with no risk of disciplinary action from reaching the arbitration stage.8 With this in mind, we consider it unlikely that a Peace Officer Bill of Rights violation, grieved in the abstract, would reach the arbitration stage on its own. Accordingly, we conclude that Ruiz has exhausted the applicable internal grievance procedures required by NRS 289.120 and that he therefore has standing to challenge the arbitration decision in district court.9

We therefore reverse the judgment of the district court and remand this matter to the district court for further proceedings consistent with the provisions of NRS 289.120.

We concur: DOUGLAS, C.J., and PICKERING, J.