VALERIE P. COOKE, United States Magistrate Judge.
Before the court is defendant Jain Irrigation, Inc.'s motion for partial summary judgment regarding plaintiff's tort claims and prayer for punitive damages (#86).
In 2010, plaintiff Peri & Sons Farms, Inc. ("plaintiff") purchased irrigation drip tape to irrigate its commercial onion crop in Mason Valley, Nevada during the 2011 growing season (#86, p. 2). Plaintiff ordered approximately 8,967 rolls of irrigation drip tape, which were manufactured by defendant Jain Irrigation, Inc. ("Jain") (#86, p. 2; #100, p. 3). Plaintiff placed the order with defendant Agri-Valley Irrigation, Inc. ("Agri-Valley"), an independent distributor of Jain's products (#86, p. 2). Jain manufactured the irrigation drip tape and delivered it directly to plaintiff in Yerington, Nevada (#100, pp. 10, 20).
Irrigation drip tape is similar to a flat tube and contains small openings known as "emitters." (#86, p. 2 fn. 1; #100, p. 4). The drip tape is buried in the seed beds before planting. After the onions are planted, irrigation water is pumped into the drip tape and exits the tape through the emitters, allowing for a designated rate of flow to irrigate the planted onions below the ground's surface. Id. Plaintiff alleges that the drip tape it received from Jain in 2011 was defective because the emitters, or slits in the drip tape, were misplaced so that the slits were blocked or partially blocked. Thus, the drip tape failed to emit water at the designated rate and failed to sufficiently irrigate plaintiff's onion crops (#64, p. 23; #100, pp. 3, 21). Plaintiff also alleges that Jain knowingly shipped drip tape which failed to satisfy Jain's written specifications and which should have been scrapped or at least set aside for further testing (#100, p. 14).
Jain admits that portions of its irrigation drip tape contained slits that were blocked or partially blocked by the tape's glue seam due to a manufacturing defect and admits that those portions of the drip tape failed to function properly (#86, p. 2; #94, p. 8). Jain also admits that the root cause of the manufacturing defect was machine instability at Jain's manufacturing facility in Watertown, New York (#94, p. 8). However, Jain maintains that mitigation efforts were largely successful, and that plaintiff was able to harvest a good
On May 21, 2012, plaintiff filed its First Amended Complaint, alleging the following claims: (1) breach of contract against Agri-Valley; (2) breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing against Agri-Valley; (3) breach of express warranty against Agri-Valley and Jain; (4) breach of the implied warranty of merchantability against Agri-Valley and Jain; (5) breach of the implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose against Agri-Valley and Jain; (6) fraudulent concealment against Jain; (7) strict products liability against Jain; (8) negligence against Jain; (9) promissory estoppel against Jain; and (10) breach of oral contract against Jain (#64).
Jain has now filed a motion for partial summary judgment on plaintiff's tort claims (strict products liability, negligence, and fraudulent concealment) and on plaintiff's prayer for punitive damages (#86). Jain opines that when a commercial product, such as irrigation drip tape, fails to function properly and causes anticipated damages — here, lost profits due to decreased onion quality and yield — the remedy lies in contract or warranty law, not tort law. Id. at 3. Jain asks the court to grant partial summary judgment in its favor on the grounds that: (1) the economic loss doctrine bars plaintiff's tort recovery; (2) plaintiff's fraudulent concealment claim fails as a matter of law because plaintiff and Jain did not have a "special relationship," and Jain had no duty to disclose its quality control information; and (3) plaintiff's prayer for punitive damages is not supported by plaintiff's remaining claims for relief (#86, p. 1).
Plaintiff asserts that this lawsuit is not "a run of the mill commercial case" involving a product which simply failed to work properly, but a case involving deceit (#100, p. 2). Plaintiff contends that Jain agreed to produce the specified irrigation drip tape in a "blatant attempt to profit from the intentional distribution of a defective product it cannot make." Id. Thus, plaintiff argues it is entitled to pursue its tort claims and prayer for punitive damages. Id. Specifically, plaintiff opposes Jain's motion for partial summary judgment on the grounds that: (1) the economic loss doctrine does not preclude plaintiff's tort claims (#100, pp. 24-34); (2) Jain represented that it could produce irrigation drip tape to meet plaintiff's specifications; Jain had a duty to disclose the problems and defects it experienced while manufacturing plaintiff's drip tape; plaintiff relied on Jain to specially manufacture the drip tape; Jain knew that plaintiff was relying on its representations; and plaintiff suffered damages as a result of Jain's fraudulent conduct (#100, pp. 34-38); and (3) plaintiff is entitled to pursue its prayer for punitive damages (#100, pp. 38-41).
Summary judgment allows courts to avoid unnecessary trials where there are no factual disputes. Nw. Motorcycle Ass'n v. U.S. Dep't of Agric., 18 F.3d 1468, 1471 (9th Cir.1994). The court will grant summary judgment if no genuine issues of material fact remain in dispute and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). The
The moving party bears the burden of informing the court of the basis for its motion, and submitting authenticated evidence to demonstrate the absence of any genuine issue of material fact for trial. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); see Orr v. Bank of America, 285 F.3d 764, 773-74 (9th Cir.2002). Once the moving party has met its burden, the party opposing the motion may not rest upon mere allegations or denials in the pleadings, but must set forth specific facts showing the existence of a genuine issue for trial. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505. Rule 56(c) mandates the entry of summary judgment, after adequate time for discovery, against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and upon which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548.
On summary judgment the court is not to weigh the evidence or determine the truth of the matters asserted, but must only determine whether there is a genuine issue of material fact that must be resolved by trial. See Summers v. A. Teichert & Son, Inc., 127 F.3d 1150, 1152 (9th Cir. 1997). Nonetheless, in order for any factual dispute to be genuine, there must be enough doubt for a reasonable trier of fact to find for the plaintiff in order to defeat a defendant's summary judgment motion. See Addisu v. Fred Meyer, Inc., 198 F.3d 1130, 1134 (9th Cir.2000).
As a preliminary matter, the court notes that it must apply the substantive law of Nevada. Where the Nevada Supreme Court has not decided an issue, it is the task of this court to predict how the Nevada Supreme Court would resolve that issue. See Dimidowich v. Bell & Howell, 803 F.2d 1473, 1482 (9th Cir.1986) (as amended). In answering that question, this court may look to "well reasoned decisions from other jurisdictions." Id.
"The economic loss doctrine marks the fundamental boundary between contract law, which is designed to enforce the expectancy interests of the parties, and tort law, which imposes a duty of reasonable care and thereby encourages citizens to avoid causing physical harm to others." Calloway v. City of Reno, 116 Nev. 250, 256, 993 P.2d 1259 (2000) (citation omitted), overruled on other grounds by Olson v. Richard, 120 Nev. 240, 241-44, 89 P.3d 31 (2004). In the words of the United States Supreme Court, the economic loss doctrine exists to prevent contract law from drowning in a "sea of tort." East River S.S. Corp. v. Transamerica Delaval, 476 U.S. 858, 866, 106 S.Ct. 2295, 90 L.Ed.2d 865 (1986).
In Nevada, the economic loss doctrine bars unintentional tort claims when a plaintiff seeks to recover "purely economic losses." Calloway, 116 Nev. at 257, 993 P.2d 1259 (citing American Law of Products Liability (3d) § 60:39, at 69 (1991)); Terracon Consultants Western, Inc. v. Mandalay Resort Group, 125 Nev. 66, 73, 206 P.3d 81 (2009). Thus, the doctrine provides that certain economic losses are properly remediable only in contract. Giles v. General Motors Acceptance
The purpose of the economic loss doctrine is to "shield a defendant from unlimited liability for all of the economic consequences of a negligent act, particularly in a commercial or professional setting, and thus to keep the risk of liability reasonably calculable." Local Joint Executive Bd. of Las Vegas, Culinary Workers Union v. Stern, 98 Nev. 409, 411, 651 P.2d 637 (1982). "The doctrine expresses the policy that the need for useful commercial economic activity and the desire to make injured plaintiffs whole is best balanced by allowing tort recovery only to those plaintiffs who have suffered personal injury or property damage." Terracon, 125 Nev. at 75, 206 P.3d 81 (citation omitted). Thus, the "crux of the doctrine is ... the premise that economic interests are protected, if at all, by contract principles, rather than tort principles." Calloway, 116 Nev. at 260, 993 P.2d 1259 (citation omitted). Contract law seeks to enforce the expectancy interests created by the agreement between the parties and seeks to uphold standards of quality. Id. (citation omitted). Conversely, tort law is designed to secure the protection of all citizens from the dangers of physical harm to their persons or their property and seeks to uphold standards of conduct.
In Giles, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit described the economic loss doctrine as it relates to a products liability case:
494 F.3d at 874.
Nevada indisputably applies the economic loss doctrine to bar strict products liability and negligence claims. See Stern, 98 Nev. at 411-12, 651 P.2d 637 (employees of MGM Grand Hotel could not recover economic losses in the form of lost wages or employment benefits after hotel fire under theories of strict products liability or negligence); Central Bit Supply v. Waldrop Drilling, 102 Nev. 139, 140-41,
The parties disagree about whether the economic loss doctrine bars plaintiff's tort claims for strict products liability, negligence and fraudulent concealment. Jain contends that the economic loss doctrine bars plaintiff's tort recovery. Plaintiff contends that the economic loss doctrine does not bar its tort recovery.
Jain asserts that if a commercial product, such as irrigation drip tape, fails to function properly, but does not cause personal injury or damage to "property other than the product itself," the buyer's legal remedy is to sue the manufacturer or distributor for breach of contract or breach of warranty (#86, p. 10). Jain recognizes plaintiff's argument — that the irrigation drip tape damaged plaintiff's onion plants and that the onions are technically "property other than the product itself." Id. at 11. However, Jain contends that plaintiff's alleged damages — lost profits due to reduced onion quality and yield — are not damages to "other property," but are the type of "purely economic losses" that the Nevada Supreme Court recognized in Calloway, and which are ordinarily recoverable in a breach of contract or breach of warranty action. Id. at 11-12. Jain argues that the sole function of irrigation drip tape is to provide water and nutrients to a growing crop. When the drip tape doesn't function properly, the expected damages are the precise damages plaintiff has alleged — reduced crop quality and reduced crop yield, resulting in lost profits. Id. at 23. Thus, Jain contends that the manufacturing defect in its irrigation drip tape frustrated plaintiff's expectancy interest in the product's quality, which was created by the agreement between the parties; and as such, plaintiff's remedy against Jain lies in contract or warranty law — not tort law. Id. at 15.
Plaintiff asserts that when a defective product causes physical injury to a plaintiff's property, the economic loss doctrine does not apply, and tort remedies are available from the manufacturer for the resulting economic losses (#100, p. 24).
As discussed above, even though "purely economic losses" are not recoverable in strict products liability or negligence, when a defective product causes personal injury or damage to "other property," the economic loss doctrine does not apply and tort recovery may be permitted. Calloway, 116 Nev. at 262, 993 P.2d 1259; Stern, 98 Nev. at 410-12, 651 P.2d 637. Thus, the main issue before the court is whether plaintiff has suffered "purely economic losses," precluding tort recovery by virtue of the economic loss doctrine, or damage to "other property," exempting plaintiff from the economic loss doctrine's application. The court notes that the Nevada Supreme Court has not decided an economic loss doctrine case within the context of crop loss or damage. Accordingly, both parties have cited numerous cases from other jurisdictions to inform the court's opinion. After a thorough review of the applicable cases, the court concludes that plaintiff's alleged damages for lost profits caused by the failure of Jain's irrigation drip tape to work as expected, constitute "purely economic losses" as contemplated by the Nevada Supreme Court in Calloway. Accordingly, the court finds that under Nevada law, plaintiff's tort claims for strict products liability and negligence are barred by the economic loss doctrine.
In Prairie Production, Inc. v. Agchem Division-Pennwalt Corp., 514 N.E.2d 1299 (Ind.App.1987), the plaintiff, a seed growing company, purchased Penncap-M to kill corn earworms which were destroying its seed corn crop. Id. at 1300. However, the product failed to work as advertised and plaintiff lost a portion of its seed corn crop to the earworms. Id. Plaintiff sued the manufacturer for loss of profits from the ruined seed corn under a negligence theory. Id. The Indiana Court of Appeals, First District, found that the plaintiff's damage request constituted purely economic loss; and thus, the economic loss doctrine precluded the plaintiff's negligence claim. Id. at 1304. In reaching this conclusion, the court relied on Seely v. White Motor Co., 63 Cal.2d 9, 18, 45 Cal.Rptr. 17, 403 P.2d 145 (1965), which states:
514 N.E.2d at 1304. "Stated another way, a manufacturer does not owe a duty to avoid causing purely economic damage." Id. The court found that although the plaintiff suffered damage to its seed corn crop, the relevant inquiry was not what was damaged, but the nature of the damage. Id. The court concluded that because the plaintiff's negligence claim arose out of Penncap-M's failure to meet the plaintiff's business expectations, the plaintiff's lost
In Friedlein v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 68 F.Supp.2d 1061 (N.D.Iowa 1999), the plaintiffs applied Accent, an herbicide, to several of their corn fields. Id. at 1062. The plaintiffs alleged that the crop treated with Accent was stunted, produced shorter cornstalks, and produced unfilled ears of corn as a result of the treatment. Id. The Northern District of Iowa concluded that the diminution in crop value was a purely economic loss not recoverable in tort. Id. at 1063. In reaching this conclusion, the court reasoned that the plaintiffs' tort claims were based upon their commercial expectation that Accent would control unwanted grasses in the corn fields without damaging the emergent corn crop. Id. The court determined that the plaintiffs' claimed damages were based on the product's failure to perform; and thus, the losses were purely economic in nature and could not be recovered under the alleged tort theories. Id.
Similarly, in Nelson v. Todd's Ltd., 426 N.W.2d 120 (Iowa 1988), the plaintiff purchased a curing agent designed to preserve meat. The product failed to work, resulting in meat spoliation. Id. at 123. The Iowa Supreme Court noted that although plaintiff's meat suffered harm of a physical nature due to the defendant's defective curing agent, the harm did not occur because the curing agent damaged the meat in some active way, but because the product failed to work at all. Id. The Nelson court focused on the distinction between tort and contract law, much as the Nevada Supreme Court did in Calloway. The Nelson court stated:
Id. at 125. Thus, the court concluded that the trial court erred in submitting the plaintiff's strict products liability claim to the jury. Id.
The courts in Prairie Production, Friedlein, and Nelson all found that the economic loss doctrine barred the plaintiffs' tort claims in situations where a defective product failed to work properly. Importantly, in all three opinions, the courts focused on the fact that the defective product simply failed to perform as it should have, thereby failing to meet the purchasers' business expectations. The courts concluded that the products' failure to meet business expectations caused crop losses, which resulted in lost profits, and
Here, plaintiff claims that Jain manufactured a defective product which caused physical damage to plaintiff's personal property, i.e., plaintiff's onions. Plaintiff asserts that its onions are clearly distinct from the defective irrigation drip tape and thus constitute "other property," barring application of the economic loss doctrine. See Calloway, 116 Nev. at 273, 993 P.2d 1259 (when a defective product causes personal injury or damage to "other property," the economic loss doctrine does not apply). Plaintiff acknowledges that its damages are ultimately measured in terms of lost profits due to reduced onion quality and yield, but contends that the lost profits are not considered "purely economic losses," because they arise from damage to "other property."
However, the court finds that this case is factually analogous to Prairie Production, Friedlein, and Nelson. Plaintiff's claim that Jain's defective irrigation drip tape physically damaged its onions is, in essence, a claim for lost profits similar to the claims in the three aforementioned cases. Although plaintiff's onion crop is technically distinct from the underlying defective irrigation drip tape, the crop damage is directly related to the product's failure to perform as expected. See Bailey Farms v. NOR-AM Chem. Co., 27 F.3d 188, 191 (6th Cir.1994) (although the watermelon crop was technically "other property," crop losses caused by failure of the allegedly defective soil fumigant were found to be purely economic losses, as "a successful crop was part of the commercial expectations for the fumigant....").
Because Jain's irrigation drip tape was partially defective, plaintiff failed to receive the benefit of its bargain. The sections of the irrigation drip tape with blocked or partially blocked slits emitted less water. This deficit allegedly resulted in a lower standard of onion quality than plaintiff expected. Thus, like the plaintiffs in Prairie Production, Friedlein, and Nelson, the defective product's failure to work properly resulted in the consumer's disappointed expectations. In such circumstances, the overriding policy of tort law — to promote safety — is not implicated.
While this court acknowledges that several courts in other jurisdictions have found that crop damage constitutes damage to "other property," and have declined to apply the economic loss doctrine, see Lesiak v. Central Valley Ag Co-op., Inc., 283 Neb. 103, 124, 808 N.W.2d 67 (2012), this court finds that the majority, if not all, of those cases are factually distinguishable from the current case.
Interestingly, in reaching this decision, the E.I. DuPont court distinguished another Florida Court of Appeal case from the First District, Monsanto Agric. Products Co. v. Edenfield, 426 So.2d 574 (Fla. App.1982). In Monsanto, a farmer purchased an herbicide to control weeds in his soybean crop. The product did not work and the weeds stifled the soybean growth. Unlike the court in E.I. DuPont, the Monsanto court found that the herbicide manufacturer was not liable for negligence because the damage to the farmer's soybean crop was simply consequential damage caused by the product's "ineffectiveness." 426 So.2d at 576. The E.I. DuPont court distinguished Monsanto by pointing out that Benlate was not "ineffective" for failing to kill fungus, but instead was "defective" because it directly harmed the tomato plants. On that basis, the court determined that the economic loss rule did not apply and the plaintiff's tort claims could proceed. 656 So.2d at 173.
Unlike the fungicide in E.I. DuPont, Jain's irrigation drip tape did not directly harm plaintiff's onion crop. Instead, the drip tape indirectly damaged plaintiff's onions due to its "ineffectiveness." Like the weeds in Monsanto, the direct source of harm to plaintiff's onion crop was insufficient water. Accordingly, the basis upon which the E.I. DuPont court premised its decision that the economic loss doctrine did not apply is inapposite to the facts in this case. Compare Kawamata Farms, Inc. v. United Agri Products, 86 Haw. 214, 254, 948 P.2d 1055 (1997) (relying on E.I. DuPont to find that Benlate damaged "other property," i.e. plants, soil, and farm structures).
Likewise, in Miidas Greenhouses, LLC v. Global Horticultural, Inc., 226 Ariz. 142, 244 P.3d 579 (Ariz.App.2010), the plaintiff purchased peat moss which was "too acidic for vegetable seed germination and cultivation of seedlings" and "lacked the native moisture content to enable it to absorb water." Id. at 144, 244 P.3d 579. As a result, the plaintiff's seeds and resulting crops were lost. Id. In determining whether the economic loss doctrine barred the plaintiff's tort claims, the court focused on three factors: (1) the nature of the product defect; (2) the manner in which the crop loss occurred; and (3) the type of loss or damage sustained. Id. at 145, 244 P.3d 579.
In discussing the first factor — the nature of the product's defect — the court noted:
Miidas is clearly distinguishable from the current case. When examining the nature of the product's defect, the Miidas court concluded that the peat moss did not simply fail to meet the plaintiff's business expectations, but rather "[p]osed an unreasonable risk of harm to seeds and seedlings" because the peat moss actively destroyed the seeds. Id. at 146, 244 P.3d 579. Here, Jain's irrigation drip tape did not actively or directly harm the onion crop, but simply failed to work as expected. As stated previously, there was nothing about the irrigation drip tape itself which posed an unreasonable risk of harm to plaintiff's onion crop. Thus, the policy reasons for allowing tort recovery are absent in this case.
Finally, both plaintiff and Jain cite two cases, Ritter v. Custom Chemicides, Inc., 912 S.W.2d 128 (Tenn.1996), and G & M Farms v. Funk Irrigation Co., 119 Idaho 514, 808 P.2d 851 (1991), to support their positions. In both cases, the courts found that the economic loss doctrine barred the plaintiffs' tort claims. However, this court finds that these decisions provide little guidance, as in both cases, the plaintiffs sued solely for economic losses resulting from lost profits and did not allege property damage.
In Ritter, the plaintiffs applied Frostguard to their tomato crops, which resulted in "extensive damage to their crops ... thereby causing economic loss to the plaintiffs." The Supreme Court of Tennessee noted that "[t]he distinction between damages for economic loss and damages for injury to property is not always clear." 912 S.W.2d at 130. The Ritter court opined that "extensive damage to [the plaintiffs'] crops" suggested physical damage to property. However, the court recognized that this question was not properly before it because the plaintiffs sued for "economic damages resulting from the lost profits" — not property damage. Id. Thus, the court found that the economic loss doctrine barred the plaintiffs' negligent misrepresentation claim.
Likewise, in G & M Farms, the plaintiff purchased an agriculture irrigation system which repeatedly malfunctioned, resulting in an insufficient water supply to G & M's crops. The plaintiff filed an action alleging it had suffered economic loss in the form of a reduced crop yield. However, the plaintiff did not allege property damage. 119 Idaho at 516 fn. 1, 808 P.2d 851.
In summary, this court finds that plaintiff has suffered "purely economic loss," such that the economic loss doctrine bars plaintiff's strict products liability and negligence claims. As noted above, in reaching this decision, the court relied upon persuasive authority from other jurisdictions. However, the most compelling justification for this court's decision is rooted in Nevada case law. In Calloway, the Nevada Supreme Court determined whether the economic loss doctrine applied to bar a plaintiff's strict liability and negligence claims. The court focused on the type of damages at issue, and the policies underlying recovery in contract versus recovery in tort. 116 Nev. at 267, 993 P.2d 1259. The court clearly stated that contract law is "designed to enforce the expectancy interests created by agreement between the parties and seeks to enforce standards of quality." Id. at 260, 993 P.2d 1259. Whereas tort law is "designed to secure the protection of all citizens from the danger of physical harm to their persons or to their property and seeks to enforce standards of conduct." Id.
Here, Jain's irrigation drip tape failed to work properly, causing consequential damage to plaintiff's onion crop. This failure frustrated plaintiff's business expectation that the drip tape would emit water at a specified rate, and resulted in decreases in crop quality and crop yield, causing economic damages in the form of lost profits. Under this factual scenario, the court concludes that contract law is best suited to remedy plaintiff's losses. Thus, the court finds that plaintiff's tort claims for strict products liability and negligence are barred by the economic loss doctrine. See Calloway, 116 Nev. at 271, 993 P.2d 1259 (barring the plaintiffs' strict liability and negligence claims); Stern, 98 Nev. at 411-12, 651 P.2d 637 (barring the plaintiffs' strict products liability and negligence claims); Central Bit Supply, 102 Nev. at 140-41, 717 P.2d 35 (same); Arco Products, Co., 113 Nev. at 1299, 948 P.2d 263 (same).
As for plaintiff's fraudulent concealment claim, the court cannot conclude that the economic loss doctrine would bar this claim under Nevada law. See Calloway, 116 Nev. at 267, 993 P.2d 1259 (citing Stern, 98 Nev. at 411, 651 P.2d 637) ("a cause of action for an intentional tort is not precluded under the economic loss doctrine"); Terracon, 125 Nev. at 73, 206 P.3d 81 (citing Stern, 98 Nev. at 411, 651 P.2d 637 ("purely economic losses are recoverable in actions for tortious interference with contractual relations or prospective economic advantage when the alleged interference is intentional."); see also Fuoroli v. Westgate Planet Hollywood Las Vegas, LLC, 2011 WL 1871236, *5 (D.Nev. May 16, 2011) (not reported):
The Ninth Circuit has recognized that Nevada may bar tort recovery for claims other than strict products liability and negligence "where the plaintiff's only complaint is that the defendant failed to perform what was promised in the contract." Giles, 494 F.3d at 879. However, the Calloway court did not delineate the entire universe of tort claims that would, or would not, be subject to the economic loss doctrine.
To prevail on a claim for fraudulent concealment, the plaintiff must prove: (1) the defendant concealed or suppressed a material fact; (2) the defendant was under a duty to disclose the fact to the plaintiff; (3) the defendant intentionally concealed or suppressed the fact with the intent to defraud the plaintiff — that is, the defendant concealed or suppressed the fact for the purpose of inducing the plaintiff to act differently than he would have if he had known the fact; (4) the plaintiff was unaware of the fact and would have acted differently if he had known of the concealed or suppressed fact; and (5) as a result of the concealment or suppression, the plaintiff sustained damages. Nevada Power Co. v. Monsanto Co., 891 F.Supp. 1406, 1415 (D.Nev.1995).
Generally, an action in deceit will not lie for nondisclosure. Id. (citing Epperson v. Roloff, 102 Nev. 206, 213, 719 P.2d 799 (1986)). "For a mere omission to constitute actionable fraud, a plaintiff must first demonstrate that the defendant had a duty to disclose the fact at issue." Dow Chem. Co. v. Mahlum, 114 Nev. 1468, 1486, 970 P.2d 98 (1998), overruled on other grounds by GES, Inc. v. Corbitt, 117 Nev. 265, 21 P.3d 11 (2001). Here, absent such a duty, Jain's failure to disclose any problems it may have had in the manufacture of its irrigation drip tape and/or the quality of the drip tape would not constitute actionable fraud.
In Nevada, the duty to disclose arises from the relationship between the parties. Id. A duty to disclose arises where there is a fiduciary relationship or where there is a "special relationship," such that the complaining party imparts special confidence in the defendant and the defendant reasonably knows of that confidence. Id. The Nevada Supreme Court has recognized such a "special relationship" between real estate agents/buyers, insurers/insureds, trustees/beneficiaries, and attorneys/clients, such that "[n]ondisclosure... become[s] the equivalent of fraudulent concealment." Nevada Power Co., 891 F.Supp. at 1416 n. 3 (citing cases); Giles, 494 F.3d at 881 (citing Mackintosh v. Jack Matthews & Co., 109 Nev. 628, 634-35, 855 P.2d 549 (1993)). However, simply manufacturing or selling an alleged defective product is not enough to support the required relationship. See generally Dow Chem. Co., 114 Nev. at 1487, 970 P.2d 98; Nevada Power Co., 891 F.Supp. at 1416 n. 3. As stated in Nevada Power Co.:
891 F.Supp. at 1416 n. 3.
Jain asserts that it is entitled to summary judgment in its favor with respect to plaintiff's fraudulent concealment claim because Jain owed plaintiff no duty to disclose whether it experienced difficulty manufacturing plaintiff's irrigation drip tape (#86, p. 20). Jain contends that plaintiff cannot transform its ordinary vendor-vendee relationship with Jain into a "special relationship," simply because Jain's Kevin Stewart advised plaintiff that the irrigation drip tape would suit plaintiff's needs and that it could be manufactured with a white stripe (#86, pp. 22-23; #86, Ex. 7, Deposition of Kevin Stewart, 149:24-151:11).
Plaintiff asserts that Jain knew about the defects in its irrigation drip tape before it shipped the product (#100, p. 3).
To prevail on its fraudulent concealment claim, plaintiff must prove that the parties entered into a "special relationship" giving rise to Jain's duty to disclose. Nevada Power Co., 891 F.Supp. at 1415. Plaintiff argues that a "special relationship" arose because Jain informed plaintiff that it could manufacture irrigation drip tape with an indicator stripe, and plaintiff relied upon Jain to manufacture working drip tape. The court finds plaintiff's assertions insufficient to establish a "special relationship." Jain manufactured the irrigation drip tape, which defendant Agri-Valley sold to plaintiff. The fact that Jain told plaintiff that it could make irrigation drip tape with an indicator stripe does not elevate their association beyond a "straightforward vendor-vendee relationship," which as a matter of law, creates no
N.R.S. 42.005(1) provides that a litigant may recover punitive damages "in an action for the breach of an obligation not arising from contract" if the litigant can prove by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant engaged in "oppression, fraud or malice, express or implied...."
This court concludes that plaintiff's tort claims for strict products liability, negligence, and fraudulent concealment fail as a matter of law. Thus, plaintiff's request for punitive damages also cannot stand. Accordingly, Jain's motion for partial summary judgment is granted as to plaintiff's prayer for punitive damages.
Based on the foregoing and for good cause appearing, the court concludes that plaintiff has no legally cognizable tort claims in light of the economic loss doctrine, the lack of a "special relationship" between the parties or an accompanying duty to disclose, and the evidence in this case. As such, plaintiff's tort claims for strict products liability, negligence, and fraudulent concealment fail as a matter of law.
116 Nev. at 256, 993 P.2d 1259 (citing Bernard v. Rockhill Dev. Co., 103 Nev. 132, 135, 734 P.2d 1238 (1987)).
