MIRANDA M. DU, District Judge.
Before the Court is Defendant Humboldt County's Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings ("Motion"). (Dkt. no. 10.) For the reasons discussed below, the Motion is granted in part and denied in part.
The following background facts are taken from the Complaint, although the Court has to refer to the briefs relating to the Motion because the Complaint is so thin on factual allegations.
Plaintiff is a law enforcement officer employed by the City of Winnemucca. (Dkt. no. 1 at 1.) Plaintiff was previously employed by Humboldt County in its Sheriff's Office ("County Sheriff"). (Id.) In April 2013, Plaintiff pled no contest to the charge of harassment for making a death threat against another law enforcement officer.
Based on these allegations, Plaintiff asserts two claims for retaliation and defamation plus under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and three state law claims against Humboldt County.
A Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c) motion for judgment on the pleadings utilizes the same standard as a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted in that it may only be granted when it is clear to the Court that "no relief could be granted under any set of facts that could be proven consistent with the allegations." McGlinchy v. Shull Chem. Co., 845 F.2d 802 (9th Cir. 1988) (citations omitted). Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) may be based on either the lack of a cognizable legal theory or absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory. Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep't, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990).
A plaintiff's complaint must allege facts to state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 677 (2009). A claim has "facial plausibility" when the party seeking relief "pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Id. Although the Court must accept as true the well-pled facts in a complaint, conclusory allegations of law and unwarranted inferences will not defeat an otherwise proper [Rule 12(b)(6)] motion. Vasquez v. L.A. County, 487 F.3d 1246, 1249 (9th Cir. 2007); Sprewell v. Golden State Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001). "[A] plaintiff's obligation to provide the `grounds' of his `entitle[ment] to relief' requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do. Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (citations and footnote omitted).
Defendant argues that it is immune from liability and the Complaint fails to state a claim. The Court declines to address Defendant's various immunity arguments because it finds that the Complaint fails to state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff's section 1983 claims allege retaliation against the exercise of his First Amendment right to participate in the Sheriff's election (second claim for relief) and for defamation plus (fourth claim for relief).
42 U.S.C. § 1983 provides a mechanism for the private enforcement of substantive rights conferred by the Constitution and federal statutes. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 393-94 (1989). Section 1983 "`is not itself a source of substantive rights,' but merely provides `a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred.'" Albright v. Oliver, 510 U.S. 266, 271 (1994) (quoting Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 144 n.3 (1979)). To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff "must allege the violation of a right secured by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, and must show that the alleged deprivation was committed by a person acting under color of law." West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48-49 (1988). Plaintiff's two section 1983 claims appear to rely on substantive rights conferred by the First Amendment. However, because Plaintiff asserts these claims against Humboldt County, the Court will address whether he has stated a claim against Humboldt County.
"A government entity may not be held liable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, unless a policy, practice, or custom of the entity can be shown to be a moving force behind a violation of constitutional rights." Dougherty v. City of Covina, 654 F.3d 892, 900 (9th Cir. 2011) (citing Monell v. Dept. of Soc. Servs. of the City of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978)). "In order to establish liability for governmental entities under Monell, a plaintiff must prove `(1) that [the plaintiff] possessed a constitutional right of which he was deprived; (2) that the municipality had a policy; (3) that this policy amounts to deliberate indifference to the plaintiff's constitutional right; and, (4) that the policy is the moving force behind the constitutional violation.'" Dougherty, 654 F.3d at 900 (quoting Plumeau v. Sch. Dist. No. 40 Cnty. of Yamhill, 130 F.3d 432, 438 (9th Cir.1997)).
The Complaint does not allege that Humboldt County had a policy, custom or practice of interfering with the exercise of First Amendment rights to participate in the electoral process or of being deliberately indifferent to Plaintiff's constitutional rights and that this policy, custom or practice created the violation of his constitutional rights. Nor does Plaintiff allege that the District Attorney's actions "writing the letter to the Chief and making a follow up inquiry as to whether Plaintiff has been terminated" were taken pursuant to Humboldt County's policy, custom or practice.
Defendant argues that the District Attorney's actions amounted to a single act that is insufficient to establish a policy, custom or practice for Humboldt County. Plaintiff counters that the District Attorney's actions suffice to establish municipal liability under section 1983 because he is a final policymaker for the County.
In City of St. Louis v. Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 123 (1988), the court held that a single event can give rise to municipal liability under § 1983:
In fact, in Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469, 480-81 (1986), "the Supreme Court held that a single decision by a municipal policymaker may be sufficient to trigger section 1983 liability under Monell, even though the decision is not intended to govern future situations." Gillette v. Delmore, 979 F.2d 1342, 1347 (citing Pembaur, 475 U.S. at 480-81 (remaining citations omitted)). "There must, however, be evidence of a conscious, affirmative choice." Id. "Municipal liability under section 1983 attaches only where a deliberate choice to follow a course of action is made from among various alternatives by the official or officials responsible for establishing final policy with respect to the subject matter in question." Id. at 1348 (quotation marks and citations omitted).
While a single action by a final policy maker may subject a municipal to liability under section 1983, the Complaint nevertheless fails to state a claim. Plaintiff cites to the Complaint's allegation that the District Attorney and his assistants "are final policymakers with respect to matters averred in this action" to support his argument that the County's policy can be inferred from the District Attorney's single decision. (Dkt. no. 13 at 5; dkt. no. 1 at 1.) There are two problems with this argument. First, because the Complaint suffers from a factual deficit, it is not clear what "the matters averred in this action" entail.
The Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Humboldt County. The second and fourth claims for relief are therefore dismissed without prejudice.
The Court has discretion to grant leave to amend and should freely do so "when justice so requires." Allen v. City of Beverly Hills, 911 F.2d 367, 373 (9th Cir. 1990) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)). Because the Court cannot conclude that amendment is futile, the Court grants Plaintiff leave to amend.
The Court notes that the parties made several arguments and cited to several cases not discussed above. The Court has reviewed these arguments and cases and determines that they do not warrant discussion as they do not affect the outcome of the Motion.
It is therefore ordered that Defendant's Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings (dkt. No. 10) is granted in part and denied in part. The second and fourth claims for relief are dismissed for failure to state a claim. Plaintiff is granted leave to file an amended complaint to address the deficiencies identified in this Order, but must do so within 15 days. Failure to file an amended complaint will result in dismissal with prejudice.
The Court will not address Defendant's arguments with respect to the state law claims at this time as the Court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over these claims.