OPINION OF THE COURT

JONES, J.

In June 2007, child neglect proceedings were commenced, pursuant to Family Court Act article 10, by Suffolk County Child Protective Services against appellant Steven K., the father of Kathleen K. and Rachel K. At a hearing on June 5, 2007, testimony was elicited indicating that Steven K. had subjected his children and spouse to mental and physical abuse. Family Court issued a temporary order of protection directing Steven K. to cease all contact with his children except for supervised visitation. At a subsequent trial on September 7, 2007, Family Court found by a preponderance of the evidence that Steven K. had neglected his children. Consequently, in the best interests of the children, the order of protection was made permanent; the children were placed in the foster care of the Suffolk County Department of Social Services (DSS); and Steven K. was ordered to, among other things, undergo a mental health evaluation, attend a parenting skills program, and obtain safe and suitable housing.1

At a hearing on January 22, 2009, after learning that Steven K. had failed to comply with the court-ordered conditions, Family Court concluded that the permanency goal for the children should be modified to "free [them] for adoption" and directed DSS to file a petition seeking the termination of Steven K.'s parental rights. The mother of the children voluntarily surrendered her parental rights on December 18, 2008, and DSS filed parental right termination petitions on January 22, 2009 against Steven K. on the ground of permanent neglect (see Social Services Law § 384-b [7]).

On March 31, 2009, prior to the commencement of trial, counsel for Steven K. made an application to the court "to be relieved from this case" on the basis that Steven K. had "refused to work with [counsel] to discuss, to prepare for this trial." The attorney further argued that it was impossible to work with, or provide effective assistance to Steven K. because of his recalcitrant behavior. Family Court inquired about the application directly with Steven K., but in an exchange with the court, his response did not address the application; instead he spoke about personal medical issues, financial issues, and the possibility of an adjournment of the trial. Family Court denied the application. After DSS had called its first witness, the following colloquy occurred between Family Court and Steven K.:

Additionally, on April 2, 2009, counsel for Steven K. stated that she was renewing her application to be relieved and his application to represent himself. Family Court again denied the motion.

Following the completion of trial, Family Court terminated Steven K.'s parental rights due to his persistent failure to comply with court-mandated conditions and the lack of evidence evincing efforts to adequately provide for his family.2 The Appellate Division unanimously upheld the disposition, holding that Steven K.'s applications to represent himself were not unequivocal and timely (71 A.D.3d 1146, 1147 [2d. Dept 2010]). This Court granted leave to appeal (15 N.Y.3d 702 [2010]), and we now affirm on the same basis.

It is well settled that a criminal defendant's constitutional right to counsel concomitantly includes the right to refuse appointed counsel (see Faretta v California, 422 U.S. 806 [1975]; People v McIntyre, 36 N.Y.2d 10 [1974]; US Const Amend VI; NY Const., art I, § 6). In the seminal case Faretta, the United States Supreme Court explained that the right to defend oneself in a criminal proceeding is a personal right, i.e., it is defendant's right, not counsel's, to be informed of the charges and to confront the witnesses against him. Consequently, a criminal defendant can decline representation, but self-representation is not an unfettered right. The trial court must ensure that the defendant knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waives counsel before permitting the individual to forgo counsel and proceed pro se (id. at 835 [the court must ensure that "(defendant) knows what he is doing and his choice is made with eyes open"]). That a defendant lacks legal skill or knowledge is not a preclusive bar to self-representation so long as the defendant voluntarily waives the right to counsel (id. at 836 ["(T)echnical legal knowledge, as such, was not relevant to an assessment of his knowing exercise of the right to defend himself"]).

New York similarly guarantees a constitutional right of self-representation to criminal defendants. This Court has recognized that "even in cases where the accused is harming himself by insisting on conducting his own defense, respect for individual autonomy requires that he be allowed to go to jail under his own banner if he so desires and if he makes the choice with eyes open" (McIntyre, 36 NY2d at 14 [internal quotation marks omitted]).

Accordingly, this Court has enumerated certain essential requirements that must be satisfied for a criminal defendant to effectively represent himself:

If a timely and unequivocal request has been asserted, then the trial court is obligated to conduct a "searching inquiry" to ensure that the defendant's waiver is knowing, intelligent, and voluntary (see People v Slaughter, 78 N.Y.2d 485 [1991]; People v Vivenzio, 62 N.Y.2d 775, 776 [1984]). A waiver is voluntarily made when the trial court advises the defendant and can be certain that the "dangers and disadvantages of giving up the fundamental right to counsel have been impressed upon the defendant" (Slaughter at 491 [internal quotation marks omitted]). A "searching inquiry" does not have to be made in a formulaic manner (see People v Smith, 92 N.Y.2d 516, 520 [1998]), although it is better practice to ask the defendant about his "age, education, occupation, previous exposure to legal procedures and other relevant factors bearing on a competent, intelligent, voluntary waiver" (People v Arroyo, 98 N.Y.2d 101, 104 [2002]).

Assuming, without deciding, that a parent in a termination of parental rights proceeding has a Faretta-type right of self-representation, in our view, the record does not facially demonstrate unequivocal and timely applications for self-representation that would have triggered a "searching inquiry." Steven K. argues that there are two junctures within the record where he invoked the right to represent himself. The first occurred on March 31, 2009, prior to the commencement of trial; and subsequently on April 2, 2009, the second day of trial. With respect to the first application, although its timeliness is not at issue because it was made prior to trial, on this record, the request was not unequivocal. Contrary to Steven K.'s contention, rather than clearly articulating that he sought to represent himself, his counsel stated that she wanted "to be relieved from this case" without advising the court that Steven K. wished to proceed pro se (see People v Rainey, 240 A.D.2d 682, 683 [2d Dept 1997]; People v Jones, 187 A.D.2d 750 [3d Dept 1992]). When Family Court sought further explanation from Steven K. himself, he proffered non-responsive answers that did not provide any clarity as to the basis of the application. The record further belies Steven K.'s position that he unequivocally sought to represent himself when he later informed the court "[t]hat's why I want a different counsel."

While Steven K. correctly argues that a request for self-representation does not require the recitation of "[a] talismanic formula" to alert a trial court (Dorman v Wainwright, 798 F.2d 1358, 1366 [11th Cir 1986]), the application must reflect a purposeful decision to relinquish the benefit of counsel and proceed singularly. In People v Gillian (8 N.Y.3d 85 [2006]), we held that a criminal defendant's request for self-representation which was made in the alternative to an underlying request for substitution of counsel was not an unequivocal request, especially where it was used as leverage to compel dismissal of assigned counsel. There, the defendant initially sought to substitute his assigned counsel on the grounds of conflict of interest and difference in strategy. When that application was denied, the defendant moved to represent himself. The trial court denied the motion and the defendant again sought reassignment of counsel, or in the alternative, self-representation. The trial court twice substituted counsel, but when the defendant was assigned his third attorney, he did not renew any applications. This Court concluded that in substance the defendant's applications were for substitution of counsel because he was dissatisfied with his representation, and warned that a request for self-representation must be clear, unconditional, and unequivocal "[i]n order to ensure that convicted defendants do not pervert the system by subsequently claiming a denial of their pro se right" (id. at 88 [internal quotations marks omitted]). Like Gillian, this record does not reflect an affirmative desire for self-representation. It can be reasonably inferred that the gravamen of Steven K.'s complaint stemmed from dissatisfaction with counsel, and the tenor of the initial application indicates that self-representation was reserved as a final, conditional resort (see People v LaValle, 3 N.Y.3d 88, 106 [2004]).

The second request, made after the commencement of trial, is clearly untimely. An application is "timely interposed when it is asserted before the trial commences" (McIntyre, 36 NY2d at 17; see also People v Jenkins, 45 A.D.3d 864, 865 [2d Dept 2007]; People v Spohn, 43 A.D.2d 843 [2d Dept 1974]). If the request is made thereafter, the "right is severely constricted" and the trial court must exercise its sound discretion and grant the request only under compelling circumstances (McIntyre, 36 NY2d at 17). Here, counsel reiterated her earlier application and proffered no compelling circumstances justifying the need to grant the application. In addition, there is nothing in the record to indicate that a compelling factor had arisen during the period between the first request on March 31, 2009 (the first day of trial) and the ensuing application on April 2, 2009 (the second day of trial) to warrant particular consideration by the court.

Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed, without costs.

SMITH, J. (concurring).

Here, as in People v Gillian (8 N.Y.3d 85 [2006]), the majority finds equivocation where I cannot. Appellant did answer, "If I have to," to the trial court's question: "You're ready to proceed on your own?" But when he said that, it was clear, beyond doubt, that he did have to unless he was to continue with his court-appointed lawyer; and it was equally clear that he found that lawyer unacceptable. The whole point of the right of self-representation recognized in Faretta v California (422 U.S. 806 [1975]) is that a defendant in a criminal case is entitled to choose, however foolishly and self-destructively, to represent himself rather than to take a lawyer forced on him by the state. Thus if appellant here had a Faretta right, his invocation of it was not equivocal.

The trial court's response to appellant's application was: "You can't proceed on your own. You don't know the law." Surely no one would argue—and the majority here does not suggest—that this would be an appropriate response to a defendant's request to go pro se in a criminal case. Criminal defendants, no matter how little law they know, are entitled to blunder through on their own if they want to, so long as they are competent to stand trial (Godinez v Moran, 509 U.S. 389 [1993]).

I therefore think that this case requires us to reach the question the majority avoids deciding: Does the right protected by Farreta and Godinez apply in a Family Court proceeding for the termination of parental rights? I would answer that question no. The difference between a criminal case and a case like this is glaring. A criminal defendant who chooses to go without a lawyer will ordinarily harm no one but himself, but a parent who makes that choice in a parental rights proceeding can harm his children. Weighty as appellant's own interest in the outcome of this proceeding is, the interests of his. two daughters are no less so. It was essential for their protection that both sides of the case be competently presented; otherwise there would be an unacceptable danger that parental rights would be terminated when they should not be.

Thus I conclude that the Family Court judge in this case was entirely right—just as right as a criminal court judge similarly situated would have been wrong—to tell appellant: "You can't proceed on your own. You don't know the law." For that reason, I concur in the result reached by the majority.