OPINION OF THE COURT

GRAFFEO, J.

In this case arising from an automobile accident, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit asks us to determine the interplay between Workers' Compensation Law § 29 (6), which makes workers' compensation benefits the exclusive remedy of an employee injured by the negligence of a coemployee, and Vehicle and Traffic Law § 388, which renders a vehicle owner vicariously liable for injuries resulting from the negligent permissive use of a vehicle.

In November 2007, Roberta Oldenborg was driving her coemployee, plaintiff Matthew Isabella, back from a business meeting in an automobile owned by her husband, third-party defendant Michael Koubek. She collided with a vehicle driven by defendant/third-party plaintiff Doris Hallock and owned by her husband Peter (the Hallocks). Isabella sustained injuries in the accident but was precluded by section 29 (6) of the Workers' Compensation Law from bringing an action against Oldenborg since she was his coworker. Instead, Isabella received workers' compensation benefits secured by his and Oldenborg's mutual employer.

Isabella and his wife, suing derivatively, later commenced this personal injury action against the Hallocks in federal court based on diversity of citizenship. Isabella alleged that he sustained a serious injury within the meaning of the No-Fault Law and that Doris Hallock's negligent operation of her vehicle caused his injuries. The Hallocks responded by filing a third-party complaint against Koubek seeking contribution and indemnification, asserting that the accident resulted from Oldenborg's negligence and that Koubek — as the vehicle owner — was vicariously responsible under Vehicle and Traffic Law § 388. Koubek moved for summary judgment dismissing the third-party complaint, contending that his wife's statutory immunity stemming from the Workers' Compensation Law shielded him from the Hallocks' vicarious liability claim.

The United States District Court for the Northern District of New York denied Koubek's motion, allowing the third-party claim to proceed. Thereafter, the parties entered into a settlement agreement under which Isabella would receive $800,000, plus interest, with a jury to apportion liability between the Hallocks and Koubek. The parties further agreed that, should the Second Circuit reverse and grant Koubek summary judgment on appeal, the Hallocks would be responsible for the entire $800,000 award. A jury found the Hallocks 10% liable and Koubek 90% liable (based on the negligence of his wife). Koubek appealed.

Recognizing that it was presented with a novel issue of state statutory law, the Second Circuit has certified the following question to us:

We answer this question in the negative — a defendant in the Hallocks' position may not pursue a third-party contribution claim against the vehicle owner.

Because this case involves the intersection of the workers' compensation statutory scheme and Vehicle and Traffic Law § 388, analysis begins with a review of the relevant provisions. Section 29 (6) of the Workers' Compensation Law provides in pertinent part as follows:

Section 11 of the Workers' Compensation Law, which is expressly incorporated into section 29 (6), further states:

Read together, these statutes render workers' compensation benefits the exclusive remedy of an injured employee, thereby barring the employee from recovering against a negligent coemployee or employer.2 These statutes further preclude third parties from seeking contribution or indemnification from the coemployee or employer unless the employee sustained a qualifying grave injury as defined by the statute.3

Finally, section 388 (1) of the Vehicle and Traffic Law provides in relevant part:

Koubek argues that the certified question should be answered in the negative. Observing that the Hallocks' third-party complaint is predicated on any claim Isabella would have against Oldenborg, which is concededly prohibited by the Workers' Compensation Law, Koubek contends that the deliberate prescriptions set forth in the Workers' Compensation Law would be upset if he was to be held vicariously liable for the negligence of the immunized driver. He also asserts that allowing the Hallocks to recover from him would not further the purpose of Vehicle and Traffic Law § 388, which was designed to allow injured persons to receive compensation from a financially responsible party. In essence, he claims that the exclusivity provisions of the Workers' Compensation Law trump Vehicle and Traffic Law § 388 under the circumstances of this case. The Hallocks respond that nothing in the Workers' Compensation Law bars their third-party contribution claim, particularly where Koubek had no employment relationship with any of the parties in this case. They submit that it would be unfair to hold them 100% responsible for the agreed-upon $800,000 recovery since the jury found them to be only 10% liable for the accident.

We previously addressed the friction between Workers' Compensation Law § 29 (6) and Vehicle and Traffic Law § 388 in a pair of 1958 cases that, contrary to the Hallocks' suggestion, remain applicable law. In Rauch v Jones (4 N.Y.2d 592 [1958]), a passenger in a vehicle driven by his coemployee in the course of employment sustained injuries in a car accident. The passenger could not sue the coemployee driver under the bar set forth in Workers' Compensation Law § 29 (6), but nevertheless sought to bring an action against the vehicle owner pursuant to former Vehicle and Traffic Law § 594 to recover for the negligence of the driver, emphasizing that the owner was not an employer or fellow employee and, therefore, fell outside the exclusivity provision of the Workers' Compensation Law. After reviewing the relevant statutes, we rejected the passenger's argument. Examining the Vehicle and Traffic Law first, we observed that the vicarious liability provision was intended to create a remedy where no right to relief existed and determined that, because the Workers' Compensation Law already provided the passenger with redress, derivative liability should not attach. In holding section 59 of the former Vehicle and Traffic Law inapplicable, we also highlighted that the passenger was not seeking to hold the owner liable as a "wrongdoer" (id. at 596). Turning to the Workers' Compensation Law, we concluded that section 29 (6) "clear[ed] all doubts away" because that provision evinced an "unmistakable intention" to make workers' compensation benefits the passenger's sole remedy. We explained that "[t]he statute, having deprived the injured employee of a right to maintain an action against a negligent coemployee, bars a derivative action which necessarily is dependent upon the same claim of negligence for which the exclusive remedy has been provided" (id.).

We reached the same conclusion in Naso v Lafata (4 N.Y.2d 585 [1958]), where we held that section 29 (6) of the Workers' Compensation Law prevented an injured passenger from suing the vehicle owner under the Vehicle and Traffic Law where, at the time of the accident, the automobile was operated by a coemployee of the passenger during the course of their employment. In dismissing the vicarious liability claim, we relied on Rauch and further reasoned that, were we to allow the injured passenger to recover from the vehicle owner under the Vehicle and Traffic Law, it would be unfair not to permit the owner to obtain recoupment from the tortfeasor driver, yet allowing such a claim would thwart the purpose of section 29 (6)'s exclusivity provision and ultimately pin liability on the immunized driver (see id. at 590-591).

As the Hallocks point out, Rauch and Naso are not directly on point because they involved actions brought by injured employees against vehicle owners, not third-party contribution claims. But we extended the reach of Rauch and Naso to third-party claims in an analogous context in Kenny v Bacolo (61 N.Y.2d 642 [1983]). There, the plaintiff sustained injuries in an automobile accident and sued the defendant, the driver of a separate vehicle who was partially responsible for the injuries. The defendant, in turn, brought third-party contribution claims against the driver of the vehicle in which plaintiff was a passenger (who was also a coemployee of the plaintiff) as well as the vehicle owner. We dismissed the third-party claim against the driver, reasoning that he was immune from liability under the Federal Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act. Significantly, we further dismissed the third-party contribution claim seeking to hold the vehicle owner vicariously liable for the driver's negligence. Citing Rauch and Naso, we held that because the driver "[wa]s statutorily immune from suit, there can be no liability imputed to [the owner] and no action can be sustained against it" (id. at 645).

We do not perceive any meaningful distinction between Kenny and the case before us. The only difference is that Kenny involved the exclusivity provisions found in the Federal Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act. But the relevant portions of the federal act are comparable to sections 11 and 29 (6) of the Workers' Compensation Law (see 33 USC §§ 905 [a] ["The liability of an employer prescribed in section 904 of this title shall be exclusive and in place of all other liability of such employer to the employee"]; 933 [i] ["The right to compensation or benefits under this chapter shall be the exclusive remedy to an employee when he is injured ... by the negligence or wrong of any other person or persons in the same employ"]).5 Consequently, we find Kenny to be controlling in Koubek's favor.

Nevertheless, the Hallocks ask us to adopt the rationale in Clamp v Estate of Hales (10 Misc.3d 988 [Sup Ct, Greene County 2005]), where, in circumstances analogous to those presented here, the court permitted a third-party contribution claim to proceed against the vehicle owner grounded in Vehicle and Traffic Law § 388. But the trial court in Clamp did not discuss or distinguish our decisions in Rauch, Naso or Kenny. Instead, the court relied on Raquet v Braun (90 N.Y.2d 177 [1997]) for the proposition that "a defendant may seek contribution from a third party even if the injured plaintiff has no direct right of recovery against that party, either because of a procedural bar or because of a substantive legal rule" (Clamp, 10 Misc 3d at 991, quoting Raquet, 90 NY2d at 182). Clamp's reliance on this language was misplaced, however, because the third-party defendants from whom contribution was sought in Raquet were themselves culpable wrongdoers. Here, in contrast, the vehicle owner's liability is purely vicarious under Vehicle and Traffic Law § 388. We therefore conclude that Clamp should not be followed.

The Hallocks also rely on our decision in Tikhonova v Ford Motor Co. (4 N.Y.3d 621 [2005]), where we allowed a lawsuit by an injured passenger to proceed under Vehicle and Traffic Law § 388 against the vehicle owner even though the driver of the vehicle, a foreign diplomat, was immune from liability under the Federal Diplomatic Relations Act. As the Hallocks note, we rejected the owner's contention that a driver's immunity automatically bars a derivative action against an owner under the Vehicle and Traffic Law. But in allowing the section 388 action to proceed against the owner there, we expressly distinguished Rauch and Naso, observing that the Diplomatic Relations Act did not contain statutory language comparable to the exclusive remedy provisions in sections 11 and 29 (6) of the Workers' Compensation Law (or the federal compensation act at issue in Kenny). Because the present case, like Rauch, Naso and Kenny, implicates exclusivity provisions absent in Tikhonova, that case does not compel an affirmative response to the certified question.

Lastly, the Hallocks present the sympathetic contention that it is unfair to saddle them with 100% of the $800,000 liability to Isabella when the jury found that Doris was only 10% at fault. But Oldenborg, the person who was 90% responsible for the collision, is statutorily immune and her employer bore the financial responsibility of providing Isabella with workers' compensation coverage. Moreover, the Hallocks' appeal to equity presupposes that Vehicle and Traffic Law § 388 was designed to allow third-party contribution claims against vicariously liable vehicle owners. As we have repeatedly stated, however, section 388 was intended to "ensure access by injured persons to a financially responsible party against whom to recover for injuries" (Hassan v Montuori, 99 N.Y.2d 348, 353 [2003] [internal quotation marks and brackets omitted and emphasis added], quoting Morris v Snappy Car Rental, 84 N.Y.2d 21, 27 [1994]; cf. Mowczan v Bacon, 92 N.Y.2d 281, 284 [1998]).6 At its root, the Hallocks' burden is a consequence of joint and several liability, which has long been a feature of New York law.7 It is perhaps debatable whether it would be any fairer to require a vehicle owner with no personal fault to pay 90% of the sum where that owner is unable to seek redress from the principal tortfeasor (and in some cases there may be no familial relationship) absent a grave injury.

In sum, we hold that a defendant may not pursue a third-party contribution claim under Vehicle and Traffic Law § 388 against a vehicle owner where the driver's negligence was a cause of the plaintiff's injuries, but the driver is insulated from a lawsuit under Workers' Compensation Law § 29 (6).

Accordingly, the certified question should be answered in the negative.

Chief Judge LIPPMAN and Judges READ, SMITH, PIGOTT, RIVERA and ABDUS-SALAAM concur.

Following certification of a question by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and acceptance of the question by this Court pursuant to section 500.27 of this Court's Rules of Practice, and after hearing argument by counsel for the parties and consideration of the briefs and the record submitted, certified question answered in the negative.