READ, J.
We are "present[ed with] yet another variation among a myriad of medical protocols, devices and procedures" (LaBarbera v New York Eye & Ear Infirmary, 91 N.Y.2d 207, 212 [1998]), and asked whether a fragment from a catheter that was placed in plaintiff Adam Walton's heart during surgery in 1986 is a foreign object for purposes of the discovery rule of CPLR 214-a. Considering the specific facts and circumstances alleged in this case in light of our precedents, we conclude that the fragment qualifies as a foreign object.
On May 27, 1986, when plaintiff was three years old, he underwent surgery to correct a congenital heart malformation. The operation was performed at Strong Memorial Hospital in Rochester, New York. The operative note states that at the beginning of the surgery, after the incision was made, a "[p]olyvinyl catheter was placed within [plaintiff's] left atrium for recording atrial pressure." The note further relates that, before plaintiff was released from the operating room to the surgical intensive care unit,
Fifteen years later, in April 2001, a pacemaker was inserted into plaintiff's heart; then, a year after that, in May 2002, he underwent surgery to replace a damaged heart valve with a porcine (pig) valve. The following year, on March 2, 2003, plaintiff suffered an embolic stroke; an echocardiogram performed the next day detected "small mobile filamentous masses" in plaintiff's heart, which were identified as possibly suture material, although clots could not be ruled out. Five and a half years later, on December 2, 2008, plaintiff, by then 25 years old, suffered a transient ischemic attack, his second that year. Accordingly, a decision was made to replace his pacemaker's battery, which was accomplished two days later.
The echocardiogram performed in conjunction with this last operation revealed "a regular-appearing left atrial foreign body." As a result, on December 18, 2008, plaintiff underwent exploratory surgery, and plastic tubing was discovered in his heart. The surgical pathology report states that the tissue submitted for analysis was labeled "left atrial line," and consisted of "a 10.2 cm in length × 0.1 cm in diameter brown catheter.[
By summons and complaint dated November 24, 2009, plaintiff commenced this action against defendants Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Children's Hospital at Strong and five named physicians (collectively, defendants). He alleged that, while treating him from May 26 to June 7, 1986, defendants negligently left a foreign body in his heart, which caused him to "suffer[] serious and permanent injuries," and that he "could not have reasonably discovered the presence of [this] foreign body prior to December
By answers dated February 2, 2010, defendants asserted the statute of limitations as an affirmative defense, and by notice of motion dated March 14, 2012, they moved pursuant to CPLR 3211 (a) (5) to dismiss the complaint as time-barred. Defendants contended that this action should have been commenced by May 30, 1996, or 10 years after they had allegedly failed to remove the entire catheter, citing CPLR 208 (imposing a 10-year cap on the commencement of an infant's medical malpractice action). Further, defendants contended, the foreign object exception for medical malpractice actions did not apply. This exception, codified in CPLR 214-a, provides that although a medical malpractice lawsuit must normally be brought within two years and six months of
Although plaintiff sued within one year of discovery of the tubing, defendants took the position that the catheter was necessarily a fixation device, not a foreign object, because "[it] was
In opposition to the motion, plaintiff submitted the affidavit of a physician specializing in internal medicine and cardiovascular disease, who opined that the catheters were "placed to permit monitoring of arterial and venous pressures for management of fluid replacement, blood pressure, and prevention and/or treatment of congestive heart failure"; and "[had] no treatment function, but rather, simply serve[d] as a conduit for information from the cardiovascular system to a machine situated outside the body that is capable of analyzing that information and displaying the results on a monitor." Accordingly,
Supreme Court granted defendants' motion, and dismissed plaintiff's claims with prejudice (37 Misc.3d 539 [Sup Ct, Erie County 2012]). The judge rejected defendants' "fundamental argument" that "an object, irrespective of its nature or purpose, is always a `fixation device' so long as it was intended to serve some continuing treatment purpose after the procedure in which it was placed in the body has concluded" (id. at 547-548). Supreme Court explained that
The judge then considered whether the catheter, although not excluded as a fixation device, was a foreign object. Based on our decision in LaBarbera, he felt "compelled to conclude that the catheter . . . [was] not a `foreign object' because, in the first instance, it was left in the plaintiff's body deliberately with a continuing medical purpose" (id. at 549).
The Appellate Division agreed the complaint was untimely and so unanimously affirmed, but employed slightly different reasoning (114 A.D.3d 1289, 1290 [4th Dept 2014]). The Court concluded that, in light of our decisions in Rockefeller v Moront (81 N.Y.2d 560 [1993]) and LaBarbera, the catheter, which was deliberately inserted into plaintiff's heart to monitor atrial pressure, was a fixation device within the meaning of the statute. We granted plaintiff leave to appeal (23 N.Y.3d 903 [2014]), and now reverse.
In Flanagan v Mount Eden Gen. Hosp. (24 N.Y.2d 427 [1969]), the doctor inserted surgical clamps in the body of plaintiff
The defendants moved to dismiss the complaint as untimely, Supreme Court granted the motion and the Appellate Division affirmed (29 A.D.2d 920 [1st Dept 1968]). Deviating from our reluctance to create common-law exceptions to a statute of limitations (see Schwartz v Heyden Newport Chem. Corp., 12 N.Y.2d 212 [1963] [the plaintiff's cause of action accrued when the harmful chemical was injected into his body, not when its deleterious effects were discovered 15 years later], cert denied 374 U.S. 808 [1963]; Conklin v Draper, 229 App Div 227 [1st Dept 1930] [the statute of limitations began to run when arterial forceps were left in the plaintiff's abdomen during surgery, not when the malpractice was discovered more than two years afterwards], affd 254 N.Y. 620 [1930]), we reversed. We held that "where a foreign object has negligently been left in the patient's body, the Statute of Limitations will not begin to run until the patient could have reasonably discovered the malpractice" (Flanagan, 24 NY2d at 431).
We commented that at the time Conklin was decided, "no other jurisdiction had a contrary rule" (id. at 430), and reasoned that cases like Schwartz, which involved negligent medical treatment and medication, were fundamentally different from those where a foreign object is left in a patient's body; specifically, "[i]n the latter[,] no claim can be made that the patient's action may be feigned or frivolous . . . [and] there is no possible causal break between the negligence of the doctor or hospital and the patient's injury" (id.). Further, this species of alleged malpractice "does not raise questions as to credibility. . . [or] rest on professional diagnostic judgment or discretion"; and a foreign object like a clamp "retains its identity so that a defendant's ability to defend a `stale' claim is not unduly impaired" (id. at 431).
Subsequent to our decision in Flanagan, plaintiffs quite naturally pushed for expansion of this new precedent, and a
Similarly, in an earlier case, Murphy v St. Charles Hosp. (35 A.D.2d 64 [2d Dept 1970]), the Appellate Division applied Flanagan to save an otherwise time-barred action involving a prosthesis surgically inserted into the plaintiff's hip and femur in 1963. The prosthesis broke in 1967, forcing the plaintiff to undergo surgery for removal of the fragmented and displaced appliance. The Court concluded that the foreign object in Flanagan was "akin to the prosthesis [in Murphy] . . . since both involve the surgical insertion of a medical device . . . [and] there is the same minimization of prejudice to a defendant in the preparation of his case because of the availability and identifiability of the real evidence involved" (id. at 67; but see Schiffman v Hospital for Joint Diseases, 36 A.D.2d 31 [2d Dept 1971] [declining to extend Flanagan or apply Murphy to a case where the plaintiff alleged the misreading of biopsy slides], lv denied 29 N.Y.2d 483 [1971]). Additionally, Flanagan was extended by a court to a case where the plaintiff sought damages allegedly caused by exposure to a defective isotope (see Le Vine v Isoserve, Inc., 70 Misc.2d 747 [Sup Ct, Albany County 1972]; but see Fonda v Paulsen, 79 Misc.2d 936, 939, 940 [Sup
In 1975, Governor Hugh L. Carey proposed and the legislature enacted CPLR 214-a, one of a number of reforms aimed at making medical malpractice insurance more affordable in New York State (see generally L 1975, ch 109). CPLR 214-a, in combination with an amendment to CPLR 214 (6), reduced the statute of limitations for medical malpractice actions from three years to two years and six months, and also continued, but sought to curtail, Flanagan's discovery rule for foreign objects.
CPLR 214-a took effect on July 1, 1975. We first discussed the new statute in Matter of Beary v City of Rye (44 N.Y.2d 398 [1978]), which consolidated for appeal five separate tort claims. There, we reversed Matter of Smalls v New York City Health & Hosps. Corp. (55 A.D.2d 537 [1st Dept 1976] [lesion caused by a cervical myelogram allegedly negligently performed in 1973]) and Merced v New York City Health & Hosps. Corp. (56 A.D.2d 553 [1st Dept 1977] [allegedly negligent failure to suture a fallopian tube during a sterilization operation in 1971]). In both cases, the Appellate Division had determined that the plaintiffs' notices of claim were timely filed by extrapolating from Flanagan's rationale to justify a discovery rule. With reference to the plaintiff in Merced, we observed that although she
After CPLR 214-a's enactment, a number of cases arose addressing whether intrauterine devices (IUDs) were foreign bodies. IUDs are plastic or metal objects that are inserted into a woman's uterus to prevent pregnancy, and the placement of an IUD is a nonsurgical intervention. In the most common fact pattern resulting in litigation, a doctor inserted an IUD into a plaintiff's womb without detecting and removing a previously placed IUD. In the earliest of the reported cases, Supreme Court agreed with the defendant that an IUD was a fixation device because it was "fixed within the woman's body," but held that "when the second IUD was placed in the plaintiff's body the first IUD became, or took on the character of, a `foreign object' because it then had no function to perform, no longer belonged in the body, and should have been removed as expected by the patient" (Darragh v County of Nassau, 91 Misc.2d 53, 54-55 [Sup Ct, Nassau County 1977], affd 63 A.D.2d 1010 [2d Dept 1978]; see also Ooft v City of New York, 80 A.D.2d 888 [2d Dept 1981] [same]; Sternberg v Gardstein, 120 A.D.2d 93 [2d Dept 1986] [an IUD became a foreign object when not removed, as intended and agreed upon, during an operation involving an abortion and tubal ligation sterilization]; cf. Szakalski v Aubry, 148 A.D.2d 972 [4th Dept 1989] [holding that an IUD contained within a surgically removed pelvic mass was a fixation device, and not reaching the plaintiff's argument that the IUD was "transformed" from a fixation device into a foreign object when she was erroneously advised that the IUD had probably been expelled]).
The issue finally reached us in Rodriguez v Manhattan Med. Group (77 N.Y.2d 217 [1990]). Plaintiff Evelyn Rodriguez (Rodriguez) had an IUD inserted in her uterus in 1980; two years later, when she and her husband decided to start a family, she visited a doctor to have the IUD removed. The doctor examined Rodriguez and could not locate the IUD; he then ordered X-rays of Rodriguez's lower abdomen, which did not show the IUD. He therefore advised Rodriguez that she could attempt to
Rodriguez and her husband then sued the doctor who examined her in 1982 and his employer, claiming that the doctor had acted negligently in failing to locate the IUD. The defendants interposed the statute of limitations as an affirmative defense, and the plaintiffs responded that the limitations period did not begin to run until the IUD's discovery in Rodriguez's body in 1986. Holding that the IUD was a fixation device and therefore not a foreign object within the meaning of section 214-a, Supreme Court dismissed the complaint, and the Appellate Division, with two Justices dissenting, affirmed (155 A.D.2d 114 [1st Dept 1990]).
The plaintiffs took the position that although the IUD was a fixation device when originally implanted in Rodriguez's body, the IUD became a foreign object once the doctor left it in place after Rodriguez specifically directed him to remove it.
We disagreed with the "notion of a transformation in a `fixation device's' character resulting from a physician's postinsertion negligence[, which was] evidently derived from a legal theory pertaining to undetected and unremoved I.U.D.s" popular in some lower courts (77 NY2d at 222 [citing Sternberg, Ooft and Darragh, among other cases and commentary]).
Summing up, we observed that the plaintiffs' theory was "flawed" because it disregarded Flanagan's "context"; specifically, in Flanagan,
Finally, we noted that the "special analytical factors . . . deemed significant in Flanagan" cut against a discovery rule and that, in any event, the legislature's adoption of CPLR 214-a "preclude[d] our adoption of a more flexible discovery rule for these [IUD] cases even if considerations similar to those which motivated the [C]ourt in Flanagan [c]ould be applied with like effect" (id. at 223-224 [internal quotation marks omitted]).
We next grappled with the foreign object exception in Rockefeller, where a suture was affixed to an organ (the vas deferens) not properly involved in the hernia repair surgery that plaintiff Mark Rockefeller (Rockefeller) underwent in 1971 as a four-year-old child. The error was discovered in 1989, when Rockefeller and his wife sought to ascertain if there was a medical reason why she was unable to become pregnant. After an attempt to repair the damage to the vas deferens proved unsuccessful, Rockefeller and his wife brought an action for medical malpractice against the doctor responsible for the suture and the hospital where he performed the hernia operation. Supreme Court rejected the defendants' motions to dismiss on statute-of-limitations grounds, holding that the suture was a foreign object; the Appellate Division, with two Justices dissenting, agreed (182 A.D.2d 160 [3d Dept 1992]). The defendants appealed.
Because the alleged malpractice occurred before CPLR 214-a took effect, the timeliness of Rockefeller's lawsuit was governed by the three-year limitations period in former CPLR 214 (6) and decisions interpreting the foreign object exception as articulated in Flanagan. Additionally, since Rockefeller was an infant when the alleged malpractice occurred, he was entitled to the benefit of the infancy toll in CPLR 208 as it existed prior to July 1, 1975. Ultimately, though, the timeliness of his action
We observed that when deciding whether an item of medical paraphernalia is a foreign object,
In support of the proposition that the courts considered fixation devices in general and sutures in particular to have been "exempt from coverage under the judicially created `foreign object' rule prior to enactment of CPLR 214-a" (id.), we cited Lombardi v DeLuca (71 N.Y.2d 838 [1988], affg 130 A.D.2d 632, 632 [2d Dept 1987] ["A fixation device, in this case, suture material, intentionally placed in the body and not left there in the course of some later procedure in which it should have been removed, does not constitute a `foreign object'"]). Lombardi addressed sutures placed in plaintiff Mildred Lombardi's abdomen during an operation performed in 1966, remnants of which were discovered during exploratory surgery in October 1975.
Stated slightly differently, Rockefeller's claim was "more accurately characterized as a challenge to [the doctor's] medical judgment and treatment—i.e., his placement of the suture—and not as one predicated on [his] failure to remove medical material that should have been extracted at the close of the operation" (id. at 566). Obviously (if obliquely) referring to the legislative purpose animating CPLR 214-a, we reiterated the importance of restricting the foreign object exception to "the narrow confines announced in Flanagan," and pointed out that "only in circumstances where a foreign object is negligently `left' in the patient's body without any intended continuing treatment purpose will the discovery rule be available to delay the running of the Statute of Limitations" (id.).
In May 1986, plaintiff Peter LaBarbera (LaBarbera) underwent a procedure described in the operative record as "total nasal reconstruction with placement of silastic stents." During the surgery, the doctor placed a two centimeter by six centimeter silastic stent, described as a device made of biologically inert, implantable material, in LaBarbera's left nasal cavity and sutured the stent in place; he then packed the area with gauze. Within two weeks following surgery, the doctor removed the gauze, but left the stent. In the ensuing months, LaBarbera suffered from dizziness and voiced persistent nasal and respiratory complaints. He claimed that the doctor who performed the nasal reconstruction had misdiagnosed the cause of these ailments and erroneously treated him for allergies. In October 1992, LaBarbera alleged, the stent was discovered and determined to be the cause of his symptoms; it was surgically removed the next month.
LaBarbera brought suit against the doctor who had implanted the stent and the hospital where the operation had been performed. His expert opined that the stent should have
Supreme Court dismissed the action as untimely, concluding that the nasal stent was a fixation device; the Appellate Division, with one Justice dissenting, agreed (230 A.D.2d 303 [1st Dept 1997]). The dissenting Justice considered the stent to be a foreign object "based on a physician's failure to make certain that all temporary holding devices—clamps, temporary stents, and others—have been removed from the body at the close of a single—albeit several-stage—medical proceeding" (id. at 311 [Murphy, P.J., dissenting]).
We characterized the issue presented by LaBarbera's appeal as "whether a plastic stent, placed in [LaBarbera's] nose for postsurgery healing purposes, constitutes a `foreign object' that would avoid the bar of the statute of repose" (91 NY2d at 208). We concluded that the stent was not a foreign object based on "the same dispositional criterion used in Rockefeller—intentional insertion of a therapeutic item for postsurgery continuing treatment purposes," whereas a foreign object is "`negligently "left" in the patient's body without any intended continuing treatment purpose'" (id. at 212, quoting Rockefeller, 81 NY2d at 566, citing McLaughlin, Practice Commentaries, McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 7B, CPLR C214-a:3 at 603 [1990 ed] ["(i)t has become relatively clear that a foreign object is one that the doctor does not intend to leave inside the body"]). Here, we concluded, the stent was not "`left'" in LaBarbera's nose; "[r]ather, it was put there only to be removed
Several general principles may be distilled from our cases considering the foreign object exception: (1) tangible items (clamps, scalpels, sponges, etc.) introduced into a patient's body solely to carry out or facilitate a surgical procedure are foreign objects if left behind (Flanagan and dicta in Rockefeller and LaBarbera); (2) the alleged failure to timely remove a fixation device does not transform it into a foreign object (Rodriguez and LaBarbera); (3) nor does a fixation device become a foreign object if inserted in the wrong place in the body (Rockefeller); (4) failure to timely remove a fixation device is generally akin to misdiagnosis (Rodriguez), and improper placement of a fixation device is most readily characterized as negligent medical treatment (Rockefeller); and (5) the legislature, in enacting CPLR 214-a, directed the courts not to exploit the rationale supporting Flanagan to expand the discovery exception for foreign objects beyond the rare Flanagan fact pattern, and explicitly commanded that chemical compounds, fixation devices and prosthetic aids or devices are never to be classified as foreign objects (Beary [Merced], Rodriguez, Rockefeller, LaBarbera and the legislative history of CPLR 214-a).
As discussed, most of our post-Flanagan cases have dealt with ultimately unsuccessful attempts by plaintiffs to circumvent the exclusion of conceded or obvious fixation devices from the foreign object exception/tolling provision of CPLR 214-a. Not surprisingly, then, defendants in this case advocate a very expansive definition of a fixation device, intended to sweep in the catheter placed in the left atrium of plaintiff's heart during surgery and allegedly incompletely removed three days later while he was being cared for in the surgical intensive care
We specifically stated in Rockefeller, though, that "[i]n determining whether an object which remains in the patient constitutes a `foreign object,' the courts should consider the nature of the materials implanted in a patient, as well as their intended function" (81 NY2d at 564 [emphasis added]). The suture in Rockefeller and the nasal stent in LaBarbera were undeniably fixation devices—the suture performed a securing function and the stent, a supporting function. Because the suture and the stent were fixation devices, they were intentionally placed for a continuing treatment purpose. In short, every fixation device is intentionally placed for a continuing (even if temporary) treatment purpose, but it does not follow that everything that is intentionally placed for a continuing treatment purpose is a fixation device. Otherwise, there would have been no reason for the legislature to separately identify and exclude prosthetic aids or devices from the ambit of the foreign object exception, because prosthetic aids or devices are also intentionally placed to serve a continuing medical purpose. Defendants' overly-broad proposed definition of a fixation device divorces statements in Rockefeller and LaBarbera from their context.
Here, the catheter inserted in the left atrium of plaintiff's heart performed no securing or supporting role during or after surgery. As explained by plaintiff's expert, and uncontroverted by defendants, the catheters functioned like a sentinel, allowing medical personnel to monitor atrial pressure so that they might take corrective measures as required; the catheters were, in the words of plaintiff's expert, "a conduit for information from [plaintiff's] cardiovascular system." Because the catheters under the facts of this case are therefore not fixation devices (or chemical compounds or prosthetic aids or devices), they are not categorically excluded from the foreign object exception in CPLR 214-a.
First, the clamps in Flanagan were inadvertently left behind at the conclusion of the surgery, before the plaintiff left the operating room. Here, a catheter fragment was allegedly allowed to remain in plaintiff's heart when medical personnel removed the catheters, drainage tubes and pacing wires, which were placed in plaintiff's body during surgery. This occurred three days following surgery while plaintiff was being cared for in the hospital's surgical intensive care unit. Second, the doctor in Flanagan apparently forgot to retrieve the clamps before closing the patient's incision. In this case, by contrast, the catheter was not forgotten; instead, its removal was allegedly botched. Thus, medical personnel did not intend in the first instance to leave any tubing in plaintiff's heart, although it is presumably possible (there is no way to tell from the nursing progress notes) that a judgment was made that any catheter fragment left behind was too inconsequential to present a significant risk, or that plaintiff's condition was too fragile to tolerate exploratory or retrieval efforts, at least at that juncture.
These particular variations on the Flanagan fact pattern do not, in our view, make this case meaningfully different or expand the foreign object exception beyond its legislatively-limited scope. Like the clamps in Flanagan, the catheter was introduced into plaintiff's body during an operation for an instrumental purpose. Unlike the clamps, the catheter remained in plaintiff's body for a few days after surgery, but not for "postsurgery healing purposes" as was the case with the nasal stent in LaBarbera (91 NY2d at 212). Instead, the catheter served a monitoring function. Leaving the catheter in plaintiff's body post-surgery did not convert a surgical aid into a fixation device any more than leaving the IUD in Evelyn Rodriguez's body converted a fixation device into a foreign body. The "nature of the materials" and their "intended function" remained constant in both cases (Rockefeller, 81 NY2d at 564). And the fragment, of course, served no purpose whatsoever; it certainly was not a fixation device, however defined. Fundamentally,
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be reversed, with costs, and defendants' motion to dismiss the complaint as time-barred denied.
